Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5. 1.__________J. P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie to form the first billion-dollar U.S. corporation. 2.__________The first federal law regulating railroads is passed. 3.__________The killing of policemen during a labor demonstration results in the execution of radical anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor. 4.__________A teacher of the deaf invents a machine that greatly eases communication across distance. 5.__________A golden spike is driven, fulfilling the dream of linking the nation by rail.
Transcript
Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5.
1.__________J. P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie to form the first billion-dollar U.S. corporation.
2.__________The first federal law regulating railroads is passed.
3.__________The killing of policemen during a labor demonstration results in the execution of radical anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor.
4.__________A teacher of the deaf invents a machine that greatly eases communication across distance.
5.__________A golden spike is driven, fulfilling the dream of linking the nation by rail.
Interpreting Historical Paintings and Photographs
Historical paintings, lithographs, and photographs not only convey substantive
information; they can also tell us how an artist or photographer viewed and understood the
society and events of his or her day. Examine the photographs and painting indicated below
and answer the following questions about them.
1. Examine the working people in the images found in chapter 24 of the textbook. What is the relationship of the workers in each image to their workplace? What is their relation to one another? What does each of the photos reveal about the nature of industrial labor?
Pages 581, 584, 585, 587,
p527
p529
p530
p531
p524
2. Examine the painting of “The Strike” by Robert Koehler on p. 588. Where is the scene taking place? What is the relationship between the place of work and the scene in the painting? What has likely happened to bring the workers to this scene?
p532
3. Analyze the clothing of all the figures in the Koehler painting. What does it tell you about the economic and social condition of the various people?
p532
4. Two main conversations seem to be taking place in the foreground of the painting. What might each be about? What is the artist suggesting by presenting both conversations?
p532
Growth of American Business
Industrialism in the late 1800’s
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other industries.
3. Technological innovations. Bessemer and open hearth process Refrigerated cars Edison
o “Wizard of Menlo Park”o light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.
Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
The Wizard of Menlo ParkThe Wizard of Menlo Park
The Light bulb The Motion Picture Camera The Phonograph
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
The Telephone 1876The Telephone 1876
George Westinghouse
Alternating current
The Airbrakefor railroads
American inventions soared!American inventions soared!
Over 200,000 patents issued in 50 years for new products and goods that
fueled American industry and consumerism
……more causes of more causes of IndustrializationIndustrialization
4.4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
5.5. Abundant capital.Abundant capital.
6.6. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors.and advisors.
7.7. Market growing as US population increased.Market growing as US population increased.
8.8. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth.economic growth.
Individual as a moral Individual as a moral and economic ideal.and economic ideal.
Individuals should Individuals should compete freely in the compete freely in the marketplace.marketplace.
The market was not The market was not man-made or invented. man-made or invented.
No room for government No room for government in the market!in the market!
1.1. Laissez FaireLaissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age.
1.1. Laissez FaireLaissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age.
Herbert Spencer
. Advocate of laissez-faire.
Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans
Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”
2. Social Darwinism2. Social Darwinism2. Social Darwinism2. Social Darwinism
As applied to business…
$ Individuals must have Individuals must have absolute freedom to absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or struggle, succeed or fail.fail.
$ Therefore, state Therefore, state intervention to intervention to reward society and reward society and the economy is futile!the economy is futile! William Graham SumnerWilliam Graham Sumner
FolkwaysFolkways (1906) (1906)
3. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”Is the self-made man a reality?
Can it be done without original money (like original sin)
Horatio Alger Jr. - author of the American Dream
New business practices developed…New business practices developed…1. Pool - joining businesses together to control
a product or service 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act - Interstate Commerce Commission created to regulate railroads
2. Trust - John D. RockefellerCreating a new company to control a monopoly holding-illegal to own individual companies by one individual-the trust owns the company (ies) and
then one entity owns the stock
Standard Oil Co!
Swift
Carnegie
3. Business OperationsBusiness OperationsHorizontal Integration – John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
Vertical Integration:Gustave Swift – Meat PackingAndrew Carnegie – U.S. Steel
The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
Andrew Carnegie
$ Charity keeps the poor, poor $ Inequality is inevitable
and good.$ Wealthy should act as
“trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
Called for the wealthy to create museums, libraries, galleries, invent new architecture and
provide education to the poor to help their plight.
The Changing American Labor The Changing American Labor ForceForce
Issues in the workplace:Issues in the workplace:
• Workers are another cog in the machineWorkers are another cog in the machine
• Unskilled labor is readily availableUnskilled labor is readily available
• The Industry Giants!The Industry Giants!““I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half”I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half”
• Use Federal laws and courts to keep workers trappedUse Federal laws and courts to keep workers trapped
• Creation of the Company town
• 18751875
• Created to fight back against Created to fight back against unethical mining ownersunethical mining owners
-hired foreign workers-hired foreign workers
-cut pay 20%-cut pay 20%
-unsafe working conditions-unsafe working conditions
Used violence, kidnapping and Used violence, kidnapping and arson to strikearson to strike
The owners called in …..The owners called in …..
The Molly Maguire's rise up!The Molly Maguire's rise up!
The Pinkerton The Pinkerton Agents : The Agents : The “Bully-Boys”“Bully-Boys”
• James McParlandJames McParland
• Infiltrates the Maguires as Infiltrates the Maguires as James McKennaJames McKenna
• Breaks up the organization for Breaks up the organization for the mine ownersthe mine owners
Management vs. LaborManagement vs. Labor
““scabs”scabs”
P. R. campaignP. R. campaign
PinkertonsPinkertons
lockoutlockout
blacklistingblacklisting
yellow-dog contractsyellow-dog contracts
court injunctionscourt injunctions
open shopopen shop
boycottsboycotts
sympathy sympathy demonstrationsdemonstrations
informational informational picketingpicketing
closed shopsclosed shops
organized organized strikesstrikes
““wildcat” strikeswildcat” strikes
““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement
““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor
Knights of LaborKnights of LaborKnights of LaborKnights of Labor
Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly
Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade cardtrade card
KOL Goals!KOL Goals!
•• Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.
•• Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.
•• Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.
•• Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.
•• Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.
•• Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.
•• Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.
•• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
•• Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.
Haymarket Riot Haymarket Riot (1886)(1886)
Led to the collapse of the KOLLed to the collapse of the KOL
The American Federation The American Federation of Labor: 1886of Labor: 1886
Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers
““bread and butter” unionismbread and butter” unionism
-better wages-better wages
-better hours-better hours
-better working conditions-better working conditions
AF of L Goals!•• Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.
•• Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.
•• Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.
•• Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.
•• Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
•• Mediated disputes between management and Mediated disputes between management and labor.labor.
•• Pushed forPushed for closed shopsclosed shops..
