Put these in the correct order.

• Order

• Class

• Species

• Genus

• Phylum

• Kingdom

• Family

Classification of Living Organisms

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

TAXONOMY

Early Taxonomist

Aristotle

Linnaeus

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.

(300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

Aristotle’s Classification

- Two groups- Plants - based on size

- Herbs

- Shrubs

- Trees

- Animals – where they lived- Land

- Air

- Water

Common names can vary

Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal

Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary

ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Common names can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a plant

but… it’s an animal!

Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish

Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.

Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.

Latin and Greek

Linnaeus’s System

Based on physical and structural similarities

Developed the two word system of naming organisms• Binomial Nomenclature

• First word = Genus

• Second word = Species

Linnaeus’s SystemOrganisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________

Each organism has a two part scientific name

= _________________________

TAXONS

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Modern Classification System

Based on Evolutionary relationships DNA comparisons Physiological comparisons (biochemistry) Anatomic comparisons (structure) Breeding behaviors

Taxonomic Rankings

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Largest

Most Specific

Scientific Name

The more taxonomic rankings two organisms have in common the more alike those organisms are.

King Phillip came over from great Spain. Keep people close or fights get started. Kids prefer cheese over fried green

spinach

What has been added in the recent years that is missing?

KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)

1st name = _______________– Always capitalized

2nd name = _________________–Always lower case

Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

GENUS NAME

SPECIES NAME

UNDERLINED ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species

GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)

SPECIES = unique to each kind of bearhttp://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gifhttp://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg

Ursusarctos

Ursusmaritimus

Ursusamericanis

Binomial nomenclature

Humans

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

Grizzly Bear

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Ursidae

Ursus

arctos

Polar Bear

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Ursidae

Ursus

maritimus

Bobcat

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Lynx

rufus

Red Fox

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Canidae

Vulpes

vulpes

White Tail Deer

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Artiodactyla

Cervidae

Odocoileus

virginianus

Which two organisms are the most closely related?

Cladograms

Used to show the evolutionary relationships of derived characteristics

Derived Characteristics – appear in recent organisms but not older organisms

Dorsal and Ventral nerve cord

Lamprey

Backbone

Tuna

Paired Legs

Bull Frog

Amnion

Snapping Turtle

Mammary Glands

Kangaroo

The Three Domains

Bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

Archaea

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Characteristics of Living Things

Organization Reproduction Adaptation Growth and Development Response Homeostasis

In order to be classified organism must be alive

Why Viruses are not Classified

DNA surrounded by protein coat:

Viruses are not living

no reproduction

The Prokaryotes

Kingdom Eubacteria

Prokaryotes - true bacteria

Found everywhere

Kingdom Archeabacteria

Prokaryotes – ancient bacteria

Found in hot springs, sulfur springs, salt lakes, inhospitable places

The Eukaryotes

Kingdom Protista

Most diverse kingdom

Mostly microscopic

Most Unicellular

Lacks a complex organ system

May be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Eukaryotes con’t

Kingdom Fungi

Heterotrophs

May be multicellular or unicellular

Absorbs nutrients from organic material in the environment

Eukaryotes con’t

Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotes con’t

Kingdom Animalia