Date post: | 23-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | joshua-jackson |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 1 times |
QED Disinfection of
Drinking Water in China
Thomas PrevenslikQED Radiations
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Introduction
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
China’s massive population poses difficult environmental challenges for 1.2 billion people.
Water pollution is among the most pressing issues (Natl Acad Scie 2007).
Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day requires extensive treatment facilities.
Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people — by drinking water that is contaminated by human waste are
subjected to waterborne pathogens 1
Disinfection Methods
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Water purifiers reduce diarrheal diseases by 30–40%. But fewer than 5% of Chinese homes have purifiers, despite costing
around 2,000 renminbi.
Water purifiers require electricity for pumping through filters coated with silver NPs.
NP stands for nanoparticle.
Silver NPs provide antimicrobial action by damaging the DNA of bacteria, but NPs that come off the filter and enter the body also
damage human DNA that if not repaired, may lead to cancer.
UV Disinfection
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
UV disinfection of drinking water outside the body avoids the danger of cancer posed by NPs in filters.
Currently, LEDs in the UV-C are thought to provide future disinfection of drinking water. Just irradiate drinking
water with UV-C
LEDs stand for light emitting diodes.
But LEDs still require a source of electrical power.
Boiling Water
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
In China, water is disinfected by boiling
Even if water becomes drinkable, few people will stop boiling drinking water - a habit in China.
Boiling kills or deactivates all waterborne patho gens, including protozoan cysts that can be resistant to chemical disinfection
including viruses too small to filter out.
Even if the water is tur bid, boiling can remove volatile organic compounds such as benzene and chloroform.
But electricity to boil water is not always available
What can be done?
Proposal
QED induced EM radiation from body heat in a hand-held nano-coated aluminum bowl provides the UV- C to inexpensively
disinfect water without electricity.
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
3
QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic.UV-C = UV at 254 nm
Drinking Bowl
Operating Principle
QED converts body heat from the hand holding the bowl to UV-C radiation because the temperature of the nano-
coating cannot increase by QM.
QM = Quantum Mechanics
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
4
Nano Coating
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Heat transfer - 3 modes: Conduction, Radiation, Convection
By applying a nano coating to a surface, natural convection is avoided with conservation proceeding as QED induces conversion of body heat into EM radiation instead of the
usual temperature increase
Suggests:
QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer?
5
4th Mode of Heat Transfer
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Nano Coating conserves body heat without temperature increase as QED radiation bypasses
natural convection to enhance heat transfer
Body heat
Macro Coating Temperature increase
Natural convection
QED Radiation
Nano Coating < 100 nm
Substrate
6
No temperature increase
Theory
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Heat Capacity of the Atom
Conservation of Energy
TIR Confinement
Refractive Index
7
Heat Capacity of the Atom
8
kT 0.0258 eV
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Pla
nck
Ene
rgy
-E
-eV
Thermal Wavelength - l - microns
Classical Physics (MD, Comsol)
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
l
l1
kT
hcexp
hc
E
kT 0.0258 eV
Classical Physics (MD, Comsol)
QM(kT = 0)
In nano coatings, the atom has no heat capacity by QM
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Conservation of EnergyHow does EM conservation proceed?
ProposalAbsorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED
radiation inside the nano coating - by frequency up - conversion to its TIR resonance
TIR = Total Internal Reflection
9
Nano coatings have high surface to volume ratio
Absorbed EM energy concentrated in the coating surfaces temporarily traps itself to form the TIR confinement
QED converts the trapped EM energy to standing wave QED radiation that escapes the coating
f = ( c/n) / / 2 = d E = h f
TIR Confinement
9Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
HeatQED
Radiation
QED
RadiationBody Surroundings
Coating
2d =
Application
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Analysis
Coating Selection
Body Heat
Disinfection Dosage
12
Analysis
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
13
1 10 100 10000.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Coating Thickness - d - nm
QE
D R
adia
tion
W
avel
engt
h - -
mic
rons
n = 2
n = 4IR
VIS
UV
EUV
UV-C
For ZnO (n = 2.4) , UV-C requires thickness about 50 nm
Coating Selection
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Initially, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on aluminum (n = 1) bowl.Now, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on stainless steel (n = 1.4) bowl.
But what about zinc toxicity?
Currently, Al2O3 ( n = 1.42) by anodizing the aluminum (n = 1) bowl requires 90 nm thickness to produce UV-C
Avoids toxicity as anodized surface may be sealed
However, leaching of Zn into drinking water is not toxic and instead is beneficial to humans suggests
ZnO is the optimum bowl coating
14
Response Time
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
The bowl wall is between the hand and the coating. For wall thickness t, the time constant is,
, and
Aluminum having t = 0.1 cm and =/st = 20 ms
Stainless steel with t = 0.05 cm and =/s = 60 ms
On 1 s time scale, response times are fast
12
Body Heat - Upper Bound
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
Body at 32 C and ambient at 20 C gives T = 12 C
For body heat Q = 6 mW/cm2,
T = Q t / K
For aluminum and stainless steel, K = 1.5 and 0.14 W/cm-K gives T = 0.0004 and 0.002 C << 12 C ?
Body heat Q >> 6 mW/cm2 because temperature difference controls Q
13
Disinfection Dosage
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
The US HEW guidelines for UV-C light disinfection require a minimum dose of 16 mJ/cm2, but recently the National
Sanitation Foundation International set 38 mJ/cm2
For body heat Q = 5.71 mW/cm2 , the water must be held in the bowl for 7 seconds
Recommendation: Hold water in bowl for 10 seconds giving a dosage of 60 mJ/cm2
18
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
15
Body heat for 10 seconds
> 60 mJ/cm2
Disinfects:
All Bacteria / Yeastand
Most Spores / Virus
Collaboration
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China
The applications of QED induced UV-C radiation in the disinfection of infectious diseases are numerous and
diverse, the development of which is beyond the capability of the author.
Collaboration with interested parties is solicited.
21
Questions & Papers
Email: [email protected]
http://www.nanoqed.org
Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 22