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O U T L I N E : -

D e f i n i t i o n : Q u a l i t y , E n v i r o n m e n t & T o w n s

O v e r v i e w : B r i e f I n t r o d u c t i o n o f k e y D r i v e r s

C a s e S t u d y - 1 : D e w a s ( M a d h y a P r a d e s h )

C a s e S t u d y - 2 : G a n g a p u r ( R a j s t h a n )

I n f e r e n c e s : C o n c l u s i o n s b a s e d o n t h e s t u d y

R e f e r e n c e s

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SMALL & MEDIUM TOWNS:-

Towns are the bridges between cities & villages.

Towns are nothing but the urban areas having the major role in any URBAN AGGLOMERATION.

Without consisting of a town no area can be an urban agglomeration.

STATUTORY TOWNS:- All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified

town area committee.

CENSUS TOWN:- Area having minimum population of 5000, at least 75% of male population

should not be indulge in primary activities & a density of 400 ppl/sqmt..

Towns having population 20,000 to 49,999 are noted as small towns whereas towns with

the population of 50,000 to 3,49,999 are considered as medium towns.

The UAs/Towns having more than 1,00,000 population comes under the Class-I category.

As per Census-2011 in India there are total 475 such UAs/Towns.

70% of the total urban population lives in these Towns/UAs.

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SMALL & MEDIUM TOWNS:-

As per Census-2011, total 7,935 towns are there in India. The nos of towns has increased by 2,774 since last Census. The total 6,166 towns are the part of the urban agglomeration.

Type of Towns/UAs/OGs Nos of Towns

Census-2011 Census-2001

Statutory Towns 4041 3799

Census Towns 3894 1362

Urban Agglomeration 475 384

Out Growths 981 962

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“Environment has vast realm, it originates right from the soul and goes beyond the sky.”

Population

Mental

Physical

Financial

NatureFamily

Spiritual

Social

When the services fulfil the requirements of adequate quantity within the qualitativestandards, the environment can be considered as of “GOOD QUALITY.” Good qualityalso reserves resources for the future supply also.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:-

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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:-“The Physical Environment comprises all the factors of nature including all the built forms of

the settlement. The environment is all of physical & social conditions that surround a person andcan influence a person’s health.” The physical environment can be called as ecological system of

the settlement too. There is a very small difference between Built Environment and PhysicalEnvironment..

Physical Environment: Inclusive of all thenatural geographical characteristics.

Built Environment: Only built forms aretaken into considerations.

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KEY PLAYERS IN QUALITY OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:-

NATURAL GEOGRAPHY & LANDUSE-Water Bodies (Rivers/Lakes/Ponds), Contours (Hills or Mountains), Forests, Otherspecial geographical characteristics if any, Percentage distribution of land, Geographyof natural landform, Type of town whether agricultural, commercial or kind of suburbarea, Landmarks, etc.

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION-Type of houses i.e Kuccha, Pucca or Semi-Pucca, Type of materials used forconstruction viz. Bricks, concrete, steel, bamboo, etc.

SOCIO-ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS-Major income source of the population, Income-Expenditure pattern, Expenditurepattern over municipal taxes & infrastructure services

EDUCATION-Literacy rate, Nos of Schools, Colleges, Universities with respect to population, Othertraining institutes

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KEY PLAYERS IN QUALITY OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:-

TRANSPORTATION-Type of public transports, condition of roads, Origin-Destination pattern of the traffic,Traffic control, Access of the various services to the households.

PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY-Nos of hospitals, Types of hospitals, Other health services like dispensary, nursinghomes etc, Condition of the public safety, Crime control.

WATER SUPPLY-Type & pattern of water supply, Quality of water, Water availability for thegreen/agricultural lands.

DRAINAGE & SANITAION-Rain water drainage system, Sewerage system & Solid waste management, Waterstagnation scenario in the settlements.

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KEY PLAYERS IN QUALITY OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:-

SLUMS EXISTENCE & IMPROVEMENT-Identified slum, Condition of slums, Slum improvement programmes, Servicesprovided in slums

MUNICIPAL SERVICES-Services like power supply, Water supply, Waste collection & disposal system, etc.

OPEN & VACANT LAND-Agriculture land, plotted vacant land, Open spaces for recreational & communityservices, Squares or plazas, Playgrounds, etc.

SOCIAL SERVICES-Banks, Post Offices, Central spaces, Religious places, Fuel centres, etc.

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CASE STUDY ON DEWAS:-

INTRODUTION-

Dewas is one of the important cities of Madhya Pradesh. It is alsoa district headquarters. It is longing ahead to become a potential industrialtown of Madhya Pradesh. It’s proximity to Indore, the industrial capital ofMadhya Pradesh, has made considerable contribution to its growth. Manyof the promising and reputed industrial houses of the country have theirpockets in the industrial areas of Dewas.

The history of Dewas is primarily the history of twin treaty statesof the senior and junior branch and that of the other main component unitsviz. Kannod & Khategaon tehsils of former Holkar State. The founder ofsenior Dewas was TukojiRao(I) from Paramar dynasty. He was later onsucceeded by KrinshnajiRao, who fought the battle of Panipat in 1761.Dewas played a vast role during the freedom moment in 1857 and becamea part of Madhya Bharat in 1948.

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GEOGRAPHY & PHYSICAL FEATURES-

The two palaces, the court houses, the guest house, the school and thehospital are the most important buildings in the town. Climate of the town is moderate.Nights even in summer are generally pleasant. During the past few years, due toinsufficient rains or perhaps destruction of forests have resulted in a slight change in itsclimatic condition. Therefore, of late, summers are becoming somewhat unpleasantwith scorching heat during the peak month of May.

Dewas lies northeast of Indore, southeast of Ujjain, and southwest ofShajapur. The city is located on the level plains of the Malwa plateau (Dewasplateau); to the south, the land rises gently to the Vindhya Range, which is the sourceof the Chambal and Kali Sindh rivers that flow north through the district on their way tothe Ganges.The main river in dewas is Kshipra, which is known as holy river.

Area : 100.22 SqmtPopulation : 2,31,672 (Census 2001)Co-ordinates : 220 58’ N 760 6’ EHt from Sea Level : 1784 ftMales : 52%Females : 48%Literacy Rate : 69%Child Population : 7% (Below 5 Years)Language : Hindi & MarathiForest : 29%

Dewas city’s population gradually increased during the period of 30 yearsfrom 1951-81 and doubled during the decade 1981-2011.

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CLIMATE-

The climate of Dewas can be divided into three distinct categories:-

Monsoon lasting from mid-June to September,Winter from November to February,Summer from March to mid-June.

The city experiences extreme climates with temperature ranging from anan average low 10 degree Celsius to an average high of about 40 degreeCelsius.

Average rainfall is around 1000mm annually.

The wind is from south-west during monsoon months. In post-monsoonand winter, southern and south-easterly winds prevail in the morning whilein afternoon wind blows from directions between east and north.

in the summer months, the wind blows blow from directions betweensouth-east and north-west through south-west.

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LANDUSE:-

The existing land use pattern of the town shows a major portion of land iscoming under Residential and Industrial use. The proposed 2011 master plan focuses on the expansion of the Industrialareas as the new industries want to setup new plants in Dewas.

Existing Land Use Map of Dewas

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LANDUSE:-

In upcoming years the housing demand is also going to increase rapidly as the population growth of thetown is high.

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GROWTH TREND OF TOWN-

The physical barriers namely Chamunda Hills, Railway Line, Mitha Talab andNagdhaman River have a restrictive influence of development beyond them.

The entire town is divided into 45 different municipal wards under tthe banner ofDewas Municipal Corporation.

After 1950 the physical growth of the town spread towards the east & the west ofChamunda Hill in the northern part of the town.

Recent growth of the town towards north has particularly been influenced by theexistence of the Chamunda Hills & National highway.

At present the physical growth is towards North-West and mainly concentratedbetween the railway line and Agra-Bombay Road, the major central artery of the town.

Since the town is a fast growing industrial town, it has all the qualities to serve as asatellite town for Indore Metropolitan area.

The earlier development of the town was based on the grid iron pattern due to thelocation of palaces of senior & junior branches.

The junior branch i.e the new town has conceived better development & planningin comparison with the senior branch (old town). The older town doesn’t haveappropriate public amenities since it was not properly planned.

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POPULATION GROWTH-

Dewas has grown as an industrial hub where many big industries have setup their units thusresulting in a high population growth. The unexpected 97% growth during 1991 can be attributed to the fast growing industries,where people from all over the country settled in Dewas town to earn their living. Dewas is a host of biggest agricultural market in the region. Thus the entire setup creates thejob opportunities to the people from nearby areas. from 1991 to 2001 the growth rate decreased on a huge scale, there are three major causesbehind it-

i.) Saturation of basic services provided by Dewas Municipal Corporation,ii.) Slowdown of industrial expansion,iii.) Migration from Dewas to other towns in search of better quality of life.

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OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES-

A high population growth rate has caused several problems in the recent times as existingphysical infrastructure and level of services has been restrained by several factors such as lack offunds, lack of proper planning, political disturbance, etc.

If supported by proper planning and management, mass exodus from nearby areas can wellbecome a pathway for Dewas’s Economic Development. Any failure in tapping the potential willinevitably lead to a mismanagement and deterioration of socio-economic milieu.

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HOUSING & SLUMS-

There are total 45,248 families are residing in 43,987 houses. The average household size is 5.1, There is a shortage of 1,708 houses. Total 48% of the population lives in slums.

Out of these slum houses 90% needs redevelopment. Around 8,700 houses are abandoned or kuccha. Hence the total housing demand is aroun

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE-

The maximum working population is engaged in services in various government & industrialactivities. The growth in industries has given jobs to local factories. Traditional Crafts, Mojri, Synthetic Carpet, Leather Industry are the main industrial sectors. Agriculture ( Soyabean, Wheat, Gram) is also a major source of income. Some big wig industries are Tata, Kirlosker, Arvind Mills, Gabrial India, Ranbaxy Labs, Bank NotePress, etc.

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TOURISM & LANDMARKS:-

The town of Dewas consists of as well as surrounded by various tourist spots and landmarks:--

Khivni Sanctuary,

Kitty Fall,

Kavada Hills,

Pawar Chatteries,

Gidya Khoh,

Sayaji Gate,

Shukra Waria Gate,

Pathan Kuan Gate,

Nahar Darwaza,

Mitha Talaab.

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TRANSPORTATION-

Good Road Connectivity through National Highways NH- 3, NH- 86 and NH- 18 . By rail through Western Railways & Central Railways. Connectivity with different landmarks & nodes are more or less available but increasing demandof traffic and transportation creating a huge gap between demand & supply ratio.

Inadequate parking facility is a matter of serious concern. Narrow width of lanes & roads creates congestion in traffic. Encroachment along the roads in the centre of town provides a dense feel of the place. Bus terminus is found to be very poor in infrastructure facilities to tackle the passengers. Unavailability of Transport Nagar creates a massive problem in truck parking. Earthen roads are also a constant source of dust due to its poor binding properties. Internal narrow roads are the major cause of accidents.

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WATER SUPPLY:- The main source of water supply is Narmada River. Other sources include Kshipra River, Rajanal Talab, Tube Wells & Community Taps. Individual taps are also available in some areas. Demand Supply gap is major point of concern-

Lack of political will and clarity on fixation of norms for water tariff and structures. Dewas Municipal Corporation shall plan for retaining and rejuvenating. the ground water level. Ever increasing water demand due to rapid urbanization is factor affecting living conditions.

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SANITATION & SEWERAGE SYSTEM:-

Town lacks a comprehensive sewerage system for a safe disposal of sewerage generated inthe town. Sewerage generated in the city either flows into storm water drains or individual septic tankswith a major portion lying unattended. The scenario creates an unbearable milieu for the citizens of Dewas. The same condition is applicable in case of domestic waste water sanitation too. Huge gap between demand & supply of these services-

The pictorial views of the sewerage systems & sanitation facilities.

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE:-

Primary schools are not satisfactory in Dewas city whereas Middle & Sr Secondary schools areacting on a satisfactory scale. There are in all 22 hospitals with a total of 160 doctors and 554 beds. The average number ofbeds per doctor works out to about 8 beds in case of government hospitals and 2 beds in privatehospitals, thereby indicating that bed-doctor ratio is better in private hospitals. The average population served by one hospital works to about 7471. The number of hospitalbeds per 1000 population works out to 3.37. If private hospitals are excluded, then the bed-population ratio works out to 2.06. The city has no public parks and playgrounds owned by Central Government, State Governmentor any private agency. However, the city has 9 parks owned and maintained by the Municipality. The total area of the 9 parks is 12 acres which works out to about 0.05% of the area of the city.Assuming a minimum of 10 sqm per person for public parks and playgrounds. The minimum arearequired to be allotted for public parks and playgrounds in Dewas works out to about 1.64% of thearea of the city. As, at present, the parks accounts for only 0.05% of the area, it is evident that thesituation is not satisfactory. Other public services like banks, post offices etc are nearly sufficient.

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INFERENCE ( The Quality of Physical Environment in Dewas- A Medium Town):-

Land use share provided to residential is almost equal to the land use share of theindustrial, due to which the pollution level is very much high & the houses are highlyaffected.

Population growth rate is very much high but the development rate is not up to themark.

Demand & supply gap between housing demand is causing the scenario ofhomelessness as well as of slums.

Huge demand & supply gap for water supply & sanitation services provides anegative impact on the environment.

Social infrastructure services also needs the marginal improvements.

“Since the demand is fulfilled neither in quantitative nor in qualitative manners, the quality of physical environment can be judged as below par and

NOT GOOD.”

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CASE STUDY ON GANGAPUR CITY:-

INTRODUTION-

Gangapur is the headquarters of the sub-division, tehsil andpanchayat samiti of the same name. It is situated north-east of SawaiMadhopur in 260-28’ north latitude and 76044’ east longitude and is linkedwith it both by rail (64 km.) and road (85 km.). It is an important commercialmart on the Bombay-Delhi broad gauge line of the Western Railway. Theplace is well connected with Karauli, Bamanwas, Nadauti, Kailadevi andJaipur (via Lalsot) by road.

The town is said to have been named Gangapur after Gangaram,its founder but people also believe that it was named after the famous deityGangaji. It had been an important railway station in the British period. It wasknown for its Loco Workshop and Wagon Repair Factory.

There are many temples in the town, of which the more importantones are those of Kalyanji, Sitaramji, Balaji, Gangaji, Ramdevji andBadrinathji. Besides these, there are Jain temples, a Gurudwara, a churchand some mosques.

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MAP:-

Major residential areas areconcentrated in the centre ofthe town

NH-11B cuts the town in twomain parts.

Residential areas aresurrounded by agriculturallands on the periphery of thetown.

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GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY-

Gangapur is spread in an area of 9.55 Sq Km. 270m up from measured sea level. Total population as per census-2001 is 96,845. Density is 10140.83 inhabitant/Sq Km. Density is almost 4.5 times of all india density figure whereas 7.5 times to the densityof Rajsthan. Literacy rate is around 67%.

CLIMATE-

Subtropical dry climate with distinct winter, summer and rainy seasons. Highest temperature - 49 degree celsius. Lowest temperature - 02 degree celsius. Average rainfall - 800mm per annum. Humidity - 10-15% (Summer) & 60% (Rainy)

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POPULATION GROWTH TREND-

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TRANSPORT & CONNECTIVITY-

Situated at Delhi- Mumbai Railway Route.

71 km far from district headquarter of Sawai madhopur.

NH-11B crosses the town & divides it in two parts, hence this is the major axis ofthe town’s development.

Chooli ( 3 KM ), Khanpur Baroda ( 4 KM ), Salempur ( 5 KM ), Toksi ( 7 KM ), UdaiKalan ( 9 KM ) are the nearby Villages to Gangapur City.

Gangapur City is surrounded by Bamanwas Tehsil towards west, Sapotra Tehsiltowards South, Nadauti Tehsil towards North, Karauli Tehsil towards East .

Well connected with all the surrounding locations by road routes & somewhere byrail routes too.

Major local transport is Vikrams (Auto rickshaws).

Roads are narrow lanes, most of them contain open drainages.

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE-

There are in all about 6.96 primary schools per sq.km. The corresponding figures for privateschools and government schools are 4.93 and 2.03 respectively. The standard norm is that thereshould be one school within every kilometer of any habitation. It is, therefore, clear that in town,the standard norm is being met by both private and government schools.

Gangapur has, when all the schools are taken together, 13.33 middle schools per sq.km. ofarea, which can be termed as highly satisfactory.

Similarly the condition & availability of senior secondary schools, colleges are also upto themark and satisfactory.

Town has one government general hospital with 9 doctors and 62 beds. In this hospital, thereis a doctor for every 7 beds. The average population served by this hospital doctor works out toabout 10000 and the number of hospital beds per 1000 population works out to about 0.64. Themedical scenario is far below the par.

Parks and playgrounds/open spaces should be well spread out throughout the city and notconcentrated in a few areas. A satisfactory norm would be to have a park for every 10000population, which means the city should have at least 10 parks and playgrounds. The city has,however only 4 parks. Today, the city has an average one park for approx every 24000 persons.

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OTHER-FEATURES-

The city is situated parallel to the pre aravalli – vindhyan mountain range which gives this city a watchful location. Dhundheshvar, with its waterfall, is the main picnic spot for locals. Ranthambhore National Tiger Park is the main tourist site in the vicinity.

Religious attractions in Gangapur and surrounding towns include Balaji ChowkTemple, Uhadmal balaji Temple, Ganesha Temple, Shri Mahaveerji Temple, Kaila Devi Temple, Shivar Temple, Madan Mohan Ji Temple, Jangannath Dham Temple and mosque Jama Masjid.

Main source of income for Gangapur is Agriculture & Tourism.

Despite being a tourist attraction the town lacks in water Supply & sanitationservices from municipality, most of the households are having their own arrangementsfor the same.

The town is having 20 % of the internal roads as temporary kaccha roads.

Sewage line does not exist in any part of the town. Dumping of the excreta in theopen drains is a common practice here.

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INFERENCE ( The Quality of Physical Environment in Gangapur- A Small Town):-

As the town is highly dense, the physical environment gives a feeling of congestion.

Here also growth rate is high but the development rate is comparatively low.

Connected with the other part of the country but the internal road network is not atthe satisfactory level.

Despite being a tourism oriented town the local physical infrastructure is notsupporting the fact.

“Since the demand is fulfilled neither in quantitative nor in qualitative manners, the quality of physical environment can be judged as below par and

NOT GOOD.”

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CONCLUSION:-

“Most of the small & medium towns of India are facing the similarproblems. These two towns are showing the typical picture of thescenario. If we talk about the quality, we find that the quality of Indiantowns are really below par and needs the drastic improvements in theservices which lead to the towns for a better quality of life & physicalenvironment.”

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REFERENCES:-

http://www.districtsawaimadhopur.com/

http://gangapurcity.in/

http://www.onlinedewas.com/

Search engine: Google

Wikipedia,

City Development Plan of Dewas,

Case study of social services in small & medium towns by Govt. Of India.

Census of India