Queen of Heaven

This article is about the title of the Virgin Mary as Queenof Heaven. For Queen of Heaven in antiquity, see Queenof heaven (antiquity).“Mary Queen of Heaven” redirects here. For theCatholic parish church, see Mary Queen of Heaven(Erlanger, Kentucky).

Queen of Heaven is a title given to the Virgin Maryby Christians mainly of the Roman Catholic Church,and also, to some extent, in Eastern Orthodoxy andAnglicanism.[1] The title is a consequence of the FirstCouncil of Ephesus in the fifth century, in which the Vir-gin Mary was proclaimed "theotokos", a title rendered inLatin as Mater Dei, in English "Mother of God".The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in thepapal encyclicalAd Caeli Reginam,[2] issued by Pope PiusXII. It states that Mary is called Queen of Heaven be-cause her son, Jesus Christ, is the king of Israel and heav-enly king of the universe; indeed, the Davidic traditionof Israel recognized the mother of the king as the QueenMother of Israel. The Eastern Orthodox Churches donot share the Catholic dogma, but themselves have a richliturgical history in honor of Mary.The title Queen of Heaven has long been a Catholic tra-dition, included in prayers and devotional literature, andseen in Western art in the subject of the Coronation ofthe Virgin, from the High Middle Ages, long before itwas given a formal definition status by the Church.

1 Theological basis

See also: Ad Caeli Reginam

Queen of Heaven (Latin Regina Caeli) is one of manyQueen titles used of the Virgin Mary. The title derived inpart from the ancient Catholic teaching that Mary, at theend of her earthly life, was bodily and spiritually assumedinto heaven, and that she is there honored as Queen.[3]

Pius XII explained on the theological reasons for her titleof Queen in a radio message to Fatima of May 13, 1946,Bendito seja:[4]

He, the Son of God, reflects on His heav-enly Mother the glory, the majesty and the do-minion of His kingship, for, having been asso-ciated to the King of Martyrs in the ... work

of human Redemption as Mother and cooper-ator, she remains forever associated to Him,with a practically unlimited power, in the dis-tribution of the graces which flow from the Re-demption. Jesus is King throughout all eternityby nature and by right of conquest: throughHim, with Him, and subordinate to Him, Maryis Queen by grace, by divine relationship, byright of conquest, and by singular choice [ofthe Father].[5]

According to Catholic doctrine, Mary was assumed intoheaven and is with Jesus Christ, her divine Son and isrepresented in the Book of Revelation (chapter 11:19–12:6) as the woman clothed with the sun who gives birthto Christ.[6]

In his 1954 encyclical Ad caeli reginam (“To the Queenof Heaven”), Pius XII points out that Mary deserves thetitle because she is Mother of God, because she is closelyassociated as the New Eve with Jesus’ redemptive work,because of her preeminent perfection and because of herintercessory power.[7] Ad caeli reginam states that themain principle on which the royal dignity of Mary restsis her Divine Motherhood. ... So with complete justiceSt. John Damascene could write: “When she becameMother of the Creator, she truly became Queen of everycreature.”.[8]

2 Biblical basis

In the Hebrew Bible, under some Davidic kings, the gebi-rah, the “Great Lady”, usually the Mother of the King,held great power as advocate with the king. In 1 Kings2:20, Solomon said to his Mother Bathsheba, seated on athrone at his right, “Make your request, Mother, for I willnot refuse you.” Fr. William G. Most sees here a sort oftype of Mary.[5]

In the New Testament, the title has several biblicalsources. At the Annunciation, the archangel Gabriel an-nounces that [Jesus] "... will be great, and will be calledthe Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will giveto him the throne of his father David. He will ruleover the house of Jacob forever and his reign will bewithout end."(Luke 1:32) The biblical precedent in an-cient Israel is that the mother of the king becomes thequeen mother.[9] Mary’s queenship is a share in Jesus’kingship.[7]

The Roman Catholic Church views Mary as the woman

1

2 4 LITANY OF LORETO

A statue of the Assumption of Mary typically crowned with 12stars. A reflection of the biblical image in Revelation 12. Statueby Attard, Malta.

clothed with the sun in the Book of Revelation 12:1–3:[6] “1 A great and wondrous sign appeared in heaven: awoman clothed with the sun, with themoon under her feetand a crown of twelve stars on her head. She was pregnantand cried out in pain as she was about to give birth. Thenanother sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragonwith seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on hisheads.” The Church accepts Revelation 12 as a referenceto Mary, Israel, and the Church as a three-fold symbol-ism through the Book of Isaiah and affirms Mary as themother of Jesus as the prophetic fulfilment described inRevelation 12 (cf. Isaiah 7:14, 26:17, 54:1, 66:7).[6]

In the Hebrew Bible the term “queen of heaven” appearsin a context unrelated to Mary. The prophet Jeremiahwriting circa 628 BC refers to a “queen of heaven” inchapters 7 and 44 of the Book of Jeremiah when hescolds the people for having “sinned against the Lord”due to their idolatrous practices of burning incense, mak-ing cakes and pouring out drink offerings to her. Thistitle was probably given to Asherah, a Caananite idol andgoddess worshipped in ancient Israel and Judah.[10] For adiscussion of “queen of heaven” in the Hebrew Bible, seeQueen of heaven (Antiquity).

3 Historical practice

In the fourth century St. Ephrem called Mary “Lady” and“Queen.” Later Church fathers and doctors continued touse the title. A text probably coming from Origen (diedc. 254) gives her the title domina, the feminine formof Latin dominus, Lord. That same title also appears inmany other early writers, e.g., Jerome, and Peter Chryso-logus. The first Mariological definition and basis for thetitle of Mary Queen of Heaven developed at the Councilof Ephesus, where Mary was defined to be the Mother ofGod. The Council fathers specifically approved this ver-sion against the opinion, that Mary is “only” the motherof Jesus. Nobody had participated in the life of her son

Fra Angelico

more, than Mary, who gave birth to the Son of God.[11]

The word “Queen” appears about the sixth century, andis common thereafter.[5] Hymns of the 11th to 13th cen-turies address Mary as queen: “Hail, Holy Queen,” “Hail,Queen of Heaven,” “Queen of Heaven.” The Domini-can rosary and the Franciscan crown as well as numerousinvocations in Mary’s litany celebrate her queenship.[7]For centuries she has been invoked as the Queen ofheaven.[12]

4 Litany of Loreto

She is invoked in the Litany of Loreto as:

• Queen of the Angels,

• Queen of Patriarchs,

• Queen of Prophets,

• Queen of Apostles,

• Queen of Martyrs,

• Queen of Confessors,

• Queen of Virgins,

• Queen of all Saints

• Queen of Families.[12]

• Queen conceived without original sin

• Queen assumed into Heaven

• Queen of the Most Holy Rosary

• Queen of Peace[13]

5.2 Ave Regina Caelorum 3

Rubens, 1609

4.1 Other titles

The Second Vatican Council in 1964 referred to Mary asQueen of the Universe.[14]

5 Liturgy of the Hours

The four ancient Marian antiphons of the Liturgy of theHours express the Queenship of the Virgin Mary: theSalve Regina, the Ave Regina Caelorum, the Alma Re-demptoris Mater, and the Regina Caeli. These are prayedat different times of the year, at the end of Compline.

5.1 Salve Regina

Main article: Salve Regina

Mary as Queen of Heaven is praised in the Salve Regina"(Hail Queen)", which is sung in the time from TrinitySunday until the Saturday before the first Sunday of Ad-vent. In the vernacular, as a prayer to the VirginMary, theHail Holy Queen is the final prayer of the Rosary. A Ger-man Benedictine monk, Hermann of Reichenau (1013–1054), allegedly composed it and it originally appeared inLatin, the prevalent language of the Catholic Church untilVatican II. Traditionally it has been sung in Latin, thoughmany translations exist. In the Middle Ages, Salve Regina

Crowned statue of Our Lady of Sorrows,Warfhuizen, the Nether-lands.

offices were held every Saturday.[15] In the 13th century,the custom developed to greet the Queen of Heaven withthe Salve Regina, which is considered the oldest of thefour Marian antiphons. As a part of the Catholic Refor-mation, the Salve Regina was prayed every Saturday bymembers of the Sodality of Our Lady, a Jesuit Mariancongregation. TheHail Holy Queen is also the final prayerof the Rosary.

5.2 Ave Regina Caelorum

Main article: Ave Regina Caelorum

The Ave Regina Caelorum (Hail, Queen of Heaven) isan early Marian antiphon, praising Mary, the Queen ofHeaven. It is traditionally said or sung after each ofthe canonical hours of the Liturgy of the Hours. Theprayer is used especially after Compline, the final canon-ical hour of prayer before going to sleep. It is prayedfrom the Feast of the Presentation (February 2) throughthe Wednesday of Holy Week. It used to be sung on thefeast of the Assumption of Mary. The Ave Regina Caelo-rum dates back in a different musical intonation to the12th century.[16] Today’s version is slightly different froma 12th-century intonation. The Ave Regina Caelorum hasfour parts: Ave, Salve, Gaude and Vale (in English: hail,rejoice, farewell). It was used for processions in honourof the Queen of Heaven. The Ave Regina Caelorum re-

4 6 VENERATION

ceived numerous musical versions, a famous one of whichwas composed in 1773 by Joseph Haydn.[17]

5.3 Alma Redemptoris Mater

Main article: Alma Redemptoris MaterTheAlmaRedemptorisMater (LovingMother of our Sav-

The coronation of the Virgin Mary by Rubens, c. 1625

ior) is recited in the Catholic Church at Compline onlyfrom the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of thePurification (February 2). Continuing theological discus-sions exist as to the origin and exact timing of this Marianantiphon. It has two equal parts. The Virgin Mary is theloving Mother of the Savior, the ever-virgin with a veryhigh position in heaven. May she listen to her people withmercy in their need for her help.[18]

5.4 Regina Coeli

Main article: Regina Coeli

The Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven) is an anthem of theRoman Catholic Church which replaces the Angelus atEastertide (from Holy Saturday until the Saturday afterPentecost). It is named for its opening words in Latin.

The Regina Coeli was the subject of numerous intona-tions throughout the centuries by known and unknowncomposers. Not all attributions are correct however, asan often quoted Regina Coeli by Joseph Haydn had otherauthors.[17] Of unknown authorship, the anthem was inFranciscan use in the first half of the 13th century. To-gether with three other Marian anthems, it was incor-porated in the Minorite Roman Curia Office, which theFranciscans soon popularized everywhere, and which byorder of Pope Nicholas III (1277–1280) replaced all theolder breviaries in the churches of Rome.[19]

6 Veneration

The Catholic faith states, as a dogma, that Mary is as-sumed into heaven and is with Jesus Christ, her divineson. Mary should be called Queen, not only because ofher Divine Motherhood of Jesus Christ, but also becauseGod has willed her to have an exceptional role in the workof eternal salvation. Roman Catholicism employs theliturgical Latin phrase Ora Pro Nobis, meaning pray forus, and does not teach adherents to pray to saints or wor-ship saints, but rather asks those saints to pray for them.The encyclical Ad Caeli Reginammaintains that Christ asredeemer is Lord and King. The Blessed Virgin is Queen,because of the unique manner in which she assisted in ourredemption, by giving of her own substance, by freely of-fering Him for us, by her singular desire and petition for,and active interest.[20]Mary was chosen Mother of Christso she might help fulfill God’s plan in the redemption ofhumankind; The Catholic Church from the earliest timesvenerated the Queen of Heaven, according to Pius XII:

From the earliest ages of the Catholic Church aChristian people, whether in time of triumph ormore especially in time of crisis, has addressedprayers of petition and hymns of praise andveneration to the Queen of Heaven and neverhas that hope wavered which they placed in theMother of the Divine King, Jesus Christ; nor hasthat faith ever failed bywhichwe are taught thatMary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with amother’s solicitude over the entire world, just asshe is crowned in heavenly blessedness with theglory of a Queen.[21]

The Queenship of Mary is commemorated in the last ofthe Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary — the Coro-nation of the Virgin as Queen of Heaven and Earth.Parishes and private groups often process and crown animage of the Blessed Virgin Mary with flowers. This of-ten is referred to as a “May Crowning.” This rite maybe done on solemnities and feasts of the Blessed Vir-gin Mary, or other festive days, and offers the Churcha chance to reflect on Mary’s role in the history ofsalvation.[22]

6.2 Marian Processions 5

The Virgin has been called “Queen of France” since1638 when, partly in thanksgiving for a victory over theHuguenots and also in hope of the birth of an heir afteryears of childless marriage, Louis XIII officially gave herthat title. Siena, Tuscany, hails the Virgin as Queen ofSiena, and annually observes the race and pageant calledthe “palio” in her honor.[23]

6.1 Feast of Queenship of Mary

The coronation of the Salus Populi Romani icon by Pope Pius XIIin 1954.

Queenship of Mary is a Marian feast day in the liturgicalcalendar of the Roman Catholic Church, created by PopePius XII. On 11 October 1954, the Pontiff pronouncedthe new feast in his encyclical Ad caeli reginam. Thefeast was celebrated on May 31, the last day of the Mar-ian month. The initial ceremony for this feast involvedthe crowning of the Salus Populi Romani icon of the Vir-gin Mary in Rome by Pius XII as part of a processionin Rome.[24]The feast is a logical follow-up to the As-sumption and is now celebrated on the octave day of thatfeast.[7] In 1969, Pope Paul VI moved the feast day toAugust 22.It has been placed eight days after the Solemnity of theAssumption, in order to emphasize the close bond be-tween Mary’s queenship and her glorification in body andsoul next to her Son. The Second Vatican Council’s Con-stitution on the Church states that “Mary was taken upbody and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lordas Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fullyconformed to her Son” (Lumen gentium, 59).[12]

The movement to officially recognise the Queenship ofMary was initially promoted by several Catholic Mar-iological congresses in Lyon, France; Freiburg, Ger-many; and Einsiedeln, Switzerland. Gabriel Roschinifounded in Rome, Italy, an international society to pro-mote the Queenship of Mary, Pro Regalitate Mariae.[25]Several popes had described Mary as Queen and Queenof Heaven, which was documented by Gabriel Roschini.Pope Pius XII repeated the title in numerous encycli-

cals and apostolic letters, especially during World WarII[26][27][28][29][30][31]

6.2 Marian Processions

Annual Grand Marian Procession through Downtown Los An-geles

In Los Angeles, California, a Marian procession tookplace annually for roughly the first 100 years following thefounding of the city. In an attempt to revive the customof religious processions, in September 2011 the Queen ofAngels Foundation inaugurated an annual “GrandMarianProcession” in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles' his-toric core.[32][33] This yearly procession, intended to co-incide with the anniversary of the founding of the City ofLos Angeles, begins outside of the parish of La Iglesia deNuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles which is part of theLos Angeles Plaza Historic District, better known as “LaPlacita”. By way of city streets, the procession eventuallyterminates at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angelswhere a public Rosary and Mass in honour of the BlessedVirgin Mary are offered.[34] Subsequent years have seenthe involvement and participation of numerous chivalric,fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, lay groups, polit-ical figures, as well as other religious and civic organiza-tions.

7 Art

Main articles: Coronation of the Virgin and RomanCatholic Marian artEarly Christian art shows Mary in an elevated position.She carries her divine son in her hands, or holds him. Af-ter he ascended into heaven, he reigns in divine glory.Mary, his mother, assumed into heaven by her son, par-ticipates in his heavenly glory.The earliest known Roman depiction of Santa MariaRegina depicting the Virgin Mary as a queen dates to the6th century and is found in the modest church of SantaMaria Antiqua (i.e., ancient St. Mary) built in the 5thcentury in the ForumRomanum. Here the VirginMary isunequivocally depicted as an empress.[35][36][37] As one of

6 8 GALLERY OF ART

Giacomo di Mino, 1340–1350

the earliest Roman Catholic Marian churches, this churchwas used by Pope John VII in the early 8th century as thesee of the bishop of Rome. Also in the 8th century, theSecond Council of Nicaea decreed that such pictures ofMary should be venerated.[38]

In the early 16th century, Protestant reformers beganto discourage Marian art, and some like John Calvin orZwingli even encouraged its destruction. But after theCouncil of Trent in the mid-16th century confirmed theveneration of Marian paintings for Catholics, Mary wasoften painted as a Madonna with crown, surrounded bystars, standing on top of the world or the partly visiblemoon. After the victory against the Turks at Lepanto,Mary is depicted as the Queen of Victory, sometimeswearing the crown of the Habsburg empire.[39] Nationalinterpretations existed in France as well, where Jean Fou-quet painted the Queen of Heaven in 1450 with the faceof the mistress of King Charles VII[40] Statues and pic-tures of Mary were crowned by kings in Poland, France,Bavaria, Hungary and Austria,[40] sometimes apparentlyusing crowns previously worn by earthly monarchs. Asurviving small crown presented by Margaret of Yorkseems to have been that worn by her at her wedding toCharles the Bold in 1463. A recent coronation was thatof the picture of the Salus Populi Romani in 1954 by

Earliest known (6th century) Roman depiction of Santa MariaRegina (Saint Mary the Queen), Santa Maria Antiqua church,Rome.

Pius XII. The veneration of Mary as queen continues intothe 21st Century, but artistic expressions do not have theleading role as in previous times[40]

Artworks, including paintings, mosaics and carvings ofthe coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven, became in-creasingly popular from the 13th century onward. Worksfollow a set pattern, showing Mary kneeling in theheavenly court, and being crowned either by Jesus alone,or else by Jesus and God the Father together, with theHoly Spirit, usually in the form of a dove, complet-ing the Trinity. The Coronation of Mary is almost en-tirely a theme of western art. In the Eastern OrthodoxChurch, although Mary is often shown wearing a crown,the coronation itself never became an accepted artisticsubject.[41][42]

8 Gallery of art

8.1 Paintings

• Martino di Bartolomeo, 1400

• The icon Salus Populi Romani, crowned for theMarian year 1954

8.4 Altars 7

• Gregorio di Cecco Enthroned Madonna

• Crowned Madonna Della Strada

• Crowned Madonna, Rokitno, Poland, 1671

• Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation, 1414, Uffizi, Flo-rence

• Pietro Perugino, 1504

• Raphael, 1502-1504

• Giacomo di Mino, 1340-1350

• Giulio Cesare Procaccini, 17th century

• Enguerrand Charonton Coronation of Mary by theTrinity, 1454

• Botticelli, with only God the Father, 15th century

• Lorenzo Costa, Crowning of the Madonna andsaints, 1501

• Coronation, Agnolo Gaddi, 14th century

• Jean Fouquet, Coronation of the Virgin, 15th cen-tury

• , 1441

• Paolo Veneziano, 1324

• Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, 1504

• Gentile da Fabriano, 1422-1425

• Fra Angelico, 1434-1435

8.2 Statues

• Crowned statue in Porto Alegre, Brazil

• Crowned Virgin of Carmel, Varallo Sesia, Italy

• Crowned statue of the Blessed Virgin, Spain

8.3 Frescoes

• Tetmajer Madonna in Heaven, 1895

• Scheffler, Queen of Heaven, Regensburg, Germany

• Scheffler, Crowned Virgin

• El Escorial Monastery Spain

• Fra Angelico, Florence, 1437-1446

• Church of Sant'Angelo, Milan

• Salzburg, 1697–1700

• Aldo Locatelli, 20th century, Brazil

8.4 Altars

• Coronation of the Virgin, Bartolo di Fredi, 1388

• Gentile da Fabriano Altarpiece

• 18th-century German altar

• 19th-century German altar

9 See also• Hail Mary

• Lady of Sorrows

• Madonna of humility

• Mother of the Church

• Mother of God

• Mother of Mercy

• Queen of heaven (antiquity)

• Seat of Wisdom

10 References[1] Podmore, Colin (2014). “Blessed Virgin: Mary and the

Anglican Tradition” (PDF). Forward in Faith. Walsing-ham: St Mary and All Saints. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[2] “Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam". Vatican. Archived fromthe original on October 7, 2010.

[3] Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., NewYork, 1985, p283-284

[4] AAS 38. 266

[5] Most, William G. “Mary’s Queenship”, Our Lady in Doc-trine and Devotion, 1994

[6] Saunder, Rev. William. “Woman Clothed with the Sun”,Arlington Catholic Herald, 2004. Catholic Education Re-source Center. Retrieved July 6, 2011

[7] Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons,and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Francis-can Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7

[8] Ad caeli reginam 34

[9] Taylor Marshall, The Crucified Rabbi: Judaism and theOrigins of Catholic Christianity, Saint John Press, 2009ISBN 978-0-578-03834-6 page 41

[10] Biblegateway Jeremiah

[11] Tschochner, Königtum Mariens Marienlexikon, 590

[12] Pope Benedict XVI. “On theQueenship ofMary', GeneralAudience, August 22, 2012

8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

[13] Pope Paul VI, Christi Matris, 1966

[14] Lumen gentium, Chapter 8, Section 59. Archived Septem-ber 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.

[15] Marienlexikon, 648

[16] C Bernt Marienlexikon 321

[17] Haydn,in Marienlexikon, 88

[18] Marienlexikon, 104

[19] Catholic encyclopedia

[20] Ad Caeli Reginam 38

[21] Ad caeli reginam 1

[22] Lewis, Suzaanne M. “Crowning an Image of the BlessedVirgin Mary”, Pastoral Liturgy

[23] “The Queenship of Mary”, Queen of Angels foundation

[24] Time Magazine, Nov 8th, 1954

[25] Tschochner 591

[26] AAS 1942, 126,

[27] AAS 1942 315,

[28] AAS 1943, 248,

[29] AAS 1943 38,

[30] AAS 1946,266,

[31] AAS 1950, 763,

[32] http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf

[33] http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/marian_procession_seeks_prayer_for_los_angeles_on_citys_birthday___ewtn_n.pdf

[34] http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110902.pdf

[35] Erik Thunø, 2003 Image and relic: mediating the sacredin early medieval Rome ISBN 88-8265-217-3 page 34

[36] Bissera V. Pentcheva, 2006 Icons and power: the Motherof God in Byzantium ISBN 0-271-02551-4 page 21

[37] Anne J. Duggan, 2008 Queens and queenship in medievalEurope ISBN 0-85115-881-1 page 175

[38] Tschochner 590

[39] Marienlexikon 595

[40] Marienlexikon 596

[41] Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., NewYork, 1985

[42] The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912.

11 External links• Pope Pius XII. Ad Caeli Reginam

• Pope Benedict XVI. “On the Queenship of Mary',General Audience, August 22, 2012

9

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text• Queen of Heaven Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven?oldid=730734790 Contributors: Twilsonb, Edward, Wet-man, Henrygb, Dmn, Tom harrison, Andycjp, Bhuck, Xandar, Lima, Mairi, Caeruleancentaur, UnHoly, Kitch, Woohookitty, KosherFan, SCEhardt, Cuchullain, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, Rschen7754, Phantom784, Alveolate, Afterwriting,FlaBot, Borgx, RussBot, Fnorp, Welsh, SmackBot, Carl.bunderson, Greatgavini, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, Radagast83, LoveMonkey,Andrew c, Rigadoun, Mathiasrex, C.jeynes, Malindaeb, Redeagle688, Hungrygeneration, Joseph Solis in Australia, LadyofShalott, Infer-noXV, Eric, Cydebot, Peripitus, Goldfritha, Ttiotsw, Miguel de Servet, Energyfreezer, Sweetmoose6, JohnInDC, Mojo Hand, Missvain,Thomas Paine1776, Ozzieboy, Skypilot5973, Sukh17, Alphachimpbot, Barek, MelanieN, Boleslaw, Magioladitis, Wayne Miller, Cicdc,CommonsDelinker, Johnbod, Ncmvocalist, MarcoLittel, 83d40m, Jarry1250, Redtigerxyz, VasilievVV, Dominics Fire, Ktalon, PhilipTrueman, Athanasius28, Mitterndorfer, Yeoberry, Farkas János, VanishedUserABC, SieBot, LovelyLillith, Scarian, WereSpielChequers,Philly jawn, Squid603, LotusElite, Plastikspork, Alexbot, Coinmanj, Arjayay, Another Believer, JoyUnspeakable, Editor2020, Ambro-sius007, WikHead, WikiDao, Good Olfactory, Addbot, SpBot, Organic Cabbage, Elledom7, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Eu-molpo, JoseyMarine, Jayarathina, Pioneer prefered Lewinsky, Drilnoth, Tad Lincoln, Grantmidnight, Haldraper, FrescoBot, Jamesooders,Gemminks, DrilBot, Americanman095, Melekali, Ceremoniar, Beyond My Ken, Esoglou, Chi-Rhon, RA0808, NoisyJinx, Danny9567,Wikipelli, Soulandspirit, Donner60, Willthacheerleader18, Susumebashi, 28bot, ClueBot NG, Jasper3838, Satellizer, Snotbot, Hazhk,O.Koslowski, Mannanan51, Widr, BG19bot, Portugueserevolution1, Khazar2, Mogism, GeraldAlexander, QvisDevs, Nankolankeita, Mel-onkelon, Monochrome Monitor, MagicatthemovieS, Wikicology, EditingforYAH, InternetArchiveBot, Jujutsuan and Anonymous: 115

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• File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

• File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Dis-tributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens

• File:PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipediaOriginal artist: Ambrosius007. Original uploader was Ambrosius007 at en.wikipedia

• File:Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Cyberius

• File:Santa_maria_antiqua,_annunciazione_565-578.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Santa_maria_antiqua%2C_annunciazione_565-578.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Vladimirskaya.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

10 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0