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Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents...

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Quotes Quotes • "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy
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Page 1: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

QuotesQuotes

• "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“

John Kennedy

Page 2: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

TaxonomyTaxonomyMicrobiology 2314

Page 3: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

TaxonomyTaxonomyThe science of biological classification, by grouping organisms with similar characteristics.

Page 4: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Three Interrelated Parts of Three Interrelated Parts of TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Classification

Arrangement into groups

• Nomenclature

Assignment of Names

• Identification

Determining Identity

Page 5: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Two Kingdom Two Kingdom SystemSystem

(Proposed by Aristotle)(Proposed by Aristotle)

• PlantaeBacteria

Fungi

Algae

Plants

Page 6: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Two Kingdom Two Kingdom SystemSystem

• AnimaliaAnimals

Protozoa

Page 7: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Problem with Aristotle’s Classification System:

If it was green, it was a plant regardless of other features.

Page 8: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Five Kingdom SystemFive Kingdom System

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Protista

• Procaryotae/Monera

Page 9: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

AnimaliaAnimalia

1. Multicellular

2. Heterotrophs

Page 10: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 11: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 12: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 13: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 14: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 15: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 16: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 17: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 18: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

PlantaePlantae

1. Multicellular

2. Photoautotrophs

Page 20: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 23: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 24: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

FungiFungi

1. Absorptive Chemoheterotrophs

2. Decomposers

Page 25: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 26: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 27: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 30: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 31: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

ProtistaProtista

1. Unicellular

2. Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

Page 32: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 33: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 34: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 35: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 36: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

MoneraMonera(Bacteria)(Bacteria)

Page 37: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 38: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 39: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 40: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 41: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Six Kingdom SystemSix Kingdom System

Page 42: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Three Domain SystemThree Domain System((Difference in rRNA and Cell Wall in Procaryotic Organisms)Difference in rRNA and Cell Wall in Procaryotic Organisms)

• Domain Eukaryae

All Eukaryotic Organisms

• Domain Eubacteria

True Bacteria and Cyanobacteria

• Domain Archaea

Ancient “Extreme” Bacteria

Page 43: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Taxonomic HierarchyTaxonomic HierarchyDomain

(Carl Woese 1978)

KingdomPhylum/Division

Class OrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Page 44: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

DomainsDomains

Page 45: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus 17531753

1. Kingdom Through Species

2. Binomial Nomenclature

3. Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis

3. Common/Descriptive Names

Tubercule Bacillus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Page 46: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification

• Genetic Similarity and Evolutionary Relatedness

Reflects Genetic Similarity and Evolutionary Relatedness

Page 47: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 48: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

Page 49: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Protista

Page 50: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Phenetic ClassificationPhenetic Classification• Based on Observable Characteristics.

Page 51: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.
Page 52: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Species verses StrainSpecies verses Strain

• SpeciesA specific or defined type of organism capable of producing young that can also reproduce.

• StrainVariation within a species.

• descended from a single organism • different isolates may be same species but are different strains;

often have slight differences

Page 53: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bergey’s Manual of Systematic BacteriologyBacteriology

Page 54: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

•First edition published in 1923, now in 9th edition.•

•Uses both morphological and Physiological characteristics

•Very practical system. Use successive "key" features to narrow down identification

•Ex. Gram + or -? Then shape? Then motile or not? etc. Eventually only a few organisms match the process of elimination.

Page 55: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

•Second edition now being published, a major reorganization

•Primary emphasis is phylogenetic, not phenetic

•Example: pathogens are not grouped together, instead they are scattered in different areas

•Five volumes have instructive titles:

The Archaea, and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria

The Proteobacteria The Low G + C Gram-positive Bacteria The High G + C Gram-positive Bacteria The Planctomyces, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacters,

Bacterioidetes, and Fusobacteria

Page 56: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

American Type Culture American Type Culture CollectionCollection

• Algae and Protozoa• Bacteria and Baceriophages• Cell Lines• DNA Materials• Fungi and Yeasts• Plant Tissues• Seeds• Viruses and Virus Antiserum

Page 57: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellsCells

Domain EukaryaeDomain Eukaryae

1. Membrane System

2. Compartmentalization

3. Membrane Enclosed Organelles

4. Nucleus

Page 58: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic CellsCellsDomain Eubacteria Domain Eubacteria & Archaea& Archaea

1. Few if Any Internal Membranes

2. Plasma Membrane Mediates Internal Processes

3. Nucleoid

4. No Membrane Bound Organelles

Page 59: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

VirusesViruses

• Noncellular

• Nonliving

• Either DNA or RNA

• Capsid (Protein Shell)

• Envelope

Page 60: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

VirusesViruses

• Virus Species

A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupy a particular ecological niche.

• No Independent Metabolism or Replication

• Requires a Host (Parasitic)

Page 61: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Viral ReplicationViral Replication

1. Attachment2. Penetration3. Disassembly4. Reassembly5. Release

Page 62: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Major Criteria and Methods Major Criteria and Methods Used in the Taxonomy of Used in the Taxonomy of

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

• Morphology• Differential Staining• Biochemical Tests• Oxygen Requirements• Serology• Phage Typing

Classical ApproachClassical Approach

Page 63: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Molecular ApproachMolecular Approach

• Amino Acid Sequencing

• Total Protein Analysis

• Base Composition

• Nucleic Acid Hybridization

• Numerical Taxonomy

• Fatty Acid Profiles

Page 64: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys

1a. Bean round Garbanzo Bean

1b Bean elliptical or oblong Go to 2

2a Bean white White Navy

2b Bean dark Go to 3

3a. Bean evenly pigmented Kidney Bean

3b Bean pigmentation mottled Pinto Bean

Page 65: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

CladogramCladogram

Page 66: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Bacteria Consist of Approximately 12 Distinct Groups

FYI

Page 67: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Biologists say green-sulfur bacteria are important because they perform photosynthesis in a different way from that of other bacteria and that of plants. Obligately anaerobic photolithoautotrophs that use hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur and hydrogen as electron sources; elemental sulfur produced by sulfide oxidation is deposited outside the cell . Have gas vessicles because they lack flagella and are nonmotile unless moved by environment.

Page 68: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Merismopedia

Cyanobacteria have historically been essential for the developing of more complicated life forms by the production of oxygen in our atmosphere. Largest and most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthetic system resembles that of eucaryotes, having chlorophyll a and photosystem II; carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

Page 69: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

The Gram-positive cocci are the leading pathogens of humans. It is estimated that they produce at least a third of all the bacterial infections of humans, including strep throat, pneumonia, food poisoning, various skin diseases and severe types of septic shock.

Page 70: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Purple bacteria (anaerobic) use energy from the sun but extract electrons from substances other than water, and therefore release no oxygen. Most species are strict anaerobes and live in the sediment of ponds and lakes. These bacteria deposit sulfur granules outside their cells.

Page 71: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Chlamydiae are tiny bacteria that infect birds and mammals. They may colonize and infect tissues of the eye and urogenital tract in humans. Chlamydia trachomatis causes several important diseases in humans: chlamydia, the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a cause of pneumonia and has been recently linked to atherosclerosis.

Page 72: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Planctomyces is a marine bacterium that can be found in various habitats around the world. Planctomycetes in general are intriguing because they are the only free living bacteria known to lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Page 73: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

Cytophaga is an endotoxin-producing bacteria that can cause respiratory disease if inhaled and is common in soil and both freshwater and marine environments. Cytophaga are unicellular, gram-negative gliding bacteria. Some strains can move at speeds near 10 µm per second. Due to this motility, colonies form spreading swarms on agar and some can cover entire plate in a few days. Cytophaga are chemoheteroorganotrophs, and many of them are able to degrade biomacromolecules such as protein, DNA, RNA, chitin, pectin, agar, starch, or cellulose.

Page 74: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

The spirochetes are a phylogenetically distinct group of bacteria which have a unique cell morphology and mode of motility. Spirochetes are very thin, flexible, spiral-shaped procaryotes that move by means of structures called axial filaments or endoflagella.

Page 75: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Deinococci are extraordinarily resistant to desiccation and radiation: can survive 3-5 million rad whereas 100 rad can be lethal to humans. An acid producer. Two Chromosomes.

• Can be isolated from ground meat, feces, air, fresh water, and other sources but their natural habitat is not known

• Have an unusual ability to repair chromosomal damage and this probably accounts for their ability to resist radiation

Page 76: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Green Nonsulfur Bacteria – Filamentous, gliding bacteria – Thermophilic, often isolated from neutral to

alkaline hot springs where they grow in the form of orange-reddish mats

– Ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigments are like green bacteria, but their metabolism is similar to that of the purple nonsulfur bacteria

Page 77: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Thermotoga - second deepest branch of the bacteria. Hyperthermophiles with an optimum of 80°C and a maximum of 90°C

• Gram-negative rods with an outer sheath-like envelope (like a toga) that can balloon out from the ends of the cell

• Grow in active geothermal areas (e.g., marine hydrothermal vents and terrestrial sulfur springs)

Page 78: Quotes "When written in Chinese the word 'crisis' is composed of two characters. One represents danger, and the other represents opportunity.“ John Kennedy.

• Aquifex are thought to represent the deepest (oldest) branch of bacteria

• Hyperthermophilic

• Chemolithoautotrophic-generate energy by oxidizing electron donors such as hydrogen, thiosulfate, and sulfur with oxygen as the electron acceptor


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