1
KQ>H$ : 3
gwàemgZ, cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m wŠV
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.2.1 gwàemgZ AW©
3.2.2 cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV
A) ^maVmVrc cmoH$nmc
~) cmoH$m wŠV
3.2.3 cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠVmMr JaO
3.2.4 cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠVmMo _hÎd
3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.4 ñd §… AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : amÁ`emñÌ nona 5 (OyZm) nona 13 (Z{dZ)
cmoH$àemgZ {gÕm§V Am{U ì`dhma
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-7 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-3
2
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm-
l gwàemgZ (Good Governence) åhUOo H$m` g_Ooc.
l cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV åhUOo H$m` ho g_Ooc.
l ^maVmVrc cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m nXmMr aMZm d Ë`mMr H$m ©nÕVr g_OVrc.
l ^maVmV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV nXmMr JaO g_Ooc.
l ^maVmVrc "cmoH$nmc' d "cmoH$m wŠV' `m nXmMo _hÎd g_Ooc.
3.1 àñVmdZm
nma§nm[aH$ cmoH$àemgZmV "àemgZ' hr g§km _hÎdnyU© _mZcr Jocr. emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ A§Jmerg§~§YrV d emgZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo Amdí`H$ gmYZ åhUyZ àemgZmH$S>o nm{hco OmV hmoVo. nU 1970Z§Va "àemgZ' `m eãXmEodOr "ì`dñWmnZ' hm eãX dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm. Ë`m_Ü o {Z`moOZ, {ZU© {ZYm©aU,g§KQ>Z d H$m ©H$mar _§S>i `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nwT>o 1990 Z§Va "ì`dñWmnZ' hr g§H$ënZm cmoH$àemgZmV _mJonSy>Z "ZdcmoH$àemgZ' hr g§H$ënZm H|$ÐñWmZr Amcr. Ë`mVyZM Mm§Jcm amÁ`H$ma^ma, cmoH$ng§Vr ÑîQ>rH$moZ,_wë`gmnojVm, nardV©Z `mgma»`m Zì`m g§H$ënZm~amo~aM "Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma' qH$dm "gwàemgZ' (Good
Governance) À`m AÜ``Zm_wio cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m {df`mcm Zdr {Xem àmßV Pmcr. WmoS>Š`mV "Mm§JcmH$ma^ma' qH$dm "gwàemgZ' (Good Governance) åhUOo emgZg§ñWoÀ`m na§namJV H$m`m©V ~Xc KS>dyZAmUÊ`mMm Am{U àemgZmV H$m ©j_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm EH$ à`moJ Amho.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 gwàemgZ AW©
ZdcmoH$àemgZmV 1980 À`m XeH$mV "Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma' qH$dm "gwàemgZ' (Good Governance) hrg§H$ënZm CX`mg Amcr. gd©gmYmaUnUo 1980 Mm hm H$mi nmpíM_mÎ` XoemV "ZdCXma_VdmXr' amÁ`mMmH$mi hmoVm. `m {dMmamZo "amÁ`g§ñWoMo cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar ê$n' AZoH$ H$maUm_wio _mJo nSy>Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVàemgZmMr AH$m ©j_Vm, «îQ>mMma, A{YH$mamMo H|$ÐrH$aU, VmR>aVm, Z¡{VH$VoMm èhmg Am{U àemgZmVrcamOH$s` hñVjon BË`mXr Xmof {Z_m©U Pmco hmoVo. `m Xmofm§À`m {ZdmaUmgmR>rM Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma qH$dm "gwàemgZ'`m g§H$ënZoMm CX` Pmcm. OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo 1992 _Ü o à{gÕ Ho$coë`m "H$ma^ma à{H«$`m qH$dm emgZ àemgZà{H«$`m Am{U {dH$mg' (Governance & Development) m XñVEodOmV hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnîQ> Ho$cr.Ë`m_Ü o emgZ-àemgZ åhUOo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm XoemVrc Am{W©H$ dgm_m{OH$ g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r gÎmoMo Cn`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr Aer ì`m»`m Ho$cr. 1992 À`m `mXñVEodOmV "gwàemgZmÀ`m' `m g§H$ënZoMr 3 Cn`moOZo (Applications) gm§{JVcr AmhoV. 1) ì`dñWoMoñdê$n - amO{H$` ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm§Mm Adc§~ H$aUo. 2) nÕV : XoemVrc Am{W©H$ d
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gm_m{OH$ g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r emgH$s` gÎmoMm {d{eîR> nÕVrZo Cn`moJ H$aUo. 3) j_Vm : YmoaUm§MmAmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo, YmoaU V`ma H$aUo d YmoaUm§Mr Am§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr emgZmMr j_Vm. hr Cn`moOZmgm§JyZ m g§H$ënZoÀ`m _wimer Mma KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma ìhmdm Ago ñnîQ> Ho$co Amho. 1) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ ì`dñWmnZ,2) emgZmMo CÎmaXm`rËd, 3) {dH$mgmMo H$m`Xoera àmê$n, 4) _mhrVr d nmaXe©H$Vm, AemàH$mao OmJ{VH$~±Ho$Zo "gwàemgZ' qH$dm "Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma' hr g§H$ënZm {dMma ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Mm§Jcm H$ma^maqH$dm gwàemgZm_Ü o nwT>rc d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1) emgZ g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©V nardV©Z
Mm§Jcm amÁ`H$ma^ma qH$dm gwàemgZ åhUOo emgZg§ñWoÀ`m na§namJV H$m`m©V ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`mà`ËZmMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. AmOÀ`m A{Ve` Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m OJmV {Z_m©U hmoV Agcoë`m AmZoH$ àH$maÀ`mg_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mg \$ŠV emgZg§ñWm nwaoer R>aV Zmhr Va Ë`m_Ü o emgZg§ñWmà_mUo {Za{Zamù`m gm_m{OH$g§KQ>Zm§Mr _XV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r gwàemgZmZo "ZmJar g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm' nwT>o AmUcr. Am{UZmJar g_mO hm ñd §godr, ñd §McrV, ñdmdc§~r g_mO _yë`ì`dñWoZr ~m§Ycoë`m cmoH$m§Mm g§KQ>rV g_yhAgVmo. gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoZo ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc gm_yhrH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mr CH$c H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV"ZmJarg_mOm'Mr _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m à{VnmXZ Ho$cr Amho. M¡VÝ`erc ZmJar g_mOmZo AmVm amÁ`g§ñWodaAdc§~yZ Z amhVm g_ñ`m§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc ñd §godr g§ñWmZr g{H«$` y{_H$m ~Omdmdr.Ago à{VnmXZ `m g§H$ënZoV Ho$co Amho.
2) cmoH$gh^mJ
gwàemgZ qH$dm Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma `m g§H$ënZoV Ago ñnîQ> Ho$co Amho H$s emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {dH$mg`moOZmV ZmoH$aehm d amÁ`H$V} `m§À`mIoarO BVa cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ A{^àoV Amho. hm cmoH$gh^mJ {d{dYnmVù`mda Agy eH$Vmo. àË`j d AàË`j Agy eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV emgZmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm_Ü o cmoH$m§Mmg{H«$` gh^mJ Amdí`H$ Amho.
3) {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr y{_H$m
gwàemgZmV qH$dm Mm§Jcm H$ma^mamV `m g§H$ënZoV {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$V} `m§Mry{_H$m _hÎdnyU© _mZcr Amho. H$maU {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm d gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$V} emgZmÀ`m {dH$mgH$m`m©g
ghmæ` yV y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV. Vo cmoH$ d emgZ `m§À`mVrc Xþì`mMo H$m © nma nmSy> eH$VmV. cmoH$_V OmJ¥VH$aUo, {dH$mg H$m`m©V cmoH$gh^mJ dmT>dUo, gm_wXm`rH$ {dH$mg `moOZm am~dUo `mgmR>r `m g§ñWm d H$m ©H$V}_hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ H$m © nmhÿ eH$VmV. WmoS>Š`mV gwemgZmV {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr y{_H$m _hÎdnyU©Amho.
4) Z¡{VH$ d _wë`mË_H$ ~mOy§Zm _hÎd
Mm§Jcm amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m g§H$ënZoMo nwañH$V} Z¡{VH$ d _wë`mË_H$ ~mOyH$S>o cj XoUohr {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo_mZVmV. Ë`m§Zr emgZg§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©g§~§YrMm ì`dñWmnH$s` d AZ¡{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm Aìhoa H$ê$Z emgZg§ñWoÀ`mw{_Ho$Mm {dMma H$aVmZm Z¡{VH$ d _wë`mË_H$ ~mOycmhr _hÎd {Xco Amho. Ë`mH$aVm Mm§Jë`m amÁ`H$ma^mamV
4
Ë`m§Zr H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ`, _mZdr hŠH$, gh^mJ wŠV {dH$mg d cmoH$emhrH$aU `m§Mo _hÎdhr AYmoao{IV Ho$coAmho.
5) àemgZmË_H$ CÎmaXm`rËd
gwàemgZ qH$dm Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma m g§H$ënZoV ZmoH$aemhr, amOH$s` _§Ìr d àemgZ §ÌUoÀ`m AH$m ©j_Vo_wiod gÎmoÀ`m J¡admnam_wio {VÀ`mda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMr JaO ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. H$maU cmoH$emhrg_mOmV gÎmoda {Z §ÌU R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo Am{U gÎmm {OVH$s _moR>r AgVo {VH$S>o {VÀ`mda A{YH$ {Z §ÌUR>odUo JaOoMo R>aVo. AWm©VM Ë`mH$arVm àemgZ OZVocm CÎmaXm`r Agco nm{hOo. Am{U ho àemgH$s` {Z §ÌUR>odÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc VrZ _mJm©Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. 1) {dYr_§S>imMo {Z §ÌU, 2) H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMo {Z §ÌU,3) Ý`m`g§ñWoMo {Z §ÌU `mIoarO cmoH$_V, àemgH$s` Z¡{VH$Vm, cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `mgma»`m g§ñWmË_H$Cnm``moOZm BË`mXr _mJm©Zrhr àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `mg§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gwàemgZ qH$dm Mm§Jcm H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmV Amho.
3.2.2 cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m wŠV
XoemVrc amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U àemgZmVrc «îQ>mMma {Z_y©cZmgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVAmcocr g§ñWm åhUOo "cmoH$nmc' hmo . cmoH$nmc åhUOoM "Am°å~wS>g_Z' (Ombusdsman) hmo . Am°å~wS>g_ZqH$dm cmoH$nmc hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ 18 ì`m eVH$mV pñdS>Z_Ü o CX`mg Amcr. Ý`m`_§S>i Am{U BVaemgH$s` g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z gm_mÝ` OZVoMo àíZ, VH«$mar gwQ>V ZmhrV V|ìhm ho àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r pñdS>ZÀ`mH$m`Xo_§S>imZo doJù`m Aem "Am°å~wS>g_Z' ZmdmÀ`m EH$m A{YH$mè`mMr {Z wŠVr Ho$cr. `mcm "\$ñQ>© Mm§ÝgcaAm°\$ OñQ>rg' Ago åhQ>co OmV hmoVo. nU 1809 nmgyZ `m A{YH$mè`mcm "Am°å~wS>g_Z' Ago åhQ>co OmD$cmJco. "Am°å~wS>g_ZMm' pñdS>re AW© "Am wŠV' Agm Amho. eãXH$mofmVrc ì`m» oZwgma "Am°å~wS>g_Z' åhUOo"cmoH$godH$m§À`m A`mo½` d Hw$àemgZm{df`r gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrZr Ho$coë`m VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aUmam A{YH$marhmo ' àemgZmZo _Z_mZr H$ma^ma H$aUo, Xoe_wcH$, nyd©J«hm§À`m à^mdmImcr {ZU© KoUo, Ag_W©Zr` oX^mdH$aUo `m gd© A`mo½` hoVy§À`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r "Am°å~wS>g_Z' hr g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. ^maVmV hrg§ñWm "cmoH$nmc' `m ZmdmZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U «îQ>mMma {damoYr EH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ {VMm Cn`moJH$aÊ`mMo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. WmoS>Š`mV «îQ>mMmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r àemgZmÀ`m {dÜd§gH$ dAlÕ d¥Îmrg amoIÊ`mgmR>r d gm_mÝ` OZVoMm amÁ`nÕVrda {dídmg H$m`_ amhmdm åhUyZ "cmoH$nmc' `mg§ñWoMr {Z{_©Vr H$amdr Agm _Vàdmh Amho.
A) ^maVmVrc cmoH$nmc
^maVm_Ü o àemgZmMo H$m ©joÌ Iyn {dñVmacoco Amho. àemgZ §ÌUoMr d {Z`_m§Mr Am{U H$m ©nÕVrMrJw§VmJw§V Iyn dmT>cr Amho. àemgZ §ÌUoVrc ZmoH$adJm©Mr g§»`m Iyn \w$Jcr Amho Am{U àemgH$ ZmoH$adJm©À`mhmVr Agcocr gÎmm _moR>r Amho. cmoH$emhr amîQ´>mVyZ Vr KQ>ZoZo Am{U {Z`_m§Zr g§Ho$Vm§Zr {Z~ªYrV Agcr Var"gÎmm «îQ> H$aVo Am{U gdªH$f gÎmm gd©ñdr «îQ> H$aVo.' hm A°ŠgMm {Z`_ cmoH$emhrVhr gÎmm {Z`_cmoH$emhrVhr H$m ©H$mar Amho. Agm AZw d oVmo. VgoM g§gXr` cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm {d{dY àm{V{ZYrH$g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ MmcVo `m cmoH$emhr aMZoMm AmYma amÁ`KQ>Zm AgVo. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {dYr_§S>i,
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H$m ©H$mar _§S>i qH$dm gaH$ma Am{U Ý`m`_§S>i Aem VrZ à_wI AmYmañV§ m§da cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoMr C^maUrHo$cr. m {VÝhr g§ñWm§À`m A{YH$maH$jm H$mQ>oH$moanUo {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m. gÎmm{d^mOZ Am{U AWm©VM gÎmmg_VmocmMo_wc yV d AmYma yV VËd Ë`mgmR>r Am§_cmV AmUco Joco. `mMm AW© ñnîQ> hmoVm H$s EH$Va àË oH$ cmoH$emhrg§ñWoMr ñdV…Mr Aer A{YH$maH$jm {Z_m©U Ho$cr Jocr. Ë`m_Ü o AÝ` g§ñWm§Zm hñVjon ZmH$maÊ`mV AmcmhmoVm. nU ^maVmV `m cmoH$emhr g§ñWm Amnë`m _`m©Xm Amocm§Sy>Z gh`moJr cmoH$emhr g§ñWoÀ`m A{YH$mamVT>dimT>di H$ê$ cmJë`m Ë`m_wio g_Vmoc {~KS>cm. Am{U «îQ>mMma d AZ¡{VH$Vm dmT>cr. Aem àH$maÀ`md¥ÎmrVyZ qH$dm àemgH$mÀ`m hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMo {ZdmaU ìhmdo, àemgZmcmhr dMH$ ~gmdm `m ÑîQ>rZo EH$ ImgA{YH$mar Zo_Ê`mMm Cnm` H$m§hr nmíMmÎ` amîQ´>m§VyZ Amcoë`m "Am°å~wS>g_Z' `m g§ñWoVyZ qH$dm g§H$ënZoVyZ^maVmV cmoH$nmcmMr {Z wŠVr H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm.
gd©àW_ àemgZm_Yrc «îQ>mMma {ZnQ>Ê`mgmR>r H|$ÐemgZmZo cmMcwMnV Am{U «îQ>mMmamgma»`m JwÝøm§Mm_wH$m~cm H$aÊ`mgmR>r "{Xëcr nmocrg Am wŠVmc`mMr' ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nU maVmV «îQ>mMma {Z_yªcZmgmR>r"cmoH$nmc' hr g§ñWm Amdí`H$ Amho. Agm {dMma gd©àW_ 1959 _Ü o AW©Vk lr. gr. S>r. Xoe_wI `m§Zr_m§S>cm. Ë`m§Zr cmoH$nmc nXmMr Amdí`H$Vm d _hÎd gm§JyZ ^maVmV Ago "cmoH$nmc' nX {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMoAmho Ago _V _m§S>co. Ë`mZ§Va 1963 _Ü o yVnyd© gmIXma S>m°. Ec. E_. qgKdr `m§Zr cmoH$g oV gd©àW_"cmoH$nmcmMm' àíZ Cn{ñWV Ho$cm. Am{U ^maVr` àemgZmV {Z_m©U hmoUmam AÝ`m`, «îQ>mMma, cmM-cwMnV,njnmVrnUm `m§Zm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r "cmoH$nmc' hr g§ñWm H$er Amdí`H$ Amho `m g§~§YrMo Ë`m§Zr g_W©ZHo$co. mMdoir n§VàYmZ n§S>rV Zohê$ d Ý`m`_yVu-JO|Ð JS>H$a m§Zrhr XoIrc m nXmMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z «îQ>mMma{dahrV àemgZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r H${ZîR> ZmoH$amnmgyZ Vo n§VàYmZmn ªV gdmªMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$maË`m§Zm {Xcm nm{hOo Ago gwM{dco. AemàH$mao cmoH$nmcgma»`m g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZog AZwHy$c Aem {XeoZo ^maVmVOmoaXma dmao dmhÿ cmJco.
1966 gmcr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr d Z§Va Ho$. hZw_§Væ`m `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc {Z wŠVHo$coë`m àemgH$s` gwYma Am`moJmZo (1966-70) Amncm n{hcm Ahdmc gmXa H$aVmZm cmoH$nmc g§ñWmñWmnZ H$aÊ`m{df`r gwM{dco hmoVo. `m Am`moJmZo 1) _§Ìr, g{Md, àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§À`m H$m`m©[déÕH$aÊ`mV oUmè`m Amamonm§Mr d VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© XoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠVmMr {ZdS> H$amdr. 2) cmoH$nmc {Z wŠVrÀ`m doir amîQ´>nVrZo n§VàYmZ, ga Ý`m`m{Ye d {damoYrnjZoVm m§Mm gëcm {dMmamV ¿`mdm. 3) cmoH$nmcmMm XOm© gaÝ`m`m{YemEdT>m Agmdm. 4) cmoH$nmcmMr _wXVnmM dfm©Mr Agmdr. 5) naamîQ´> ì`dhmamg§~§Yr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmcm Zmhr. 6) cmoH$nmcmZoAmnë`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmc cmoH$g ocm gmXa H$amdm BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m {e\$maer H$ê$Z H|$ÐmgmR>r cmoH$nmc damÁ`mgmR>r cmoH$m wŠV Aer {ÛñVar` aMZm {Z_m©U H$amdr Agm Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm.
àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$ë`mà_mUo H$m±J«og gaH$maZo 9 _o 1968 amoOr cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV mg§~§Yr {dÜ o H$ V`ma H$ê$Z Vo cmoH$g oV _m§S>co. ho {dYo H$ cmoH$g oV _§Oya Pmco nU amÁ`g oH$Sy>Z_§Oya Pmco Zmhr. `mZ§Va 1971 gmcr, 1977 gmcr, 1985 gmcr, 1989 gmcr AZwH«$_o H$m±J«og gaH$ma,OZVmnjmMo gaH$ma, amOrd Jm§Yr gaH$ma, ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$maZo ñdÀN> {ZH$mon àemgZ d «îQ>mMma {Z_y©cZmgmR>r
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cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV {dYo H$ cmoH$g oV _m§S>co na§Vw Vo _§Oya hmody eH$co Zmhr. nwÝhm gßQ>|~a 1996 _Ü oXodoJm¡S>m gaH$maZo d 1998 d 2001 _Ü o dmOno r gaH$maZo cmoH$nmc {dYo H$ gwYmaUmghrV V`ma Ho$co nUVarhr ho {dYo H$ _§Oya hmody eH$co Zmhr. gÜ`m AÊUm hOma|À`m CnmofUmZ§Va _m. _Z_mohZ qgJ gaH$macmoH$nmc d cmoH$m`wŠV {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho. Aem àH$maMm ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$nmc{dYo H$mMm cm§~daMm d ~è`mM MT>CVmam§Mm B{Vhmg Amho. AmOn ªV AmZoH$doim ho {dÜ o H$ cmoH$g oV_m§S>Ê`mV Amco. na§Vw Vo g§_V Pmco Zmhr. dmñV{dH$ gd© amOH$s` nj EH$Ì Amco Va ho {dÜ o H$ _§Oya hmoÊ`mgdoi cmJUma Zmhr. VgoM AmOÀ`m H$mimV maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc Xoemcm m cmoH$nmc g§ñWoMr JaO Amho.
^maVmVrc g§ mì` cmoH$nmc g§ñWm : aMZm :
A) cmoH$nmc aMZm :
cmoH$nmc g§ñWoMr aMZm H$aÊ`m~m~V Oo {dÜ o H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma cmoH$nmc g§ñWmhr {ÌñVar` §ÌUm hmoVr. `m {VZhr g^mgXm§Zr {Z:g§e`nUo ñdV§Ì d {Z:njnmVr AgUo AË §{VH$ _hÎdmMohmoVo. cmoH$nmc ho H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m _§Ìr, g{Md `m§À`m{dê$ÕÀ`m VH«$mar hmVmiVrc VgoM amÁ`m§Mohr _§Ìr dg{Md cmoH$nmcm§À`m A{YH$ma H$joV oVmV. Ë`m§Mo g§nyU© H$m_H$mO d VH«$mar{df`rMo H$m_H$mO ImOJrñdê$nmV Mmcdco Omdo d Vo AZm¡nMmarH$ ñdê$nmMo Agmdo Aer aMZm hmoVr. cmoH$nmc ho emgZmÀ`m {VÝhremImnmgyZ ñdV§Ì Amho.
~) cmoH$nmcm§Mr {ZdS> :
cmoH$nmcm§À`m Zo_UyH$m eŠ` VodT>çm AamO{H$` ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr H$aVmZm Vo{Z:g§e`nUo, ñdV§Ì Am{U {Z:njnmVr d¥ÎmrMo AmhoV qH$dm Zmhr ho nm{hco OmVo. cmoH$nmcm§Mr {Z wŠVramï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, ^maVmÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMm Ý`m`m{Ye, {damoYr njZoVm, ZmJar g_mOmMo à{VZrYr`m§À`m gëë`mZwgma H$amdm Aer {e\$mag Amho. ^maVmÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Yem§Zm Omo XOm© {Xcm OmVmo VmoM XOm©cmoH$nmcm§Mm AgVmo. Zo_UyH$snydu g§gX gXñ` AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr cmoH$nmc åhUyZ {Z wŠVr Pmë`mg {VMog§gX gXñ`Ëd AmnmoAmn aÔ hmoVo.
H$) H$m ©H$mc :
^maVmÀ`m cmoH$nmc nXmMm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo. Vmo nwZ{Z© wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ _mZcm OmVmo.åhUOoM Ë`mMr Ë`m nXmda \o$a{ZdS> hmody eH$Vo. Ë`mcm _wXVnyd© amOrZm_m ¿`md`mMm Agë`mg Vmo Ë`m§ZrñdhñVmjamV {chÿZ amï´>nVrH$S>o gmXa H$amd`mMm AgVmo. VgoM Oa cmoH$nmcmÀ`m J¡adV©Zm~m~V qH$dmAH$m ©j_Vo~m~V nXÀ wV H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye Á`m nÜXVrZo nXÀ wV Ho$coOmVmV. Ë`mM nÜXVrZo cmoH$nmc nXmdarc ì`ŠVrMr nXÀ wVr hmoVo.
S>) cmoH$nmcm§Mr H$m } :
1) H|$Ðr` _§Ìr, g{Md, d àemg{H$` A{YH$mar `m§À`m H$m`m©{dê$Õ oUmè`m Amamonm§Mr d VH«$matMrMm¡H$er H$aUo Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU© XoUo.
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2) àemgZmVrc gZXr godH$m§À`m AH$m ©j_Voda d J¡adV©Zmda cj R>odUo.
3) _§Ìr, g{Md àemg{H$` A{YH$mar nmVirdarc «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV Am{U Xáa {Xa§JmB©MrMm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {ZU© KoUo.
4) gm_mÝ`V: ZmJar godoVrc A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z gÎmoMm J¡admna hmoD$Z BVam§da AÝ`m` Pmcm Va Ë`m§Mo{ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmZm AgVmo.
5) cmoH$nmcmZm Amnë`m XadfuÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmc cmoH$g ocm gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo.
6) _hmcoImnarjH$, cmoH$godm Am`moJ AÜ`j, {ZdS>UyH$ Am wŠV Am{U H$m`Xo _§S>imMo à{VZrYr`m§Mr «ï>mMmam{df`r Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$nmcm§Zm H$amdo cmJVo.
EHy$UM cmoH$nmc «ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcyZ cmoH$emhr à{H«$`m {ZH$mon, ñdÀN> d gwÑT> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aVmo.
B) cmoH$nmc H$jo~mhoarc {df` :
1) ^maV gaH$ma d naamï´> emgZ qH$dm Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm {H$§dm amÁ`emgZ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Pmcocoì`dhma, {Z`_, H$m`Xo `m~m~V gd© H¥$Vr.
2) JwÝømMm Vnmg H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo Ho$cocr H¥$Vr qH$dm nmanÌmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`mH$madmB©gh g§ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo Ho$cocr H¥$Vr.
3) Zo_UyH$m, nXÀMyVr, doVZ, {eñV, {Zd¥Vr d AÝ` godH${df`H$ ~m~rÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$coë`m H¥$Vr.
4) nm[aVmo{fH$ Am{U gÝ_mZm§À`m àXmZm g§~§Yr Mm¡H$er, H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
5) H$moUË`mhr IQ>ë`m{dê$Õ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m {ZU© m{dê$Õ Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
6) VH«$marÀ`m VmaIonydu 12 _{hZo Am{Y KoÊ`mV Amcocm AÝ`m`H$maH$ àemgH$r` {ZU© BË`mXrg§~§Yr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
H ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ -1
1) Am°å~wS>g_Z hr g§ñWm gd©àW_..................... oWo CX`mg Amcr.
2) .......................Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma gd©àW_ cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$, {df`r VaVwXrñnï> Ho$ë`m.
3) 1966 gmcr ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m àemg{H$` gwYmaUm Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ..........hmoVo.
4) ^maVmV gd©àW_ cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$...................gmcr cmoH$g oV _m§S>Ê`mV Amco.
5) ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$mnmcmMr {ZdS>.......................H$aVmo.
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~) cmoH$m`wŠV
^maVmV 1966 À`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma XoemVrc amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌmVrc «îQ>mMma, àemgH$s` AÝ`m` Am{U cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r H|$ÐnmVirdacmoH$nmc d amÁ`nmVirda cmoH$m wŠV §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$amdr. Ë`mZwgma ^maVmV àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>r ñdV§ÌAgo cmoH$m wŠV nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. ^maVmV AmVmn ªV Xhm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWm ñWmnZPmcoë`m AmhoV. 1971 gmcr gd©àW_ _hmamîQ´>mV cmoH$m wŠV d CncmoH$m wŠV ho nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV AmcoAmho. AemàH$mao àemgZmVrc d amOH$maUmVrc «îQ>mMma, cmMcwMnV Am{U gÎmoÀ`m J¡admnamnmgyZ cmoH$m§Mog§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmV AZoH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mV "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWm H$m ©aV AmhoV.
A) cmoH$m wŠVmMr {ZdS>
cmoH$m wŠVmMr {ZdS> KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVo. cmoH$m wŠVmMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm amÁ`nmc{dYr_§S>imMo g^mnVr, CÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye, {damoY nj ZoVm Am{U _w»`_§Ìr `m§À`m g§_Vr qH$dmgëcm {dMmamV KoVmo. Ë`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m eŠ` VodT>çm AamOH$s` ñdê$nmÀ`m H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>ZHo$cm OmVmo. Vr ì`ŠVr {ZnjnmVr, {ZñdmWu d gaÝ`m`m{YemÀ`m XOm©Mr Agmdr ho nm{hco OmVo.
~) H$m`©H$mc
cmoH$m wŠVm§Mm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo. amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z Ë`mMr {Z wŠVr Pmë`mnmgyZ nmMdfm©n ªVAm{U Ë`m§À`m Ë`mM nXmgmR>r nwZ{Z© wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ g_Oco OmVo. cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm am{OZm_m Úmd`mMm Agë`mgVmo Ë`m§Zr ñdV…À`m hñVmjamV amÁ`nmcmH$S>o Úmd`mMm AgVmo. VgoM Ë`m§Zm ñdV…À`m J¡adV©Zm~m~V nXÀ yVH$amd`mMo Agoc Va CÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yem§Zm Á`mà_mUo _hm{^`moJmÛmao nXÀ yV Ho$co OmVoË`mMà_mUo cmoH$m wŠV nXmdarc ì`ŠVrMr nXÀ yVr hmoVo. àW_ Ë`mÀ`m J¡adV©ZmMr Ý`m`m{YemH$Sy>Z Mm¡H$erhmoVo d {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m g§_VrZo amÁ`nmc Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z nXÀ yV H$aVmo.
H$) cmoH$m wŠVmMo doVZ
cmoH$m wŠVmMm XOm© CÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYremEdT>m AgVmo. Vmo {ZîUmV H$m`Xon§S>rV d {dÛmZAgVmo Ë`m_wio cmoH$m wŠVmMo doVZ, ^Îmo, nXÀ yVr, godm{Zd¥Îmr doVZ ho CÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Yemà_mUo{_iVo. cmoH$m wŠVmcm Xa_hm 1 cmI én o doVZ d ^Îmo {_iVmV.
S>) cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr H$m }
cmoH$m wŠV ho nX KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc «îQ>mMma {Z_y©cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho.Ë`mM~amo~a KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc ZmJarH$mH$Sy>Z _§Ìr, g{Md, d emgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§À`m{déÕ Ho$coë`mVH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © cmoH$m wŠVmH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo. gd©gmYmaU cmoH$m wŠVmcm ZmJar godoVrcA{YH$mar d amOH$s` ì`ŠVr, _§Ìr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmam gÎmoMm J¡admna, AÝ`m`, «îQ>mMma Am{U J¡adV©Z`mgma»`m H¥$Ë`m§À`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. cmoH$ wŠVm§Zm gd©gmYmaU nwT>rc H$m } H$amdr cmJVmV.
1) àemgZmVrc «îQ>mMmamÀ`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo Am{U «îQ>mMma Wm§~dUo.
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2) gZXr godH$m§Mo OZVodarc AÝ`m` d Owcy_m§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo.
3) ì`mnma, eoVr, Amamo½`, nmocrg, {ejU, nmQ>~§Ymao, g§ajU d ~m§YH$m_ BË`mXr g§~§YrVImË`m§À`m J¡aH$ma^mamg§~§Yr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
4) àemgZmVrc AH$m ©j_, J¡adV©Zr godH$m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aUo d Ë`mcm nXÀ yV H$aUo.
5) àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d emgZH$V} `m§À`mVrc J¡adV©ZmMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
6) gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r dmnaVmV H$s Zmhr `mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
7) cmoH$nmc ñdV…hÿZ dmQ>ë`mg qH$dm dV©_mZ nÌmVrc ~mVå`m dmMyZ Ë`m§À`m J¡aì`dhmamMr dJ¡aH¥$Ë`mMr XIc Kody eH$VmV.
8) _§Í`m§Mr J¡aH$ma^mamg§~§Yr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm Amho. BË`mXr H$m } cmoH$m wŠVmcmH$amdr cmJVmV.
B) H$m_H$mO nÕV
cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm {Z…g§e`nUo, ñdV§Ì Am{U {Zn…jnVrnUo H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. cmoH$m wŠVm§Mo H$m_H$mO hoJwßV nÕVrZo AgVo. VH«$ma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr Am{U Á`m§À`m {déÕ VH«$ma Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr AmoiI JwßVR>odmdr cmJVo. Ë`mMo H$m_H$mO d VH«$ma {df`rMo VnmgH$m_ ImOJr ñdê$nmV Mmcdco OmVo d VoAZm¡nMmarH$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. Ë`m§À`m H$m ©nÕVrV Ý`m`mc` qH$dm emgZ hñVjon H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. AmncoH$m_ H$arV AgVmZm `mo½` _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm OmñVrVOmñV _moH$irH$ d A{YH$ma AgVmV.H$moUË`mhr ImË`mA§VJ©V Vo _m{hVr _mJdyZ Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$m wŠVmZm AgVmo.WmoS>Š`mV Ë`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Vnmg qH$dm Mm¡H$er JwßV nÕVrZo H$amdr cmJVo.
H ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-2
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1) ^maVmV H$moUË`m amÁ`mV gd©àW_ "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho?
2) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc "cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr' {ZdS> H$moU H$aVo? Am{U {ZdS> à{H«$ oV H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$gh^mJr AgVmV?
3) "cmoH$m wŠV' nXmMm H$m ©H$mc {H$Vr dfm©Mm AgVmo?
4) "cmoH$m wŠVmcm' Xa_hm {H$Vr doVZ AgVo?
5) "cmoH$m wŠVmcm' qH$dm CncmoH$m wŠVmcm H$moUË`m àH$mao nXÀ wV Ho$co OmVo?
3.2.3 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$Am wŠVmMr JaO :
àW_ ñdrS>Z_Ü o CX`mg Amcocr d {VWoM àË`jmV am~dÊ`mV Amcocr "Am°å~wS>g_Z' g§ñWm ^maVmVcmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m ZmdmZo ñWmnZ Pmcr. \«$mÝg, {~«Q>Z, Zm°d}, {\$Zc±S>, S>oÝ_mH©$ BË`mXr XoemghrV
10
^maVmVhr cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV `m g§ñWoMr Amdí`H$Vm d _hËd _mÝ` Ho$coco Amho. cmoH$nmc åhUOocmoH$godH$m§À`m A`mo½` d Hw$àemgZ qH$dm J¡aàemgZm{df`r gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVtZr Ho$coë`m VH«$matMr Mm¡H$erH$aUmam A{YH$mar hmo . Hw$àemgZ {H$§dm J¡aàemgZ åhUOo {ZU© m§Mr H$m ©dmhr JwUdÎmoda AmYmarV Z hmoVmàemg{H$` ~m~r hmVmiVmZm cmoH$godH$m§Zr AH$maU [Xa§JmB© Ho$cocr AgVo. AH$m`©j_Vm, Xwc©j dnwd©J«hXyfrV d¥ÎmrZo H¥$Vr Ho$cocr AgVo. EImXr àemg{H$` H¥$Vr qH$dm {ZîH¥$Vr hr Am`mo½` hoVy§À`mà^mdmImcr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho Agohr Ë`mV {XgyZ oVo. _Z_mZr H$ma^ma H$aUo, Ûof_wcH$,nwd©J«hm§À`m à^mdmImcr {ZU© KoUo d Ag_W©Zr` oX^md H$aUo øm Am`mo½` hoVy§À`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r cmoH$nmcd cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr JaO Amho.
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc amï´>mV «ï>mMma,cmMcwMnV Am{U gÎmoMm J¡admna `m d AÝ` H$maUm_wio^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm nmoIacocr {XgyZ oVo. AmO ^maVmV amOH$maUmVë`m ì`ŠVtgmR>r AmMaU{df`H$ {Z`_AOwZhr àñVyV H$aÊ`mV Amcoco ZmhrV. «ï> amOH$maÊ`m§Zm nH$S>Ê`mMr EH$ {Z`_rV §ÌZmhr ^maVmV AÚmnAñVrËdmV Amcocr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVmV AZoH$ _moR>r «ï>mMmamMr àH$aUo CKS>H$sg Amcocr AmhoV. CXm.~mo\$g© àH$aU, O_©Z nmU~wS>çm àH$aU, g§ajU amoIo IaoXr J¡aì`dhma, hf©X _ohVm eoAg© àH$aU, VocJràH$aU, Mmam KmoQ>mim, gmIa KmoQ>mim, H$aMwH$doJrar àH$aU AemàH$mao AoZH$ «ï>mMmamÀ`m àH$aUm§Mr^maVr` cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mO OrdZ YmoŠ`mV AmUcoco Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemV XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>rAZoH$ ZdZdrZ YmoaUm§Mr {Z_uVr Ho$cr. `m YmoaUm§Mr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV ZmoH$adJm©Mr Zo_UyH$H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nU emgH$s` Am{U àemgH$s` ì`dhmamV ho emgZH$V} d A{YH$mar dJ© J¡a_mJm©Mm Amdc§~H$aVmZm {XgVmV. XoemVrc gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r Z dmnaVm Vmo H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrgmR>rqH$dm dJm©gmR>r dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm. àemgZmVrc {enmB© nXmnmgyZ Vo n§VàYmZ nXmn ªV godoMm dgmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrÀ`m J¡admnamg§~§YrÀ`m VH«$mar nwT>o oD$ cmJë`m. Ë`mÀ`m{dê$Õ OZVoH$Sy>Z AZoH$ Amamon,VH«$mar oD$ cmJë`m. Ë`m_wio {ZH$mon, ñdÀN> Am{U H$m ©j_ àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm åhUyZ cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm§Mr JaO ^mgy cmJcr. {VWo _moR>çm à_mUmV J¡a AWdm Hw$àemgZ Amho, «ï>mMmamMo _moR>oà_mU Amho Am[U H$m ©j_Vm _mÌ ewÝ` Amho. VoWo g§nyU© àemgZmV A_wcmJ«« ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr JaOAgVo. Aem AamOH$mÀ`m nar{ñWVrV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr Cnm``moOZm hm à^mdr BcmO R>aUmaAmho. ZmJarH$m§À`m JmèhmÊ`m§À`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r AñVrËdmV Agcoë`m emg{H$` §ÌUocm A{YH$ nÕVera d{eñV~ÜX H$aÊ`mgmR>r, XoemVrc «ï>mMma, AÝ`m` Am{U cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {dH$mgmcmEH$ àH$maMm Omo_ d gdmªJrU ZoV¥Ëd XoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMr JaO Amho. Vo§ìhm cmoH$nmc,cmoH$m wŠV `mgmaIo nX {Z_m©U Ho$co Va amÁ`H$V}, àemgZ A{YH$mar `m§À`mda {Z §ÌU amhrc. AmnUHo$coë`m J¡aH¥$Ë`m~m~V AmnUmcm H$moUrVar Om~ {dMmaUmao Amho. Ago Ë`m§Zm Zoh_r dmQ>co nm{hOo.
3.2.4 cmoH$nmc/cmoH$m wŠV nXmMo _hËd :
^maVmV AmVmn ªV Xhm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV "cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xm' g§_V hmoD$Z cmoH$m wŠV d CncmoH$m wŠV`m§Mr {Z wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. VgoM ^maVmV cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$mMm cm§~daMm d ~è`mM MT>CVmam§MmB{Vhmg AmnU nmhrcocm Amho. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZo ho {dÜ o H$ 1968 _Ü o gmXaH$aÊ`mV Amco. nwÝhm 1971, 1977, 1985, 1988, 1996, 1998, 2011-12 _Ü o nwZê$‚mrdrV Pmco.
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nU hr g§ñWm _mÌ gVV hþcH$mdUr XoV amhrcr åhUOo cmoH$nmcm§Mo {dÜ o H$, H$m`Xm AmOn ªV _§Owa PmcocmZmhr. AmOn ªV ^maVr` amOH$maU Am{U àemgZ `m_Ü o gÎmm d A{YH$ma àmárgmR>r AZoH$ J¡a_mJ©ñdrH$maco OmV AmhoV. gÎmm d g§nÎmrÀ`m hì`mgmnmoQ>r àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d amOH$maUr ì`ŠVr J¡a_mJm©Mmgam©g dmna H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZM «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV,d{eco~mOr Ago àH$ma gwê$ AmhoV. AmO«ï>mMma hm {eï>mMma Pmcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m {dH$mgm{df`r Ë`mÀ`m_Ü o CXm{gZVm {XgyZoVo. Aem n[apñWVrV XoemMr gÚH$mcrZ n[apñWVr ~XcÊ`mgmR>r ñdÀN>, {ZH$mon d H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mgmR>r
cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd Amho. ^maVmV cmoH$nmc g§ñWm hr _§Í`m§darc Amamonm§À`m VnmgUrdarcXoemMr g§ajH$ g§ñWm _mZcr OmVo.
H|$Ð qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ` emgZmÀ`m _§Ìr qH$dm g{MdmZo Ho$coë`m àemgH$s` H¥$Vr_wio qH$dm Ë`m§À`mg§_VrZo H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m H¥$Vr_wio {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVrZo VH«$ma Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$erH$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$mnmc d cmoH$m wŠVm§Zm AgVmo. Aer VH«$ma ì`ŠVrcmhr H$aVm oB©c qH$dm g{_Vr,{ZJ_mcmhr H$aVm oB©c. Ë`mZ§Va cmoH$nmc Amnë`m AIË`marV Hw$àemgZmÀ`m VH«$marMr XIc KodyZ Mm¡H$ergwê$ H$aVrc ho Hw$àemgZ Ho$di AÝ`m` H¥$VrMoM Agoc Ago Zmhr Va EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm qH$dm {ZJ_mcmàmYmÝ` {Xë`mÀ`m AmamonmMo Agoc qH$dm Á`m§Zr hr àemgH$s` H¥$Vr Ho$cr Amho Ë`m§Zm åhUOoM _§Ìr qH$dmg{_VtZm ì`ŠVrJV \$m`Xo qH$dm cm^ {_idyZ XoUmar Agoc Varhr hr Mm¡H$er cmoH$nmc H$ê$ eH$VmV.àmáPmcoë`m VH«$matÀ`m AmYmao Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mì`{VarŠV {ZXe©Zmg Amcoë`m AÝ` H$mhr àemgH$s` H¥$VrMr,Ë`mÀ`m {dê$Õ EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Am¡nMmarH$ VH«$ma Amcocr ZgVmZmhr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$macmoH$nmcm§Zm Agë`m_wio ^maVmgma»`m XoemV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd Amho. àemgZmVrcJ¡aH$ma^ma gwYmaUo hm à_wI CÔoe cmoH$nmc, cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m {Z wŠVr_mJo Amho. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m{Z wŠVr_wio XoemVrc «ï>mMmamMo g_wi CÀMmQ>Z hmoUma Zmhr. na§Vy gm_mÝ` ZmJarH$m§À`m VH«$marMo Am{UAÝ`m`mMo {ZdmaU hmoÊ`mg {ZíMrV _XV hmody eH$Vo. àemgZmVrc Xáa{Xa§JmB©, ~ondm©B©, ~oO~m~XmanUm,«ï>mMma, gÎmoMm J¡admna Aem Jmoï>r g§~§Yr Amcoë`m VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er hmoD$Z J¡aH$ma^ma gwYmaÊ`mMo H$m ©
cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ^maVmgmR>r cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ g§_V Ho$co nm{hOo.
EHy$UM ^maVmMr gÜ`H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr nmhVm cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVg§ñWoMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho. cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVmZm Ë`m§Zm {deofm{YH$ma AgUoAmdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m§À`mda {dYr_§S>imÀ`m H$moUË`mhr emIoMo {Z`§ÌU Zgmdo. Ë`m§Zm {ZnjnmVrnUo,{Z^uS>nUo OZVoÀ`m Amamonm§Mr, VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aVm Amcr nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maVmgma»`m{dH$gZerc amï´>mVrc «ï>mMma H$_r hmodyZ ñdÀN>, {ZH$mon d H$ë`mUH$mar emgZ Am{U gwàemgZ {Z_m©UhmoB©c.
3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
l Am°å~wS>g_Z : pñdS>Z_Yrc àemgH$s` «ï>mMmamg§~§Yr VH«$ma {ZdmaU H$aUmam A{YH$mar
l cmoH$nmc: ^maVmVrc H|$Ðr` VH«$ma {ZdmaU emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mcm cmoH$nmc åhUVmV.
l {dÜ o H$ : g§gXoV {H§$dm amÁ` {dYr_§S>imV _m§S>Ê`mMm H$m`ÚmMm H$ÀMm _gwXm.
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l «ï>mMma : «ï> AmMaU qH$dm J¡a dV©Z
l àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ : àemgZmVrc H$m_mV gwYmaUm KS>dwZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Zo_cocm^maVmVrc H|$Ðr` Am`moJ.
3.4 ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
A) ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. -1
1) ñdrS>Z_Ü`o
2) gwYmaUm Am`moJ
3) lr _moamaOr XogmB©
4) 9 _o 1968
5) amï´>nVr
~) ñd §: AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. -2
1) _hmamï´>mV gd©àW_ cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
2) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc cmoH$m wŠVm§Mr {ZdS> amÁ`nmc H$aVmo. `m{ZdS> à{H«$ oV _w»`_§Ìr, KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`mÝ`m`mc`mMo gaÝ`m`mYre Am{U {damoYr nj ZoVm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3) cmoH$m wŠV nXmMm H$m ©H$mc nmM dfm©Mm AgVmo.
4) cmoH$m wŠVmcm Xa_hm 1 cmI én o doVZ {_iVo.
5) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠVmcm gdm}À` Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYrem à_mUo _hm{d`moJmÛmao nX_wŠV Ho$coOmVo.
3.5 gmam§e :
cmoH$nmc hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ "Am°å~wS>g_Z' `m Zm§dmZo 17 ì`m eVH$mV ñdrS>Z_Ü o CX`mg Amcr.^maVmV 1960 Z§Va Am°å~wS>g_Z gma»`m g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZog AZwHy$c Aem {XeoZo OmoaXma dmao dmhÿ cmJco.1966 gmcr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr {Z wŠV Ho$coë`m àemg{H$` gwYma Am`moJmZo "Am°å~wS>g_²Z'nÜXVrMm pñdH$ma H$amdm Ago gwM{dco. `m {e\$maer_Ü o cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m§Mm g_mdoe Agcocr{ÛñVar` §ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr Ago gwM{dco. cmoH$nmc ho H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m _§Ìr d g{Md `m§À`m{dê$ÕÀ`mVH«$mar hmViVrc, VgoM amÁ`mMohr _§Ìr d g{Md cmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$joV oVrc Ago gm§{JVco.cmoH$nmc ho H|$ÐmgmR>r d àË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì cmoH$m wŠV AgVrc Am{U AÝ` A{YH$mè`m§À`mVH«$marMr Vo XIc KoVrc Ago ñnï> Ho$co hmoVo. `m {e\$maerà_mUo ^maVmV cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV ho {dÜ o H$H|$Ð gaH$maZo 1971, 1977, 1985, 1988, 1996, 1998, 2012 _Ü o g§_V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nUho cmoH$nmc {dÜ o H$ AmOn ªV _§Oya hmody eH$coco Zmhr. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc amï´>mV cmoH$nmcmMo_hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU Agë`m_wio Vo g§_V hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. cmoH$m wŠV hr g§ñWm AmVmn ªV ^maVmVrc
13
Xhm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV ñWmnZ Pmcocr Amho. _hmamï´> ho ^maVmVrc n{hco KQ>H$ amÁ`, `m§Zr 1971amoOr"cmoH$m wŠV' H$m`Xm g§_V H$ê$Z àemgZmVrc «ï>mMma, cmMcwMnV, d{eco~mOr H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$cm Amho. XoemVrc «ï>mMma H$_r H$ê$Z àemgZmcm ñdÀN>, {ZH$mon, H$ë`mUH$mar emgZ Am{U àemgZ{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV {dÜ o H$ g§_V hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
AZoH$ amÁ` emgZmZr cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xo g§_V H$ê$Z cmoH$m wŠVm§À`m Zo_UyH$mhr, Amnë`m cmoH$godH$mdadMH$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`m AmhoV Agm cmoH$m§Mm J¡ag_O Amho. na§Vw AZoH$ àg§Jr amÁ`emgZmcm «ï>cmoH$godH$m§{dê$Õ H$madmB© H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co Amho. AÝ`Wm Aem «ï> gZXr godH$m§~m~V H$m§hrhr H$aVmAmco ZgVo.cmoH$m wŠV H$m`Xo ZgVo Va _w»`_§Í`m§Zm, «ï> cmoH$godH$m§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`m{df`rÀ`m X~mdmcm ~irnS>mdo cmJco AgVo. Amamonr gZXr godH$m§À`m {dê$Õ H$moUË`mhr «ï>mMmam{damoYr {d^mJr` Mm¡H$ercm _mÝ`VmZmH$maZo qH$dm Aer Mm¡H$er hmVr KoVcr Var Ë`mgmR>r \$m¡OXmar IQ>ë`mcm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMo, ewëcH$H$maUmgmR>r amIyZ R>odUo, CXm. : CncãY nwamdm ZgZo, Vr VH«$ma \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mc`mV XmIc H$aÊ`m BVH$rà~i Zmhr qH$dm {d^mJr` Mm¡H$er qH$dm \$m¡OXmar IQ>cm gwê$ H$aÊ`m{df`rMm {ZU© ~o_wXV cm§~dUrdaQ>mH$Uo Aem àH$mao cmoH$godH$m§Zm g§ajU {_iy eH$Vo. VgoM hm gdm©V gmonm Cnm` Amho. Ë`m_wio cmoH$nmc dcmoH$m wŠV nX ho AS>Wio Xya H$ê$Z ñdÀN> d «ï>mMma _wŠV àemgZ Xoemcm Xody eH$Vo. ^maVmZo Amnë`mhramï´>mVrc J¡aH$ma^mamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$nmc hr g§ñWm ËdarV {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ :
1) gwàemgZ åhUOo H$m`? Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am?
2) "cmoH$nmc' d "cmoH$m wŠV' `m g§ñWm§Mm CÔoe ñnï> H$am?
3) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo ^maVmVrc à`ËZ gm§Jm?
4) KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc "cmoH$m wŠV' g§ñWoMr aMZm d H$m } ñnï> H$am?
5) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV g§ñWoMo _hËd gm§Jm?
6) cmoH$nmc d cmoH$m wŠV `m g§ñWoMr ^maVmVrc JaO gm§Jm?
~) {Q>nm {chm :
1) Am°å~wS>g_Z
2) cmoH$m wŠV aMZm
3) cmoH$m wŠVm§Mo A{YH$ma d H$m }
4) cmoH$nmc
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3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1) S.R. Maheshwari : Theories and concepts in public Adminstration
2) Sharma & Sadana :Public Administrion-Theory and practice
3) Rumki Basu : Public Administration concepts and Theories
4) Interim Report of the Administrative Reforms commission, october-1966
5) Dr. Saxeena D.r: Ombudsman
6) Zm. am.BZm_Xma : cmoH$àemgZ
7) àm.~r.~r. nmQ>rc : cmoH$àemgZ
8) S>m°. nmag ~moam : cmoH$àemgZ
9) lram_ _mhoœar : ^maVr` àemgZ
10) àm. Ama. Ho$.~§J : {dH$mg àemgZ
ooo
15
B. A. Part-III : Political Science Paper-5 (Old) Paper 13 (New)
Theory and Practice of Public Administration
Additional part of study material as per revised syllabus
of concerned subject for the Semester-VI
In old books Unit-7 as per revised syllabus Unit-3
Unit-3
Good Governance Lokpal and Lokayukta
3.0 Objectives
In this Unit you will be able to understand:
l The concept, context and the limitation of the term Good Governance.
l The context, meaning, and limitations of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas.
l The composition, tenure and powers of the Lokpal according to the Lokpal
Act, 2011.
3.1 Introduction
The excessive power in the hands of the state institution may lead to its abuse.
There have been many efforts to check this abuse of powers by the state institution. In
this chapter, we will try to understand some of these instruments.
3.2 Presentation of Subject Matter
3.2.1 Section 1- Good Governance
The broad meaning of the term Governance is that the process of governing that is
making and implementing rules and regulation for the society is not a monopoly of the
state institution but a process whereby the state and societal actors interact amongst
each other. This implies that the work of making rules applicable to all the society
would be shared by various social organizations.
Though the term governance existed since many years, it acquired a new socio-
political salience only since late 1980s. This happened when the International Financial
Institutions (IFIs) like World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) started to
make use of this term in their literature more often, the social science research in the
European and American Universities started to devise new courses related to it and the
international donor agencies started to demand ‘good governance’ before granting aid
to the underdeveloped countries.
This happened due a peculiar context in which the world found itself during this
16
period. The fall of Communist system in former Soviet Union, increase in the importance
of the neo-liberal ideology, the experience of Structural Adjustment Programme in the
third world countries and movement for democracy in the East European and Latin
American countries was the constituents of this context. Before 1990, in the context of
the cold war, the western countries were eager to give aid and loans to the poor countries
in order to win over allies to their side. However, the going down of Communism in
Russia meant that the western countries were no longer required to give aid even to the
countries where dictatorship prevailed. In fact the western countries now had to find
new rationale to support their aid to the third world countries. Hence the problems in
these poor countries like corruption, dictatorship, were shown to be impediments in
disbursing the aid to those countries. The fall of Communism again meant that now the
neo-liberal ideology of the west will rule the rust in the world. Free market and
government accountable to the civil society are two important elements of the neo
libralism. Hence the need for democracy and political liberty in the poor countries was
reiterated. In many African and Asian countries, the Structural Adjustment Programme
(SAP) was implemented by the IFIs during this period. This was done in order to
implement the market friendly policies and democratic systems in these countries.
However, the political and economic interests entrenched in these countries created
hindrances in implementation of these programmes. This failure was diagnosed as the
failure of governance by the IFIs. The process of globalisation made it easy for the
information to pass from one country to another. Hence, a number of experiments in the
good governance project, which were already being implemented in the countries like
USA were relatively easily transmitted to the third world countries. The increasing
importance of the community of ‘experts’ in the donor and international agencies gave
further push to the expansion of the idea of good governance.
The developments in the New Public Management (NPM) also influenced the
discourse of good governance. According to NPM, the traditional role of state as rule
maker and rule executor must be changed. The state must be endowed with the function
of broad policy making and the implementation of those policies and making rules for
that must be entrusted to private institutes. Also, the NPM advocated that the government
should be run on the lines of the organizations in the private sector.
According to the World Bank, the state is necessary for laying down broad policies
under which the market and social forces could function harmoniously. However, the
state by its very definition may misuse the powers if exceeded. Hence, the functioning
of the state must be guided by the principles of transparency, accountability, and
participation. For this, it advocated increasing role of various civil society organizations
and increase in democracy in the functioning of the state. So it recommended that the
power of the state be decentralized to the local units, various non government
organizations (NGOs) must be incorporated in policy implementation, independent
judiciary to hold legislature and executive accountable and various regulatory agencies
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to see to it that the various players in the market don’t breach public welfare.
This concept of good governance has led to an idea of ‘governance without
government’ in the European countries and USA. This implies that instead of being a
main player in law making and its implementation, the government would become one
of the agencies in it sharing this power with many NGOs, regulators, and transnational
actors like European Union. The concept of good governance thus attacks the state
power from the normative and functional perspective. On the normative level, it states
that concentration of power in the hands of the state is inimical to democracy and hence
state must have to shed some of its powers. The functional argument says that the state
has no wherewithal to exercise its powers single handedly. This is evident from the
inefficiency and corruption in the operation of the state. Even before the entrenchment
of idea of good governance, the non-state actors were influencing the decision making
process of the state institution. The good governance discourse, however, advocates
making non-state actors essential parts of the process of government.
The idea of good governance is criticized on many counts. According to the critics,
the so-called downsizing of the state is more of an illusion than reality. The interest
groups and pressure groups have always influenced the state institution. Hence, it has
never been autonomous in its functioning. Ultimately, it is in the framework of the laws
passed by the state that the market and non state actors had to function. In this sense, the
state still enjoys preponderance over other actors in the society. Further, the critics also
underline the limitation in the positive relation between democracy and economic growth
that the idea of good governance would like us to believe. The South East Asian countries
like Taiwan and Thailand experienced good economic growth even when they had
authoritarian governments. On the other hand, experience in a number of third world
countries show that democratic government does not necessarily guarantee economic
growth.
It is also pointed out that the increasing influence of the non state actors, especially
from the international level, results into limiting the sovereignty of the state institution.
These non state actors which have been forcing the good governance agenda are
themselves ruled by a coterie of bureaucrats and are not accountable to the people.
Hence, these institutions are not a part of the solution but part of the problem in the
sense that their own functioning is non-democratic.
Lastly, and very importantly, the good governance concept is too technical in its
approach. The institutions like World Bank believe that by having a few institutional
reforms in the process of governance the development deficit of the poor countries
could be fixed. They tend to overlook as to how these institutions would function on the
ground. This sphere according to them is ‘political’ and hence is irrational and making
policies is a rational thing to do. However, the good governance reforms are likely to be
ultimately sabotaged as they run in the face of opposition from the entrenched interests
in the society.
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H Check Your Progress 1
1. Since 1980s, which institutions have started to use the term Governance in their
literature?
2. According to NPM, the state must be run like which institutions?
3. What is the functional critic of Good Governance against the state?
4. According to the World Bank, which principles must guide the state institution?
5. Write one criticism of Good Governance.
3.2.2 Section 2- Lokpal
The office of Lokpal had its roots in the institution of Ombudsman, which was
established for the first time in Sweden. Eventually this institution was adapted in other
Scandinavian countries and other countries in the world. The genesis of this institution
lies in a fix that the modern governments found themselves in. The modern government,
with its ever increasing welfare functions, has enlarged its role and power like never
before. This increase in power was meant for welfare of the common man in the society.
However, this increase in welfare role was accompanied by the enlargement of power
in the hands of government, especially the executive branch of it. Technically, in
democratic government the Parliament or the legislature branch of the government is
expected to hold the executive branch accountable for its proper functioning. However,
a number of factors inhibit it from doing so. The discipline of the political party on the
members, ever increasing amount of legislations that it had to consider and resulting
scarcity of time at its disposal and lack of expert knowledge at the disposal of the
members of Parliament are some the factors hindering legislators from effectively
controlling the executive. The ever-increasing power and security of tenure for
bureaucracy further makes the problem of accountability ticklish.
In India, the issue of Ombudsman like institution was first raised in the Parliament
in 1963 when Dr. L. M. Singhvi suggested that an institution on the lines of Ombusdman
be set up in India to enable citizens to express their complaints against the executive.
This institution would also work on behalf of parliament for holding the executive
accountable. The Administrative Reforms Committees of Maharashtra and Rajasthan
proposed for setting up of this institution in the states. Thereafter a bill to establish
Lokpal was introduced in the Parliament from time to time only to be delayed for some
reason or the other.
The Lokapal bill initiated recently by the government of India has a very enthusisatic
mass movement undertaken under the leadership of Anna Hazare in its background.
This movement came out with its own proposal of Lokpal bill called Jana Lok Pal Bill.
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The salient features of the Lokpal Bill 2011 are as follows:
Composition:
The Lokpal will be a body consisting of nine members. Amongst these members,
one will be its chairperson. The chairperson shall be a retired chief justice of India,
judge in the Supreme Court or a respectable and experienced person in the field of
judiciary. Further, it is mandatory that at least half of the members must be having a
background in judiciary. These members must be Supreme Court judges or chief justice
of High Court. The non-judicial members are required to be of high degree of integrity
and to have at least 25 years of experience in anti-corruption policy, public administration,
vigilance, and finance. It is also required that at least fifty percent of the seats in this
body shall be reserved for the persons belonging to the SC, ST, OBCs, minority
communities and women.
The members of the Lokpal will be selected by a committee consisting of prime
minisiter, home minister, leaders of opposition in both houses of Parliament, a judge in
the Supreme Court, chief justice in the High Court, a very respectable person who is
expert in the law, a respectable person in the public life. This committee may nominate
a search committee to shortlist the candidates for it.
Tenure and Removal
The tenure of office of the members would be 5 years or attaining 70 years of age,
whichever is earlier.
Before the expiry of their normal term, the members may be removed from the
office by the President of India only after Supreme Court enquiry. The President has to
refer the inquiry to the SC on fulfillment of following conditions: a) the President himself
feels it necessary to do, b) on the ground of a petition filed to him by 100 MPs, and c) on
the ground of a petition filed to him by a citizen making the President convinced that
the case must be referred. The President may also remove the Lokpal on the ground of
insolvency, engaging in paid employment and infirmity of mind or body.
The Powers
The Lokpal has powers to try all cases of corruption against the public servants
coming under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Apart from all the ministers, the
MPs and high level bureaucrats it also includes Prime Minister after he has left the
office. It also covers officers of the government owned company or a trust or society
funded by the government or public fund. However, the bill seeks to exclude the members
of judiciary and any action of MPs in Parliament or in a committee from its ambit.
The Lokpal will be provided with an investigating wing to enquire into a complaint
it receives against a public servant. The results of this investigation will be laid before
a special court constituted for trying those public servants. In connection with the cases,
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the Lokpal has powers to search and seize the documents, attach property and recommend
suspension of public servant related with the alleged corruption case.
Some of the provisions included in this draft bill were definitely due to the pressure
exerted by the anti-corruption movement of Anna Hazare. Although some of provisions
like CBI being under disposal of the Lokpal had not been included in the government
bill. For inclusion of these provisions, the anti-corruption movement still goes on albeit
in a jaded form.
H Check Your Progress 2
1. In which country was the institution of Ombudsman established for the first time?
2. Who first raised the issue of Lokpal in the Parliament?
3. Which committees proposed for setting up of Ombudsman like institution in the
states?
4. Who is qualified to be appointed as a chairperson of the institution of Lokpal?
5. Name a provision demanded by Anna Hazare led anti-corruption movement but
was not included in the Lokpal Bill, 2011.
3.2.3 Section 3-The Lokayukta
Generally, the body or officials/official that is supposed to handle the corruption
cases against the public officials at the state level is called as Lokayukta. During 1970s,
some of the states initiated a process to enact laws to establish the institution of
Lokayuktas. Uptill now, at least 14 states have the institution of Lokayuktas functioning
in them.
Very broadly speaking, there is no uniformity of Lokayukta laws at the state level,
a very large section of people don’t know about the existence of the institution of
Lokayukta. The states which have enacted legislations for Lokayuktas have also kept a
number of loopholes in the laws. This meant that the high officials like Chief Ministers,
Ministers, MLAs have been kept out of purview of Loklayuktas in many states. In some
other states, the Lokayuktas have not been procured with the machinery to investigate
corruption cases. They have to depend upon the state government for this. This may
hamper effective functioning of this institution.
One of the basic criticisms leveled against the offices of Lokpal and Lokayuktas is
that they undercut the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty in the Indian democracy.
The offices of Lokpal and Lokayuktas have been seen as one more layer of bureaucracy
in order to control the excesses of bureaucracy. Further, it is pointed out that this
institution, which is not elected by the people, will be holding the elected representatives
accountable. This is considered to be going against the principle and practice of
democratic government. According to the critics, no one can guarantee that the
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Lokayuktas and Lokpal themselves would be free of corruption and misuse of powers.
Thus, the issue of accountability of these institutions is also not resolved.
H Check Your Progress 3
1. Who is Lokayukta?
2. Until now, how many states have established the institution of Lokayukta?
3. Name on weakness in the institution of Lokayukta.
4. Name one criticism on the institution of Lokayukta and Lokpal.
3.3 Summary
The Good Governance, the Lokpal and Lokayukta in their own ways try to control
the excesses of state power. However, these institutions themselves suffer from some
limitations. We tried to understand this dynamics in this chapter.
3.4 Answers to the Check Your Progress
H Check Your Progress- 1
1. World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
2. Private Institutions
3. The state lacks capability to exercise its powers single handedly.
4. Transparency, Accountability and Participation.
5. Good Governance does not take into consideration the political dynamics.
H Answers to the Check Your Progress 2
1. Sweden
2. Dr. L. M. Singhvi
3. The Administrative Reforms Committees of Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
4. A retired chief Justice of India, a judge of Supreme Court or a respectable
person in the field of Judiciary.
5. CBI to be brought for the service of Lokpal.
H Answers to the Check Your Progress 3
1. The body or official that is supposed to handle the corruption cases against
the public officials at the state level is called Lokpal.
2. At least 14.
3. Many states have kept a number of weaknesses in the Lokayukta laws.
4. They undermine the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty.
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3.5 Exercise
1. Write the meaning and context of Good Governance concept
2. According to the Lokpal Bill, 2011, what are the composition and powers of
the Lokpal?
3. Write a short note on Lokayukta.
3.6 Reference
· Comparison of some key provisions of the Government Lokpal Bill, 2011, the
draft Jan Lokpal Bill, 2011 and the NCPRI Bill, http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/
media/Lokpal/Comparison%20of%20govt%20JLP%20and%20ncpri%
20bills%20updated.pdf, accessed on February 5, 2012.
· Fadia B. C., Fadia Kuldeep, 2006. Public Administration: Administrative theories
and Concepts, Agra: Sahitya Bhavan Publications.
· Leftwich Adrian, 1993. Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third
World, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 14, No.3.
· Peters B. Guy and Pierre John, 1998. Governance without Government? Rethinking
Public Administration, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol.
8, No.2.
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