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Upper Volta: Environmental Uncertainty and Livestock Production
In
RICHARD VEN(;ROFFDe l icl (o lP(diti(,al ,~tll(
TexasI(tfl I' I (iCx'iI\
with a (l ij)i(c (()ll i) tlIcd by Iclc I lcfldchIsoII nd riicke IbN\W. (ciahl ,M1illock
Published bi,
Internattional Celitclr t*()l Arid and St-11i-Arid Land Studies ITcx.IS ",(,( 11Uvl.\(sity
I )bbo(k,Itx.s 79.109 U .S.A.
March 1980
T i
Dairien and Lisa
PREFACE
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AUTHOR'S PREFACE
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TABLE OF C(ONT'I'ENTS
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11. THlE RESEARCH SITES
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The PfilciPle clops are sor~gumm, millet, cow peas, peanuits, mnaize,ice andch ricy 'o krncos The same low~dciisit figures thait
petan .hiima2nc als appl to livestock. It1is etiatd that hereare 5-8~'head ofctte pelkrm2 in the iegiti H-ow~yer i',,, i eiio of
one clse h, motrcoftezone ~for the ftzue of livestock
rhe. principle earchsie 1A R is~ centrd nre n tKopla
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~'4111.H DATA COLLECTION METHODS
-~erhfindings. ad' d inalys'~r C,~ 1eri of thie st"Wie ~idiethods emiplo)ed 'in the ' theii'iof dam. In~
oaiil~r to~ la yest feindingsj FIir i preent.here~an 7comar temto simi: stdaaf ICi motn that o6nebe 'it least~
fam y~ir tieiltodo ofith aa-ollection,' The .presentation
resea~rch methods is nota nifte acadcnmic'eecs whc t eiio
b9~d~~io~erii kmn-s and admiiiistratos' ith a plroiessi~a ne~ dono ieJCiesC ~~ave cntraryale.Ohe the ,represeiitatives of dso n agecies shouldantve tlea.onptlimmc to" assess tleK~ipcability
Sor, repiesentativeness of applied research finidinigs. Only theni'canl'data'U gathete~d ill tile coLi-se Of anl investigation be properly evaluated and~ employed illnew~ or existing projects.
p t,as also important to understand two ielatively simplc butI' highly important concepts: 1)statistical 'significance; and 2) strength) of iassoci ation The forni refustoth pbai it~ at anl apparen ritionship betwe~en two faci0-s is til resultof chance, It refers to the degree of confidence one h is inl stating that anl observed relationship ili'thc~' sample is indicative of aln actual relationship inl thic ''iive'sc from ~"
Which the sample is drawn. For example, 5UII)pOSC ii .Sample Of live ' s~tockmnen one finds a higher percentage of rtit 'ini thanl of Moss~iIwho reguilairly vaccinatet their cattle aigainst anthrax. Is this observed differ l.
'ence a real difference btenctiliic gr-otis or anl accident of~sampling'ie, it whole)? NorI,sthe samle repres'en tative of the population ais
nJali ll ile socal t les thian onie chance iii' 20 (.05)sccs fheer)i oro ne hundred (.01) *of diravin' a sam~ple withile observed dif,7 '
ferncsgeatastil),it-, ,chancethen w~ill -ejethtie 11ulla one hypthees(which in this case would be that hr sn
lelationshiip~ between edlmicity and health :practices employed withi4 one's animals). Tile rejection of thei~ I111 ed thle accep-~hyohsi to tance of thle hypothesis that such a relationishipahtually (Aists. , .
Tests of statistical 'sign'ificance enbeoet ofdnl staite, iere is aitioniship between~ two factors (u independetinIt~~tntwean \,t,
K.iabltes). It does not enable one to sa , precisely hiowistrolg 'the relationshiip is. That is, we do riot know to what extet ie call lpiedlct r~'' explah) the dltpendent variable oi thle baisis, of the inidependent' \'aria' ble(s). We only know that the, two -,Ire inl somte ay.syteniaticalypU'
Tuay th a re, many factors (independn azbk)l~~ Sinto any,eplanation of a 1)heroncnior (ckIpendent 'variable ,wihiW '
w'''.hich, one wants to deal. In -6rder to desig Inor- .access [lie prob'abl'2 impact of a t'echnical inteir-vntion, It is necessary to knlow thI Celarves ~
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SFrom, thi perspective, it must be s mootedithatce'id inIteventions in' teIstck fprlction1 proably us anyPn in d i vidalrater
~than communall rivrship Given indiidual oisneeshipand free ac cess j~to pasture. iesoyi-ces, it isobvious that for devlpetproe atr
reS0r~eSMustin someWa b'nianaiged 'in the intqre'sts .6f teclet , try; The alternai~tive applroximnates the tragedy of'the commns (Hardin,
1968).
1I3 Antereithnic Coniflict ' ~2There is considerable inter-ethinic hostility,, particularly b'6iweenl thle
dominantly agrivuhural'g Nftisossi, Gout'irce;ad is ntheIlargel -nlivhe, ri Bos ri
til la.-el) oriented Fulani (Philippe, Sor-)e andlvesoc group, thre Diawara, 1977; Delgado, 1978). It is not unlcommnonl to hear gross stereo types aind ethnic sl'urs, generally':aimed against-thle Fulani. Thle' major sotirce of inter-etnC d S,around the issue of land use. InI that sese the conflict is really economic, but it is compounded by cul tural differences.o
The problem is a general one between Iiestock en and fartneis regardless of ethniciiy. Alm ost half (49%) of thle livestockmen inleel%ed ' said tha. ti 1 lhad problems with the farmers in their villages,XYhen this
,figure is bi 11dow~n by ethnlicity it is interesting to note thati ihf~rl' p~ercentage of Nlossi,(60.O%).ithan F ulani (52.6%/0) livestocknien experiece
s ad sare consideraby lowerfteA(17.6)ai Bissa,26.7%$ ii S'The'lost nimportnLi immnediate source of conflict. (96.1%) arises froin~
the accidental destruction Of crops.by herds.of cattle. Di st, .hcenter' aroImiid culpabilityrd intIN'this dea Iiwith by agricuilturalI agents' employ ed 1by the ORD.' These agents are~chargedI~ with assessin'g crop damige and awarding' cipsit ion. 'Sii .the
4'Iau'dges are extension aents'tireherders fee3~ agricultural
held accountable to a systemi cepnai~Crwhich is rigged againstwho them, ut'- iss6e&i's
The question of compensatio Inremains a Serious and, difficult issue. Some~times hf'-rders, in order to avoid paymient., flee~ with their hierds. More commonly, pay ment is made without the need for- intervention 1))the~gend-trmcs (national police). W~here caittle consigned to otheis have,
,.Caused crop damage, de jure it is~tle herder whio is'reslponsible, but the O usually mnakes ai contiibution to the settlenlent.A-dwne , Access to water sources is an eqtally. volatile isstue, Over 43 percentoffi
~.tile livestockmen samnpled id'e'rntified thiis ais a p~roblem for- theml:,ic
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:0 NEN.~ NIIIi lN(IlAIN IN AND li, P)~'R ICOC.I~ON
IABLE 1_1
ultjtl \.irItt til j'ctc itis .\0rch :o knok. 11 , ~ of ~ ttct
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Il wi ik It iosti w ith ;t pO njuI pmuilets Ilit migalli/alittiiai SlIcIlgills anldwctakncsscs' (d Ilit ( )RDI)nI (dl past1 ulilf..l gm11hlitl tilm (S. III fact this
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W\hiii ()I hi Ili itiiiks iticlI tiix ;I goodcc 111i11g, it at ;citscut t((I~s tti~tt tIII hasi I)() .,tliito ()\(.cic'iccIll ccI 11)11\ loicchhitg ahicitit ctiltige. hic is Ui \ Icc ilikc III a(c lion ;11 all.
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hitt ctcchcliirtciolc~t if ont ;1\(-]\ sitiath1 sc tIc \ctigucf, I980A ).
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V. LO(:AL LIVESTO(:K MANA(;EMENT 1: DISEASES AND IIFALTH PRA(TICES
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t oreeetnlic goluTgrougreat.ISCXoI, ifeien.
5 ,R ported Catiws of Slitepand Coat Loses ,:'q.'The~patter'n of cattiS diseaises is duplicaiecf foi- goats~arfdtshiee. T1rV
. a..piosomiasis afpears to be a major killer of both goatsandshpr il' so for go,,siatsugaroiierthantshfep) i and Tafogo, aned to, a leser extent'inl Giiangudi. P1IStLueloi 'i h~onl~y major Caso riotlt 1'wi1h'"
appe~ars to be mostimportant in'0u'garou. and Gnartguidin nd 4 11rC'leBless so inl Tafogo and KO~ikoundi. There is some iipdka, 4 Iio I rn ,t I IN survey data thati some livestockin coriftseithe .sympt~ms, of jiasitrel
*Iosis and trypanlosomlialsis ill snliall rwuniints, especiall nfW afg 11nCa. It is thuLS possible that the incdnc of is "Atucloi~.dIihe " that. of' trypan'osoillasis somecwhat low~er than ieport((l for thIits Site. Pat -j~;dsltes and diarrhea ire also, riepor ted to bc. important si'nalfifiiiiAl&l~ healilh problems inl projeci sites, One mao aueo 0411..1ea is prblbtyinlernal parasites. J!i is/i grSCOfupoiostePaal tlf ,Therefore tile(Ilepm-asilr. "-Wegory p; hudbrdsongmuch I iigethan~ it appears. K,., ".~i
Individual Stock Losses 5.3 tile~~~~~~ .,, , yg"..,.~ eighge~ ~~ nin lcptan:bgoter-PthanRDcdlc llis Anl extrmely important issue fon tile(pespctv of anll
...
pi4'.44 tioll is thle impact, or-poteintial impact, of livestock losses oil in~dividual~K'" ~Alivestock produceirs. It. should be nioted at thc st thaiI ~78~rcuof 4 "
~''4"""cattle owners inteiviewed, repoited losing at2 lealt 611C h'd intels~ year. Simlilarly, ol' those oilrng Sheep andl goats more' th4'ini t1No tlurvd{s{
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awaN, will Illull ( mm, 10) IIIspc( I Ihc allimal Illid dc( Ill(. whal m (4). 11 theI I I I , It ( ;IIIsIIIIii!I()II Is I\('. 111C ililillUll Will llsll;ill\ hC sI,'III9IIICI('d hC 0 ( (It(. limlit'llk. Flw 111cm will 111cil bc "()Ill 1() a 1()( ill bilu llcl. If all allillial dic's b(Amc hil\ im, Its lIII();II ( ill. illc will still lisluilk, ScIl ill(, Ilicilill. bill ()Ill\ I() Ill m-M it,,] Ill)", Muslims mc pl(dilblictl b\ Ificil IvIl,91MI Ilmll milstilliiiig mr;i( hom sI( k ( i impioprik slittighicicd imini-Ilk Ill (;is(." w1wic im all1m;1! djus ()I Is slim"hicird Illc III ival (d (I Ic (m I I cI , IIlc lirl dcl wil I scIf Ilw Illu'll ;illd bi Ing ill(- Illdc ;111(1 ill(-
I() Illc (m llcl . sci\i(cs Ili(- tugaidcd ;is Ilic )()ill[ Icsp(msibIIII\ ()I (It(- mvilt'l
Illid 11cl(k.l. Not iii:ilk, Ili(- lictlci will inimm Hic (mtici wlicil it is IlMC to) xil(m ),11C his (m(Ic. I It(. mvilcl 1611 !hcI) cillicl Iiiin illc
M Icillibillm. him 1111cl illc \11(( Millions ilic (milpicn.d. In mllv it Iuw t dSVs did mvilul" 1cp,)Iwdl\ whisc w pa m (() 11 ,nr 111cil ;1111111;lls 11("llud. Ill ( ;1scs w1wic (;till(. Im. ill Ilmishlillillm c al illc HIM, ()I [fit, va,
111,11[ioll Ilw (111c"liml 11111\ bc I bil IlWIC ( ()Ilil)ll( ;11( d. 'NIIIIIIA []list bf-twccil mvilcl mid IwIdcl Pl \(,I\ 11(1((111- it Illc licalill licid is M,11\ )I Ill(
hr I )I \ cd.
A I 1 ;1(1(111 ]m 1:11 1 rsI )()I I "I h: II I \ Im ( d rs I)11\ IllcI I I to )l t I()p dusl I I lo, I iol I tik"C(I b\ it 11cl (I (d ( , tillc. Lrgllk (11c licidul I Illc Ics1wilsibli. ImIl\. 11)
lit( I, M\ 11111 it(- wd I(), mid do ) makc sigii III( ailt11 (d (ml Ir Ili%(d\cd"clilt-Illcills. 'hill , 111 I Is ( Miti'll\ P) Illu Is"(111'"lls 111MIc
Im Dc1glidt). %It() bascd his fillding'. -11 11141H I'll lul ()Ill', lililicl thall m] ,1(111,11 pi\Il1rnTs 11111du M clgmf(o, 10A . \I()s( it-stimilmi takcs pla(c
thc It(,( c")"M (d (4)1111 pl()(cudml s. 1111p)II.1111 1'.,I)m1siblill, -,\ im It 11111%clsalk Ic'sis \\.till illc mvllcl
I,, Ihr p;t mcm (d I.tx(,,, 200 I-CFA pci licild). Smllc mvilcis It\, 14);1\*()I(l ;,;I\ I I I (-I I I k c I I I I I I I it ig I I I(- I I (Iit IIc, It I I (I I I I(is k( cI )Ing ()xvnci sI II I ) sc( IcI Ill Ilicit It(mw At ulls. IZ .11 ck jI c 'w( It "1111111 so Ac \ Wliln )I s appi cliclidt'd m
mull.
Trallslitlillam c I I mishil Imim u, Ihc )Till I mi )\ cmunt ( d ho, (,,;I()( k bctw(wn past Ill C
/mIc." illid wMcl smll ( cs, Icmill :Is all illipm [;Ili I I )ill 1(4 1hc ( ill I Ic pl-mim.[i( )II S\ s(cIll ( d I 'I q)cI V()11;1. A Ills s\ sh'Ill pI (widus Ilic ()ppw IitIlity t(I Sit( isf Ill I\ ('Xl)l( )it scJs( mill Iug imild %,;Itial I(nis ill (-It\ I I ( milicilial condi tIMIS. Al Ilic ullc 11111c it ill1mvs Im Illc Ic'q(.II(-I;lIioII (d glasses Ill ill)
llfcl IIIc (1cpallilic ()! Illc lwl(k. AlIlimigh this pm( It((- Is IlmdIcn liCill ds illilvc1sill Ill II;c SmidaliNill
ZOIRIS I'll, ill (hc Salicl pci sc, It is still widrI\ clIIpI,)\cd. Of Illosc ilitcl.vicwcd, 57.9 pci(cw clilici go ill Ilillishlilliall(c IlIcIllso'kcs, m send Ilicil licids X%,Illl Ilicil ( hildicil, bmill(v" m mlllra(l licidcls. As call be scell
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62 FNVI RO N.N II-N 1A I UNCLIZ 1A IN IN' AN D I IVE') I ()CK P RODUC IION
IAMY wi
N I') " I
w1up 8110 21. 1 Tj7. N
Ifmn T;Iblc 6-3, 86 pul ('111 (d illc Filkilli sclid Ilicil mt It. ill 11 111(u. Ill (.. Ihis IcpI uscIlls Ihr I ( )III ilinji ion ()I ;I long 11;Idifioll.
W11,11 is mmllcwll lf sillp isill-g is 111,11 'Wdl 1 11,111 ()1Illu Nl()ssi 06.2"10, mid 111(8C tll lll ;I Ihild 07.)"o') (d thc (;mll nimm lit I;nllc mvilcls, AM) m-nd Illuil llcl (Is ill limishnill;lm c. I hc lignic 1()l illc liiss l, wh() likc to 1mve iIwi I Iikcsi4 I(k ( h I( limd is ()ill\ 21. 1 pci(cm.
0I Still)(. I,, illc sillplising h, I lll il ;I Lugc pci(cill Igu ()I IIIc (59.2"o !nd ;()Ili in;nn( lit, (66.7",) who m-nd ilicii ( ;till(- lit Imns
1111111m ](I. it"(. "(m" Ill( I ( )I () I lit-1 IcLit I\(.". 1:11 Ilt-I 111;111 Ow
