RABIES IN SOUTH ASIA RABIES IN SOUTH ASIA - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INVESTIGATIONS C.K.Singh and B.S. Sandhu C.K.Singh and B.S. Sandhu Rabies Research-cum- Rabies Research-cum- Diagnostic Laboratory, Diagnostic Laboratory, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Animal Sciences University , , Ludhiana Ludhiana , , Punjab, INDIA Punjab, INDIA [email protected][email protected]
Transcript
RABIES IN SOUTH ASIARABIES IN SOUTH ASIA- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATIONS
C.K.Singh and B.S. SandhuC.K.Singh and B.S. Sandhu
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Animal Sciences UniversityUniversity, , LudhianaLudhiana , , Punjab, Punjab, INDIAINDIA
Talking from highest Talking from highest prevalence of rabies in prevalence of rabies in EurasiaEurasia More than 20,000 human deaths occur More than 20,000 human deaths occur
every yearevery year 17.4 million humans are bitten by dogs in 17.4 million humans are bitten by dogs in
India every yearIndia every year Over Rs. 1200 crores are spent annually on Over Rs. 1200 crores are spent annually on
post bite vaccination assuming about half post bite vaccination assuming about half of the exposed do not get PETof the exposed do not get PET
Over 15 Crores is spent on PET in farm Over 15 Crores is spent on PET in farm animalsanimals
The StudyThe Study The study was conducted on brain The study was conducted on brain
tissues collected from a total of 356 tissues collected from a total of 356 animals including 231 dogs, 79 animals including 231 dogs, 79 buffaloes and 46 cows.buffaloes and 46 cows.
The brain tissues of only those The brain tissues of only those animals that were suspected to be animals that were suspected to be suffering from rabies clinically were suffering from rabies clinically were included in this study. included in this study.
Impression smear from hippocampus of a rabid Impression smear from hippocampus of a rabid dog showing magenta colored intracellular Negri dog showing magenta colored intracellular Negri body (arrow) in a neuron. Seller’s stain x875body (arrow) in a neuron. Seller’s stain x875
Section of Hippocampus of a rabid dog Section of Hippocampus of a rabid dog showingshowing intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic Negri bodies intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic Negri bodies ( arrows )( arrows ) in neurons. H&E x875in neurons. H&E x875
Rabid DogsRabid Dogs About half About half the rabid dogs go the rabid dogs go off feedoff feed & show & show
change in behavior change in behavior few few exhibit exhibit feverfever. . Ocular Ocular involvement involvement is is rarerare..
Rabid CowsRabid Cows Almost every Almost every rabid cow goes rabid cow goes off feedoff feed and and
about half about half the rabid cows exhibit the rabid cows exhibit feverfever. . Few Few rabid cows exhibit rabid cows exhibit ocular involvement ocular involvement ..
Rabid BuffaloesRabid Buffaloes Majority Majority of rabid buffaloes go of rabid buffaloes go off feedoff feed and and
more than half more than half exhibit exhibit feverfever. . Majority Majority of of buffaloes show buffaloes show ocular involvement ocular involvement ..
Most susceptible Most susceptible Age/SexAge/Sex Incidence in higher in adult dogs (Incidence in higher in adult dogs (>3 >3
Yrs.Yrs.) and pups () and pups (<6 M<6 M). ). The incidence is The incidence is minimum in 6 M to 3 Years dogsminimum in 6 M to 3 Years dogs..
The higher incidence of rabies in The higher incidence of rabies in male dogs male dogs is largely due to their is largely due to their gregarious wandering and furious gregarious wandering and furious nature especially during breeding nature especially during breeding season. season.
Signs & Symptoms -Signs & Symptoms -Dogs v/s BovinesDogs v/s Bovines Only 24 percent rabid dogs show Only 24 percent rabid dogs show
hyper salivation hyper salivation that is that is characteristic for bovines. characteristic for bovines. So, So, Veterinarian need not look for clinical Veterinarian need not look for clinical hypersalivation while suspecting dog hypersalivation while suspecting dog rabies.rabies.
Only 30 % rabid dogs show Only 30 % rabid dogs show paralysisparalysis . . Paralysis is not necessarily Paralysis is not necessarily the end sign in dogsthe end sign in dogs..
Signs & Symptoms -Signs & Symptoms -Dogs v/s BovinesDogs v/s Bovines About half of the rabid dogs About half of the rabid dogs
continue to recognize continue to recognize their ownertheir owner Most rabid cows and buffaloes Most rabid cows and buffaloes fail fail
to recognize to recognize their ownerstheir owners
More than half (61%) of all rabid More than half (61%) of all rabid animals show aggressive behavior. animals show aggressive behavior. Majority of Majority of aggressive rabid dogs inflict bite aggressive rabid dogs inflict bite wounds wounds to humans and/or other animals.to humans and/or other animals.
Aggression of bovines is limited to Aggression of bovines is limited to inflicting trauma to themselves. inflicting trauma to themselves. No No rabid bovine ever bites rabid bovine ever bites other animals and/or other animals and/or humans.humans.
Bovines - SimilarityBovines - SimilarityBellowing in BovinesBellowing in Bovines Majority Majority of both cows and of both cows and
buffaloes (66%) reveal buffaloes (66%) reveal prolonged prolonged and prominent fits of and prominent fits of loud loud bellowingbellowing
Bovines - Differences Bovines - Differences Drooling Saliva -Drooling Saliva -32% v/s 32% v/s 86%86% Drooling saliva is often reported as Drooling saliva is often reported as
the characteristic feature in rabies in the characteristic feature in rabies in bovines bovines
It was found that hyper salivation It was found that hyper salivation was exhibited by less than half (was exhibited by less than half (32%32%) ) of rabid of rabid buffaloesbuffaloes
However, hyper salivation was more However, hyper salivation was more commonly exhibited (commonly exhibited (86%86%) by rabid ) by rabid cowscows..
Bovines - Differences Bovines - Differences Micturition in BovinesMicturition in Bovines Rabid CowsRabid Cows Reveal Reveal frequent frequent micturitionmicturition Rabid BuffaloesRabid Buffaloes Frequent micturition is Frequent micturition is not not
common common in buffaloesin buffaloes
Month-wise IncidenceMonth-wise Incidence Increased incidence in Increased incidence in dogs dogs was reported was reported
during January, February, July and during January, February, July and November. November.
Increased incidence in Increased incidence in buffaloes buffaloes was was observed during January to Marchobserved during January to March
Increased incidence in Increased incidence in cattle cattle was was observed during March, April, June, observed during March, April, June, August, October and NovemberAugust, October and November
Major Area of ConcernMajor Area of Concern
78% of 78% of owned owned rabid dogs rabid dogs were were not vaccinated not vaccinated prophylactically.prophylactically.
There is high incidence of There is high incidence of rabies in ownedrabies in owned/community /community dogs.dogs.
