Racial Segregation in urban-rural Racial Segregation in urban-rural continuum: do patterns continuum: do patterns vary by by

geographical region?geographical region?

Yosef BodovskiYosef Bodovski

Master in GIS & Population Research Institute Master in GIS & Population Research Institute

The Pennsylvania State UniversityThe Pennsylvania State University

E-mail: E-mail: yub107@psu.eduyub107@psu.edu

Academic Advisor: Dr. Chris Benner, Department Academic Advisor: Dr. Chris Benner, Department of Geographyof Geography

Definitions:Definitions:

Metropolitan AreaMetropolitan Area is a large population center consisting is a large population center consisting of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence. of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence.

Principal CityPrincipal City is the largest city in Metro Area. is the largest city in Metro Area.

Urban-Rural ContinuumUrban-Rural Continuum is a classification scheme that is a classification scheme that distinguishes geographic units by population size and distinguishes geographic units by population size and adjacency to a Metro Area. adjacency to a Metro Area.

Residential SegregationResidential Segregation refers to the unequal distribution refers to the unequal distribution of groups across space.of groups across space.

Recent Demographic Trends in US MetrosRecent Demographic Trends in US Metros

The fast growing Metro Areas in 1980s and 1990s The fast growing Metro Areas in 1980s and 1990s become slow growing in 2000s.become slow growing in 2000s.

South and West Metros become a major population South and West Metros become a major population growth centers.growth centers.

The fastest-growing Metros rely on domestic migration The fastest-growing Metros rely on domestic migration and natural growth while slow growing Metros rely on and natural growth while slow growing Metros rely on immigration.immigration.

Most of the Central Cities have similar trends as their Most of the Central Cities have similar trends as their Metro AreasMetro Areas

Source: W.Frey (2005) Metro America in the New Century: Metropolitan and Central City Source: W.Frey (2005) Metro America in the New Century: Metropolitan and Central City Demographic Shifts since 2000. The Brooking Institution – Living Census Series.Demographic Shifts since 2000. The Brooking Institution – Living Census Series.

U.S. Census Geography:U.S. Census Geography:

Project Data:Project Data:

Source: Census Summary File 1 (SF1)Source: Census Summary File 1 (SF1) Years: 2000 and 1990Years: 2000 and 1990 Geographic Level: BlockGeographic Level: Block Variables: Variables:

* White not Hispanic* White not Hispanic

* Black not Hispanic* Black not Hispanic

* Asian not Hispanic* Asian not Hispanic

* Hispanic* Hispanic Shapefiles: Block Level Boundary Files. Shapefiles: Block Level Boundary Files.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau Web Site www.census.govSource: U.S. Census Bureau Web Site www.census.gov

Measures of Spatial Segregation Measures of Spatial Segregation

The Index of Dissimilarity (Black vs. White)The Index of Dissimilarity (Black vs. White)::

d=(1/2)sum( | b (i) / B – w (i) / W |)d=(1/2)sum( | b (i) / B – w (i) / W |) Where:Where:

b (i): black population in areal unit (block)b (i): black population in areal unit (block)B: total black population in Metro AreaB: total black population in Metro Areaw (i): white population in areal unit (block)w (i): white population in areal unit (block)W: total white population in Metro AreaW: total white population in Metro Area

Measures the evenness with which two mutually exclusive groups are Measures the evenness with which two mutually exclusive groups are distributed across the geographic units that make up a larger distributed across the geographic units that make up a larger geographic entity (Metro Area).geographic entity (Metro Area).

Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67

Measures of Spatial SegregationMeasures of Spatial Segregation

The isolation indexThe isolation index::

I = sum (w (i) / W) * (w (i) / t (i))I = sum (w (i) / W) * (w (i) / t (i)) Where:Where: w (i): white population in areal unit (block)w (i): white population in areal unit (block)

W: total white population in Metro AreaW: total white population in Metro Areat (i): total population in areal unit (block)t (i): total population in areal unit (block)

Reports the percentage white in areal unit for the typical average whiteReports the percentage white in areal unit for the typical average whiteperson. Measures concentration or isolation of one race group.person. Measures concentration or isolation of one race group.

Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity indexMeasuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity indexMetro Area as a Whole UnitMetro Area as a Whole Unit

Dissimilarity indexes generally declined between 1990 and Dissimilarity indexes generally declined between 1990 and 2000 for all race groups2000 for all race groups

White-Black segregation remained high (d>0.8) in Traditional White-Black segregation remained high (d>0.8) in Traditional North (Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia) and Old South (Atlanta, North (Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia) and Old South (Atlanta, Birmingham) metros; decreased (d<0.4) in West (Portland, Birmingham) metros; decreased (d<0.4) in West (Portland, SF) and New South (Dallas, Miami) metros.SF) and New South (Dallas, Miami) metros.

White-Hispanic segregation is slightly higher in North East White-Hispanic segregation is slightly higher in North East (average d=0.44), mixed patterns in the rest of he country(average d=0.44), mixed patterns in the rest of he country

White-Asian segregation has significantly declined between White-Asian segregation has significantly declined between 1990 and 2000 (average d=0.47) in all areas.1990 and 2000 (average d=0.47) in all areas.

Source: W. Frey, D. Myers (2005) “Racial Segregation in US Metro Areas andSource: W. Frey, D. Myers (2005) “Racial Segregation in US Metro Areas and Cities 1990-2000”, Population Center Research Report, University of Cities 1990-2000”, Population Center Research Report, University of MichiganMichigan

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity indexMeasuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity index Principal City vs. SuburbsPrincipal City vs. Suburbs

Racial diversity in suburban areas rose substantially in the last Racial diversity in suburban areas rose substantially in the last decade.decade.

““Melting Pot” Metros (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles) have the Melting Pot” Metros (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles) have the highest minority suburban population.highest minority suburban population.

Minorities are responsible for the bulk of suburban population gains Minorities are responsible for the bulk of suburban population gains in 1990s.in 1990s.

Asians are more likely to live in major metropolitan suburbs than in Asians are more likely to live in major metropolitan suburbs than in cities.cities.

People who identify themselves as belonging to more than one race People who identify themselves as belonging to more than one race show different suburbanization patterns.show different suburbanization patterns.

Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban

Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity indexMeasuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity indexMetro ClassificationMetro Classification by by Suburban Diversity PatternsSuburban Diversity Patterns

1.1. Melting Pot Metros (Chicago, New York, Los Angeles)Melting Pot Metros (Chicago, New York, Los Angeles)2.2. Southern White-Black Metros (Atlanta, Nashville, Southern White-Black Metros (Atlanta, Nashville,

Birmingham)Birmingham)3.3. Mainly White South and West Metros (Seattle, Tampa, Mainly White South and West Metros (Seattle, Tampa,

Denver)Denver)4.4. North White-Black Metros (Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit)North White-Black Metros (Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit)5.5. Mainly White North Metros (Boston, Minneapolis, Mainly White North Metros (Boston, Minneapolis,

Cincinnati)Cincinnati)

Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.

Measures of Spatial segregationMeasures of Spatial segregation

The Information Theory Index:The Information Theory Index:

H = sum (( t (i) ( E – E (i) )) / ETH = sum (( t (i) ( E – E (i) )) / ET

Where:Where:

t (i): total population in areal unit t (i): total population in areal unit

E: metro area diversity (entropy)E: metro area diversity (entropy)

E (i): areal unit diversity (entropy)E (i): areal unit diversity (entropy)

T: total metro area populationT: total metro area population

Reports weighted average deviation of each unit’s diversity from the Reports weighted average deviation of each unit’s diversity from the

study area diversity.study area diversity.

Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation,

Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp. 33-67

Measuring Spatial Segregation using Information Theory IndexMeasuring Spatial Segregation using Information Theory IndexMetro Area as a Whole UnitMetro Area as a Whole Unit

The diversity and segregation measures show that diversity The diversity and segregation measures show that diversity increased substantially over the period between 1990 and 2000 and increased substantially over the period between 1990 and 2000 and segregation declined.segregation declined.

Segregation is higher for Black and White race groupsSegregation is higher for Black and White race groups Midwest Metro Areas have the highest segregation indexes followed Midwest Metro Areas have the highest segregation indexes followed

by Northeast, South and West.by Northeast, South and West. Metro Areas with bigger population and higher percent of minorities Metro Areas with bigger population and higher percent of minorities

have higher segregation indexeshave higher segregation indexes

Source: J. Iceland (2002) Beyond Black and White – Metropolitan Residential Source: J. Iceland (2002) Beyond Black and White – Metropolitan Residential

Segregation in Multi-Ethnic America. Housing and Economic Statistics Division.Segregation in Multi-Ethnic America. Housing and Economic Statistics Division.

U.S. Census BureauU.S. Census Bureau

Project InputsProject Inputs

Use The Information Theory Index (H) as segregation Use The Information Theory Index (H) as segregation measure since it takes into account more than two race measure since it takes into account more than two race groups at a time.groups at a time.

Use Census Block as a basic areal unit.Use Census Block as a basic areal unit. Use 100 most populated US Metropolitan Areas as Macro Use 100 most populated US Metropolitan Areas as Macro

UnitsUnits Use data from 2000 and 1990 Census surveysUse data from 2000 and 1990 Census surveys Use Population Density of Census Blocks as a measure of Use Population Density of Census Blocks as a measure of

Urban-Rural Division. Break up each Metro Area into four sub Urban-Rural Division. Break up each Metro Area into four sub areas (quartiles) according to Census Block Population areas (quartiles) according to Census Block Population density. density.

Project AssumptionsProject Assumptions

Racial Segregation is higher in places with high Racial Segregation is higher in places with high population density.population density.

Racial Segregation is higher in Traditional North and Old Racial Segregation is higher in Traditional North and Old South Metros than in the rest of the country.South Metros than in the rest of the country.

Racial Segregation has declined between 1990 and Racial Segregation has declined between 1990 and 2000, in both urban and suburban areas.2000, in both urban and suburban areas.

The gap between top quartile (high density) and bottom The gap between top quartile (high density) and bottom quartile (low density) has declined in most of Metro quartile (low density) has declined in most of Metro AreasAreas

Project OutputsProject Outputs

Calculate Information Theory Index (H) for each sub area in 100 Calculate Information Theory Index (H) for each sub area in 100 Metropolitan Areas for 1990 and 2000 Census Data.Metropolitan Areas for 1990 and 2000 Census Data.

Compare indexes… Compare indexes…

a) …in the same area across the timea) …in the same area across the time

b) …in the same type of sub area across the b) …in the same type of sub area across the

countrycountry

c) …in the same type of sub area c) …in the same type of sub area insideinside five five

groups defined by Frey (2001)groups defined by Frey (2001)

d) …in the same type of sub area d) …in the same type of sub area betweenbetween five five

groups defined by Frey (2001)groups defined by Frey (2001)