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8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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RSB125x3.2
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB125x3.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
,ℎ = 1130
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.667
ℎ, = 0.178
= 0.284
= 0.120
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 –
with torsional constraint)the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation
(n=1 – warpings not restrained yesW)
Global
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
,ℎ = 376.244 ,ℎ = 305.282
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 627.79
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.499
ℎ, = 0.239
= 0.309
= 0.146
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 –
with torsional constraint)the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=2 – warpings not restrained yesW)
,ℎ = 314.587 ,ℎ = 294.937
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0
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400
450
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB125x3.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1130
, = 426.62
ℎ =0.689
ℎ, = 0.295
= 0.314
= 0.153
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 –
with torsional constraint)the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation
(n=1 – warpings are restrained noW)
,ℎ = 351.131 ,ℎ = 292.337
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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200
250
300
350
400
450
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 627.79
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.538
ℎ, = 0.343
= 0.366
= 0.225
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=2 – warpings are restrained noW)
,ℎ = 289.798 ,ℎ = 270.306
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0
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100
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200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB125x3.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1130
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.742
ℎ, = 0.684
= 0.484
= 0.482
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1331.2 (Cth) and 2245.3 (Cpr)
(warpings are restrained noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 291.678 ,ℎ = 220.036
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200
250
300
350
400
450
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB125x3.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1130
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.755
ℎ, = 0.815
= 0.481
= 0.473
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1331.2 (Cth) and 2245.3 (Cpr)
(warpings are not restrained yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
,ℎ = 276.689 ,ℎ = 221.396
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0
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400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
0
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100
150
200
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350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 627.79
, = 426.62
ℎ =0.585
ℎ, = 0.503
=0.484
= 0.482
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1829.3 (Cth) and 2245.3 (Cpr)
(warpings are restrained noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 260.417 ,ℎ = 220.036
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 627.79
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.587
ℎ, = 0.511
= 0.481
= 0.473
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1829.3 (Cth) and 2245.3 (Cpr)
(warpings are not restrained yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
,ℎ = 259.219 ,ℎ = 221.396
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
10/26
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=2 – warpings are not restrained yesW)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp.…
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
0
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100
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200
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400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp.Tests
ECBLth
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1130.0
, = 426.62
ℎ = 0.722
ℎ, = 0.518
= 0.481
= 0.473
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
,ℎ = 313.616 ,ℎ = 221.396
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=2 – warpings are restrained noW)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp.
Tests
ECBLth
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB125x3.2 Exp.…
C pr
Cth
(D - n=1)
(G)
(D - n=2)
RSB125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1130.0
, = 426.62
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 295.439
ℎ = 0.739
ℎ, = 0.482
=0.484
= 0.482
= 0.34
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 220.036
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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RSN125x3.2
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1404 (Cth) and 2421.4 (Cpr)
(warpings are restrained noW)
0
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200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN125x3.2 Exp.
Tests
ECBLth
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN125x3.2
Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
RSN125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1025.2
, = 369.57
ℎ = 0.747
ℎ, = 0.657
= 0.494
= 0.657
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 259.075 ,ℎ = 186.959
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0
50
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200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN125x3.2 Exp.
Tests
ECBLth
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN125x3.2
Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
RSN125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1025.2
, = 369.57
ℎ = 0.760
ℎ, = 0.790
= 0.486
= 0.487
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1404 (Cth) and 2421.4 (Cpr)
(warpings are not restrained yesW)
,ℎ = 245.706 ,ℎ = 190.141
Global
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0
50
100
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200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN125x3.2 Exp.
Tests
ECBLth
RSN125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.699
ℎ, = 0.288
= 0.343
= 0.191
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation
(n=1 – warpings are restrained noW)
,ℎ = 308.023 ,ℎ = 242.634
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN125x3.2
Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
,ℎ = 1025.2
, = 369.57
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN125x3.2 Exp.
Tests
ECBLth
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN125x3.2
Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
RSN125x3.2Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 1025.2
, = 369.57
ℎ = 0.728
ℎ, = 0.488
= 0.486
= 0.487
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 278.942 ,ℎ = 190.141
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=1 – warpings are not restrained yesW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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RSB95x2.6
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 935.54 (Cth) and 1302 (Cpr)(warpings are restrained noW)
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB95x2.6Exp.Tests
ECBLth
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
A*f y
RSB95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 715.88
, = 346.54
ℎ = 0.696
ℎ, = 0.830
= 0.420
= 0.381
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 217.804 ,ℎ = 200.896
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 935.54 (Cth) and 1302 (Cpr)(warpings are not restrained yesW)
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB95x2.6
Exp.Tests
ECBLth
RSB95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.678
ℎ, = 0.686
= 0.411
= 0.358
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 230.747 ,ℎ = 204.176
Global
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
A*f y
,ℎ = 715.88
, = 346.54
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB95x2.6
Exp. TestsECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.664
ℎ, = 0.593
= 0.423
= 0.388
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 240.281 ,ℎ = 199.864
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
A*f y
,ℎ = 715.88
, = 346.54
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation
(n=1 – warpings are restrained noW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSB95x2.6Exp. Tests
ECBLth
ECBLpr
EN15512
RSB95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.678
ℎ, = 0.686
= 0.411
= 0.358
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 230.763 ,ℎ = 204.176
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSB95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth
(D)
(G)
A*f y
,ℎ = 715.88
, = 346.54
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
(n=1 – warpings are not restrained yesW)
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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RSN95x2.6
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1002 (Cth) and 1430.3 (Cpr)(warpings are restrained noW)
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN95x2.6Exp.
TestsECBLth
ECBLpr
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth(D)
(G)
A*f y
RSN95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
,ℎ = 643.58
, = 286.72
ℎ = 0.703
ℎ, = 0.750
= 0.405
= 0.344
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shapeGlobal
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (noW)
,ℎ = 191.322 ,ℎ = 170.665
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24/26
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis with physical length equal to 1002 (Cth) and 1430.3 (Cpr)(warpings are not restrained yesW)
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN95x2.6Exp.
TestsECBLth
ECBLpr
RSN95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.684
ℎ, = 0.601
= 0.437
= 0.426
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 203.236 ,ℎ = 161.239
Global
Distortional
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth(D)
(G)
A*f y
,ℎ = 643.58
, = 286.72
8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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8/15/2019 Rack Study Nonlinear v9
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
0 1000 2000 3000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
Length [mm]
RSN95x2.6Exp.
TestsECBLth
ECBLpr
RSN95x2.6Global imperfection 1/750 L
Distortional imperfection 3.2mm
ℎ = 0.684
ℎ, = 0.601
= 0.438
= 0.426
= 0.34
ℎ
Imperfection Failure deformed shape Imperfection Failure deformed shape
,ℎ = 203.27
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
Global
Distortional
1/750 L
3.2mm (yesW)
,ℎ = 161.239
0
200
400
600
800
100 1000 10000
A x i a l L o a d [ k N ]
log Half-wavelength [mm]
RSN95x2.6 Exp. Tests
C pr
Cth(D)
(G)
A*f y
,ℎ = 643.58
, = 286.72
Note: the global imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing one wave deformation (n=1 – with torsional constraint)
the distortional imperfection has been created using GBT buckling analysis imposing two waves deformation
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