Ramco Sample Technical Placement Paper

8/23/2019 Ramco Sample Technical Placement Paper

1/14

Visit www.latestoffcampus.com for placement papers, interview tips & job updates. Toget

freeupdates tomail http://groups.google.com/group/latestoffcampus/subscribeLive updates on

Facebook @ www.facebook.com/LatestOffCampus




Ramco Technical Latest Sample Placement Paper

1. How do you override the underlining of hyperlinks?

ANS: CSS has the ability to explicitly control the status of underlining for

an element - even for hyperlinks. The correct way to do this in an

external or document-level style sheet is:

A { text-decoration: none }

and within an anchor element as:

link text

Note: The underlining of hyperlinks is a long-standing visual convention

that assists in the visual identification of active hyperlink areas. Manyusers expect to see hyperlinks underlined and may be confused and/or

irritated if they are not used. User-defined style sheets address this

user need by allowing the user to have final control over this feature.

Unfortunately, wide support for this ability does not yet exist.

2. What does it mean when a pointer is used in if statement?

ANS: Any time a pointer is used as a condition, it means Is this a non-

null pointer? A pointer can be used in an if, while, for, or do/while

statement, or in a conditional expression.

3. Do any WYSIWYG editors support the creation of Style Sheets? Any

text-based HTML editors?

ANS: As support for CSS in browsers has matured in the last year, both

WYSIWYG and Text-based HTML editors have appeared that allow the

creation or the assistance of creating Cascading Style Sheet syntax.

There are now at least two dozen editors supporting CSS syntax in

some form. The W3C maintains an up-to-date list of these WYSIWYG

and text-based editors.

4. How To Style Forms? Forms and form elements like SELECT, INPUT

etc. can be styled with CSS - partially.

ANS: Checkboxes and Radiobuttons do not yet accept styles, and

Netscape 4.xx has certain issues, but here is a tutorial that explains the


2/14







application of CSS Styles on Form Elements.

5. Must I quote property values?

ANS: Generally no. However, values containing white spaces, e.g. font-family names should be quoted as whitespaces surrounding the font

name are ignored and whitespaces inside the font name are converted

to a single space, thus font names made up of more than one word

(e.g.) 'Times New Roman' are interpreted as three different names:

Times, New and Roman.

6. What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect

thrashing?

ANS: Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate

this problem? - Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum

number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page

fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU

utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be

eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.

7. Why do C++ compilers need name mangling?

ANS: Name mangling is the rule according to which C++ changesfunction's name into function signature before passing that function to

a linker. This is how the linker differentiates between different

functions with the same name.

8.Can you think of a situation where your program would crash without

reaching the break ball, which you set at the beginning of main()?

ANS: C++ allows for dynamic initialization of global variables before

main () is invoked. It is possible that initialization of global will invoke

some function. If this function crashes the rash will occur before main ()is entered.

9. How far can CSS be taken beyond the web page--that is, have

generalized or non-web specific features for such things as page

formatting or type setting?


3/14







ANS: Yes, it's possible to take CSS further in several directions. W3C just

published a new Working Draft which describes features for printing,

e.g., footnotes, cross-references, and even generated indexes.

Another great opportunity for CSS is Web Applications. Just like

documents, applications need to be styled and CSS is an intrinsic

component of AJAX. The "AJAX" name sounds great.

10.What are the debugging methods you use when came across a

problem?

ANS: Debugging with tools like :

(a) GDB, DBG, Forte, Visual Studio. (b) Analyzing the Core dump.

(c) Using tusc to trace the last system call before crash. (d) PuttingDebug statements in the program source code.

11. How frustrating does it to write a specification know that you're at

the browser vendors' mercy?

ANS: That's part of the game. I don't think any specification has a

birthright to be fully supported by all browsers. There should be healthy

competition between different specifications. I believe simple, author-

friendly specifications will prevail in this environment.

Micro formats are another way of developing new formats. Instead ofhaving to convince browser vendors to support your favorite

specification, micro formats add semantics to HTML through the CLASS

attribute. And style it with CSS.

12.What are C++ storage classes?

ANS: Auto: the default. Variables are automatically created and

initialized when they are defined and are destroyed at the end of the

block containing their definition. They are not visible outside that block.

Register: a type of auto variable. a suggestion to the compiler to use a

CPU register for performance.

Static: a variable that is known only in the function that contains its

definition but is never destroyed and retains its value between calls to

that function. It exists from the time the program begins execution.


4/14







Extern: a static variable whose definition and placement is determined

when all object and library modules are combined (linked) to form the

executable code file. It can be visible outside the file where it is defined.

13. What is initial value?

ANS: Initial value is a default value of the property that is the value

given to the root element of the document tree. All properties have an

initial value. If no specific value is set and/or if a property is not

inherited the initial value is used. For example the background property

is not inherited; however, the background of the parent element shines

through because the initial value of background property is

transparent.

Hello World

Content of the element P will also have red background.

14. What is a null pointer assignment error? What are bus errors,

memory faults, and core dumps?

ANS: These are all serious errors, symptoms of a wild pointer or

subscript. Null pointer assignment is a message you might get when an

MS-DOS program finishes executing. Some such programs can arrange

for a small amount of memory to be available where the NULL pointerpoints to (so to speak). If the program tries to write to that area, it will

overwrite the data put there by the compiler.

When the program is done, code generated by the compiler examines

that area. If that data has been changed, the compiler-generated code

complains with null pointer assignment. This message carries only

enough information to get you worried. Theres no way to tell, just

from a null pointer assignment message, what part of your program is

responsible for the error. Some debuggers, and some compilers, cangive you more help in finding the problem.

Bus error: core dumped and Memory fault: core dumped are messages

you might see from a program running under UNIX. Theyre more

programmers friendly. Both mean that a pointer or an array subscript


5/14







was wildly out of bounds. You can get these messages on a read or on a

write.

They arent restricted to null pointer problems.

The core dumped part of the message is telling you about a file, called

core that has just been written in your current directory. This is a dump

of everything on the stack and in the heap at the time the program was

running. With the help of a debugger, you can use the core dump to

find where the bad pointer was used.

That might not tell you why the pointer was bad, but its a step in the

right direction. If you dont have write permission in the current

directory, you wont get a core file, or the core dumped message.15. What is value?

ANS: Value is a 'physical' characteristic of the property. Property

declares what should be formatted, e.g. FONT while value suggests how

the property should be formatted, e.g. 12pt. By setting the value 12pt

to the property FONT it is suggested that the formatted text be

displayed in a 12 point font. There must always be a corresponding

property to each value or set of values.

H1 {font: bold 180%}In the example above the H1 selector is declared the FONT property

which in its turn is declared the values BOLD and 180%. The values

suggesting alternatives are specified in a comma separated list, e.g.

H1 {font-family: font1, font2}

16.What is reference?

ANS: reference is a name that acts as an alias, or alternative name, for a

previously defined variable or an object. Prepending variable with "&"symbol makes it as reference.

for example:

int a;

int &b = a;


6/14







17. How To Style Table Cells?

ANS: Margin, Border and Padding are difficult to apply to inline

elements. Officially, the tag is a block level element because it cancontain other block level elements (see Basics - Elements).

If you need to set special margins, borders, or padding inside a table

cell, then use this markup:

Your text

To apply the CSS rules to the div inside the cell.

18.What is the use of 'using' declaration?

ANS: A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a

namespace without the scope operator.

19. What is shorthand property?

ANS: Shorthand property is a property made up of individual properties

that have a common "addressee". For example properties: font-weight,

font-style, font-variant, font-size, font-family, refer to the font. To

reduce the size of style sheets and also save some keystrokes as well as

bandwidth they can all be specified as one shorthand property font,e.g.:

H1

{font-weight: bold;

font-style: italic;

font-variant: small-caps;

font-size: 160%;

font-family: serif}

can be all shorthanded to a space separated list:H1 {font: bold italic small-caps 160% serif}

Note: To make things even simpler the line-height property can be

specified together with the font-size property:

H1 {font: bold italic small-caps 160%/170% serif}


7/14







20. Why shouldn't I use fixed sized fonts?

ANS: Only in very rare situations we will find users that have a

"calibrated" rendering device that shows fixed font sizes correct. Thistells us that we can never know the real size of a font when it's

rendered on the user end. Other people may find your choice of font

size uncomfortable. A surprisingly large number of people have vision

problems and require larger text than the average. Other people have

good eyesight and prefer the advantage of more text on the screen that

a smaller font size allows. What is comfortable to you on your system

may be uncomfortable to someone else. Browsers have a default size

for fonts. If a user finds this inappropriate, they can change it tosomething they prefer. You can never assume that your choice is better

for them. So, leave the font size alone for the majority of your text. If

you wish to change it in specific places (say smaller text for a copyright

notice at the bottom of page), use relative units so that the size will

stay in relationship to what the user may have selected already.

Remember, if people find your text uncomfortable, they will not bother

struggling with your web site. Very few (if any) web sites are important

enough to the average user to justify fighting with the author's idea of

what is best.

21. What browsers support style sheets? To what extent?

ANS: Microsoft's Internet Explorer version 3.0 Beta 2 and above

supports CSS, as does Netscape Communicator 4.0 Beta 2 and above

and Opera 3.5 and above. Take note that the early implementations in

these browsers did not support ALL of the properties and syntax

described in the full CSS1 specification and beyond. Later versions havebeen getting much closer to full CSS1 compliance, but then comes the

next hurdle - CSS2...it was such a big leap over CSS1 that it has taken

the browsers years to come close to supporting a majority of CSS2's

features. Mozilla and Opera's current versions both offer excellent CSS


8/14







standards compliance. The Macintosh version of Internet Explorer is

said to be very impressive in its CSS capabilities as well, but PC IE lags

behind these implementations. Quite a few other implementations of

CSS now exist in browsers that are not as widely-used (such as Amaya,

Arena and Emacs-W3), but coverage of features in these documents

currently only covers Internet Explorer, NCSA Mosaic, Netscape and

Opera browsers.

22.What problem does the namespace feature solve?

ANS: Multiple providers of libraries might use common global

identifiers causing a name collision when an application tries to link

with two or more such libraries. The namespace feature surrounds alibrary's external declarations with a unique namespace that eliminates

the potential for those collisions.

namespace [identifier] { namespace-body }

A namespace declaration identifies and assigns a name to a declarative

region.

The identifier in a namespace declaration must be unique in the

declarative region in which it is used. The identifier is the name of the

namespace and is used to reference its members.

23. Which characters can CSS-names contain?

ANS: The CSS-names; names of selectors, classes and IDs can contain

characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters,

Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a

numeric code. The names cannot start with a dash or a digit. (Note: in

HTML the value of the CLASS attribute can contain more characters).

24.What is an Iterator class?

ANS: A class that is used to traverse through the objects maintained by

a container class. There are negative categories of iterators: input

iterators, output iterators, forward iterators, bidirectional iterators,

random access. An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents


9/14







of a container object without violating encapsulation constraints.

Access to the contents is granted on a one-at- a-time basis in order. The

order can be storage order (as in lists and queues) or some arbitrary

order (as in array indices) or according to some ordering relation (as in

an ordered binary tree). The iterator is a construct, which provides an

interface that, when called, yields either the next element in the

container, or some value denoting the fact that there are no more

elements to examine. Iterators hide the details of access to and update

of the elements of a container class. Something like pointer.

25. Can I include comments in my Style Sheet?

ANS: Yes. Comments can be written anywhere where whitespace isallowed and are treated as white space them. Anything written

between /* and */ is treated as a comment (white space). NOTE:

Comments cannot be nested.

26.What do you mean by Stack unwinding?

ANS: It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is

called for all local objects in the stack between the places where the

exception was thrown and where it is caught.27. What can be done with style sheets that cannot be accomplished

with regular HTML?

ANS: Many of the recent extensions to HTML have been tentative and

somewhat crude attempts to control document layout. Style sheets go

several steps beyond, and introduce complex border, margin and

spacing control to most HTML elements. It also extends the capabilities

introduced by most of the existing HTML browser extensions.

Background colors or images can now be assigned to ANY HTMLelement instead of just the BODY element and borders can now be

applied to any element instead of just to tables. For more information

on the possible properties in CSS, see the Index DOT CSS Property

Index.


10/14







28.What is inline function?

ANS: The inline keyword tells the compiler to substitute the code within

the function definition for every instance of a function call. However,substitution occurs only at the compiler's discretion. For example, the

compiler does not inline a function if its address is taken or if it is too

large to inline.

29. How do I quote font names in quoted values of the style attribute?

ANS: The attribute values can contain both single quotes and double

quotes as long as they come in matching pairs. If two pair of quotes are

required include single quotes in double ones or vice versa:

It's been reported the latter method doesn't work very well in some

browsers; therefore the first one should be used.

30.What is name mangling in C++??

ANS: The process of encoding the parameter types with the

function/method name into a unique name is called name mangling.

The inverse process is called demangling.For example: Foo::bar (int, long) const is mangled as 'bar C3Fooil'. For

a constructor, the method name is left out.

That is Foo::Foo(int, long) const is mangled as C3Fooil

31. Styles not showing?

ANS: There are different ways to apply CSS to a HTML document with a

style sheet, and these different ways can be combined:

* inline (internal) (Deprecated for XHTML)

* embedded (internal)

* linked (external) and

* @import (external)

Note: An external style sheet is a text file that contains only CSS Styles.

HTML comments are not supposed to be in there and can lead to


11/14







misinterpretation (> is the CSS "Child" selector!).

32.What is faster ++i or i++, where i is an integer variable?

ANS: The answer to this lies in the fact, how they used. With ++I(PreIncrement) the variable is incremented and new value is returned.

So it requires one instruction to increment the variable.

In case of i++ (post Increment), the old value has to be returned or used

in the expression and then the variable is incremented after the

expression is evaluated. Since you need one instruction to save the old

value to be used in the expression and other instruction to increment

the variable, its comparatively slower.

33. What is multi-tasking, multi programming, multi-threading?

ANS: Multi programming: Multiprogramming is the technique of

running several programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a

computer to do several things at the same time. Multiprogramming

creates logical parallelism. The concept of multiprogramming is that the

operating system keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously. The

operating system selects a job from the job pool and starts executing a

job, when that job needs to wait for any i/o operations the CPU is

switched to another job. So the main idea here is that the CPU is never

idle.

Multi-tasking: Multitasking is the logical extension of

multiprogramming .The concept of multitasking is quite similar to

multiprogramming but difference is that the switching between jobs

occurs so frequently that the users can interact with each program

while it is running. This concept is also known as time-sharing systems.

A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling andmultiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of time-

shared system.

Multi-threading: An application typically is implemented as a separate

process with several threads of control. In some situations a single

application may be required to perform several similar tasks for


12/14







example a web server accepts client requests for web pages, images,

sound, and so forth. A busy web server may have several of clients

concurrently accessing it. If the web server ran as a traditional single-

threaded process, it would be able to service only one client at a time.

The amount of time that a client might have to wait for its request to

be serviced could be enormous. So it is efficient to have one process

that contains multiple threads to serve the same purpose. This

approach would multithread the web-server process, the server would

create a separate thread that would listen for client requests when a

request was made rather than creating another process it would create

another thread to service the request. To get the advantages likeresponsiveness, Resource sharing economy and utilization of

multiprocessor architectures multithreading concept can be used.

34.What is a virtual destructor?

ANS: The simple answer is that a virtual destructor is one that is

declared with the virtual attribute. The behavior of a virtual destructor

is what is important. If you destroy an object through a caller or

reference to a base class and the base-class destructor is not virtual,

the derived-class destructors are not executed, and the destruction

might not be complete.

35. Which font names are available on all platforms?

ANS: The simple answer is "None" which is why CSS offers five generic

font names as 'serif', 'sans-serif', 'cursive', 'fantasy' and 'monospace'.

Never put any of these generic font names in quotes.

A CSS aware browser should make a suitable choice from the available

fonts in response to each of those generic names.Specifying any other font name in a www environment comes out as a

suggestion only, that may or may not be acknowledged by a browser.

The problem with using names of specific fonts is that there is little

point in naming fonts that few users will have, so you're down to listing

a few mass-market font names. This will then override any superior


13/14







selection that a minority of discerning readers may have made for

themselves. Note also that fonts may differ in their character

repertoire, but this is often not evident from the font name itself: by

selecting an inappropriate font name, you might prevent

internationalized content from displaying correctly for a proportion of

users.

36.What is Polymorphism?

ANS: Polymorphism allows a client to treat different objects in the same

way even if they were created from different classes and exhibit

different behaviors. You can use implementation inheritance to achieve

polymorphism in languages such as C++ and Java. Base class object'spointer can invoke methods in derived class objects.

37. Why does Netscape lose my styles?

ANS: Netscape 4.x has poor support for CSS. Having said that, the

following points should be noted. Invalid HTML will almost certainly

cause Netscape to ignore your CSS suggestions at some point. You will

find that valid HTML is your best friend, but for Netscape to work

properly you must ensure that all elements in your markup which

permit closing tags are explicitly closed. Check and correct your CSSsuggestions for the very same reason, Netscape 4.x is in fact doing "the

right thing", as per CSS specs (as opposed to MSIE) when it ignores style

rules with errors.

Netscape 4.x has what's called an "inheritance problem" into its TABLE

element. It can be argued that NS is all within its right to behave as it

does in this case, but since the workaround is quite simple it's easy

enough to just use it and be done with it.

Let's say you want your TABLE content to "look the same" as your

BODY content? "Redundant" styling comes to your help as in e.g. BODY,

TABLE, TH, TD { /* insert your styles here */ }

On a generic level, Netscape 4.x likes to have style rules applied directly

to the elements where they are needed. You can never really trust the


14/14







inheritance principle to work correctly at any level in Netscape 4.x.

38.What is a class?

ANS: A class is an expanded concept of a data structure: instead ofholding only data, it can hold both data and functions.

39. How can I place multiple blocks next to each other?

ANS: In theory, the following will produce 4 "columns":

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4Each "column" will occupy 25% of the screen. This relies on a correct

implementation of float, which cannot be said of many legacy

browsers. If you cannot accept display variances in older browsers, then

it may be best to fall back to table-based solutions.

By making the block an inline element and then use text-align property

... This technique depends on the incorrect

implementation of text-align behavior in older browsers. It will likely

cease to work in future CSS-conformant browsers, and eventually it will

probably not be a viable solution.

40.What is encapsulation?

ANS: Containing and hiding Information about an object, such as

internal data structures and code. Encapsulation isolates the internal

complexity of an object's operation from the rest of the application. For

example, a client component asking for net revenue from a business

object need not know the data's origin.

Date post:	08-Aug-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	puli-naveen
View:	223 times
Download:	0 times

Ramco Sample Technical Placement Paper

Documents