Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key CHAPTER 1 CELLS AND KINGDOMS Lesson 1 Cells Read a Photo: Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms The frog is multicellular (as is the inset photo of frog cells). (p. 3) Read a Diagram: Plant Cell chloroplast, cell wall (p. 6) Quick Check 1. cell (p. 3) 2. another cell (p. 3) 3. unicellular (p. 3) 4. multicellular (p.3) 5. Possible answers: controls what enters and leaves cell; protects the cell; gives the cell shape (p. 5) 6. supports cell parts (p. 5) 7. controls cell’s actions (p. 5) 8. break down food and release energy for the cell to use (p. 5) 9. b 10. c 11. a Lesson 2 Classifying Life Read a Chart: Classification of Horses Kingdom (p. 9) Read a Graph: Number of Animal Species Arthropods (p. 11) Quick Check 12. phylum (p. 9) 13. class (p. 9) 14. species (p. 9) 1 of 61
Transcript
Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 1 CELLS AND KINGDOMS
Lesson 1 Cells
Read a Photo: Unicellular and Multicellular OrganismsThe frog is multicellular (as is the inset photo of frog cells). (p. 3)
Read a Diagram: Plant Cellchloroplast, cell wall (p. 6)
Quick Check1. cell (p. 3)2. another cell (p. 3) 3. unicellular (p. 3)4. multicellular (p.3)5. Possible answers: controls what enters and leaves cell; protects the cell; gives the cell shape (p. 5)6. supports cell parts (p. 5)7. controls cell’s actions (p. 5)8. break down food and release energy for the cell to use (p. 5)9. b10. c11. a
Lesson 2 Classifying Life
Read a Chart: Classification of HorsesKingdom (p. 9)
Read a Graph: Number of Animal SpeciesArthropods (p. 11)
Quick Check 12. phylum (p. 9)13. class (p. 9)14. species (p. 9)15. Possible answers: humans, cats, dogs, mice, snakes (p. 11)16. Possible answers: clams, snails, sea stars (p. 11)17. Possible answer: plants: cell wall (p. 13)18. Possible answer: plants: make food (p. 13)19. Possible answer: fungi: cell wall (p. 13)20. Possible answer: fungi: must get food from other organisms (p. 13)21. Bacteria can cause disease. (p. 14)22. Bacteria help break down food that we eat. (p. 14)23. virus (p. 15)
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Lesson 3 Plants
Read a Diagram: Soft and Woody Stemsxylem (p. 19)
Read a Diagram: Transport in Plantsthe roots (p. 21)
Quick Check 24. Students should check all. (p. 17)25. Students should check gymnosperms and angiosperms only. (p. 17)26. Students should check seedless only. (p. 17)27. Students should check angiosperms only. (p. 17)28. grows deep in ground (p. 18)29. doesn’t touch the ground (p. 18)30. woody (p. 19)31. soft (p. 19)32. sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide (p. 21)33. They eat plants and get the energy that is stored in the plants. (p. 23)
Lesson 4 Classifying Animals
Read a Photo: Arthropodsladybug (the photo on the right) (p. 27)
Read a Photo: Birds and ReptilesThe bird uses wings to move. The reptile uses legs. (p. 29)
Quick Check 34. Possible answers: worms, cnidarians, sponges (or porifera) (p. 25)35. Possible answers: any snail, clam, or squid (p. 27)36. Possible answers: sea stars, sea cucumbers (p. 27)37. Possible answers: any insect, spider, or crab (p. 27)38. keep warm (p. 29)39. feathers (p. 29)40. Possible answers: duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater (p. 31)41. Possible answers: koala, kangaroo (p. 31)42. Possible answers: tiger, giraffe, human, dog, elephant, whale (p. 31)
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Lesson 5 Animal Systems
Read a Diagram: Digestive and Excretory SystemsEsophagus (p. 33)
Read a Diagram: Circulation and Respirationin the lungs/alveoli (p. 35)
Quick Check 43. protects organs (p. 32)44. supports the body (p. 32)45. b46. a47. F48. T
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Chapter 1: Vocabulary Review1. species (p. 38)2. unicellular (p. 38)3. organism (p. 38)4. angiosperm (p. 38)5. multicellular (p. 38)6. nonvascular (p. 38)7. cell (p. 38)8. xylem (p. 38)9. organ (p. 38)10. d (p. 38)11. b (p. 38)12. c (p. 38)13. a (p. 38)
N Q B I M L S F T U W K CH V N D M W E S X T R F TB A V V U Q W T I K I N IG B A G B D A W Y T I C SZ E S U C N N H Y K E I SV N C E L E V L Z Y J L UT H U K P B L F C C N J EO I L J X M Q L D M T W YL S A A Q T D W E A U P AA L R S O R G A N I S M CA R O I C X V W I R C M VE K D L Y H F J Z W N N LG A C H L O R O P H Y L L
SummarizeAll living things are made of cells. They can be classified into six kingdoms. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Animals can be classified based on form, structure, and behavior. In some animals, body systems work together to allow the body to move, get energy, and respond to the world.
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CHAPTER 2 PARENTS AND OFFSPRING
Lesson 1 Reproduction
Read a Photo: Strawberry ReproductionThe new plant is attached by a runner. (p. 44)
Read a Photo: VariationTheir coloring is not identical to either one of their parents’. (p. 45)
Quick Check 1. sexual (p. 43)2. asexual (p. 43)3. splitting, budding, vegetative propagation (p. 44)4. It allows for differences in species. (p. 45)
Lesson 2 Plant Life Cycles
Read a Diagram: Fern Life Cyclea new fern plant (p. 47)
Read a Chart: Types of Flowersperfect/incomplete flower (p. 49)
Quick Check5. Spores are carried by the wind. (p. 46)6. spores (p. 47)7. asexual reproduction (p. 47)8. stamen; pistil (p. 49)9. bees and other animals, wind (p. 51)10. embryo, cotyledon, seed coat (p. 52)11. monocot (p. 53)12. dicot (p. 53)13. dicot (p. 53)14. pine tree (p. 55)15. angiosperm (p. 55)
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Lesson 3 Animal Life Cycles
Read a Diagram: Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosiscomplete metamorphosis (p. 57)
Read a Photo: Comparing Eggsfrog eggs (p. 59)
Quick Check16. egg, larva, pupa, adult (p. 57)17. internal (p. 58)18. external (p. 58)19. A reptile embryo gets food from the yolk. (p. 59)
Lesson 4 Traits and Heredity
Read a Diagram: Pea CrossingAny flower with a capital P will have purple flowers (because P is dominant). (p. 62)
Read a Chart: Pedigree ChartBoth sons show the dominate trait. (p. 63)
SummarizeAll living things come from other living things. The life cycles of plants and animals involve different stages of development. Plants and animals have a number of ways to reproduce and to make sure that their offspring survive. Traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits control how organisms look and how they act.
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CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS
Lesson 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Forest EcosystemNonliving things include water, rocks, soil, sunlight, and air. (p. 69)
Read a Diagram: Forest and Salt Marsh Food Webmouse, bird, fish (p. 72)
Quick Check 1. biotic factors (p. 69)2. abiotic factors (p. 69)3. population (p. 69)4. b (p. 71)5. c (p. 71)6. a (p. 71)7. F (p. 73)8. T (p. 73)9. plants (p. 74)10. In order, top to bottom: 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 (p. 75)
Lesson 2 Relationships in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Hawaiian HoneycreepersThe akiapolaau has a sharp curved beak to pick insects out of bark.The apapane has a long, thin beak to sip nectar from flowers. (p. 79)
Read a Photo: Ray and RemorasPossible answers: The ray is giving them a ride, protecting them from predators, and letting them eat scraps of food the ray hunts. (p. 80)
Quick Check 11. Possible answers: food, water, space, rainfall, temperature, soil type, shelter (p. 77)12. competition (p. 79)13. niche (p. 79)14. ants and acacia (p. 80)15. ray and remoras (p. 80)16. parasites; harm (p. 81)
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Lesson 3 Adaptation and Survival
Read a Diagram: Orchid AdaptationsThey absorb water from the air. (p. 84)
Read a Photo: Snake MimicryThey are the same colors. They both have stripes. (p. 87)
Quick Check 17. webbed feet (p. 83)18. waxy outer covering (p. 83)19. orchid (p. 85)20. milkweed (p. 85)21. water lily (p. 85)22. oak tree (p. 85)23. Many desert animals are active at night because temperatures are much cooler at night than during the day. (p. 86)24. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Pipefish resemble sea grass in its environment. (p. 86)25. monarch butterfly (p. 87)26. coral snake (p. 87)27. worm (p. 87)
R E T A E O L O P K C L LI I P S Y M B I O S I S RV E H W E S H S P F M T WM N S A E N O P U A E S TD U H O E G S M L G D N OY S F O O D C H A I N H NS X N R A F Q L T I E B WS E A C R R F E I J W S ZH D E J L U S Z O P O K BE X P C O M M U N I T Y RH B E M Y Q M O B S E A BA D A P T A T I O N T K JE C O S Y S T E M E B G R
1. e (p. 89)2. f (p. 89)3. c (p. 89)4. a (p. 89)5. b (p. 89)6. d (p. 89)7. parasitism (p. 89)8. energy pyramid (p. 89)9. mimicry (p. 89)
SummarizeAn ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in an environment. Energy flows in an ecosystem through food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. Organisms in an ecosystem compete for food, space, and other resources. Organisms have adaptations that help them survive in their environments.
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CHAPTER 4 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOMES
Lesson 1 Cycles in Ecosystems
Read a Diagram: Water Cycleevaporation, transpiration (p. 93)
Read a Diagram: Carbon Cycle People in the house will burn the oil for heat or power. (p. 95)
Read a Photo: Beaver DamsPossible answer: Its dam will create new habitats and food supplies for other animals. (p. 99)
Read a Diagram: Stages of Primary Successionpioneer community, intermediate community, climax community (p. 103)
Quick Check 10. Possible answer: The reef becomes a new habitat for other organisms. (p. 99)11. Possible answer: New habitats are formed. (p. 99)12. extinct (p. 101)13. endangered (p. 101)14. In order, top to bottom: 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 (p. 103)15. secondary (p. 105)16. weeds (p. 105)17. hardwood (p. 105)18. climax (p. 105)
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Lesson 3 Biomes
Read a Map: Global BiomesSouth America (p. 106)
Read a Photo: Rain ForestsPossible answers: The tropical rainforest has a waterfall and trees full of leaves. The temperate rain forest has more open space, trees with fewer branches, and more plants growing right on other plants. (p. 110)
Quick Check 19. habitats (p. 107)20. biomes (p. 107)21. rainfall (p. 107)22. cold (p. 107)23. tundra (p. 109)24. taiga (p. 109)25. tundra (p. 109)26. tundra (p. 109)27. The trees lose their leaves during cool weather. (p. 110)28. Possible answers: corn, wheat, oats (p. 111)29. Possible answers: bison, grasshoppers, crickets, butterflies, toads, worms, insects, mice, prairie dogs, snakes, birds (p. 111)
Read a Diagram: Ocean Zonesthe intertidal zone (p. 116)
Quick Check30. plankton: diatoms, animal larvae (p. 113)31. nekton: turtles, fish, whales (p. 113)32. benthos: oysters, worms, lobsters (p. 113)33. F (p. 115)34. T (p. 115)35. intertidal zone (116)36. Possible answers: They protect coastal places by soaking up water during storms. The roots and stems of marsh plants trap pollution and keep the ocean clean. Estuaries provide homes to many types of
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animals. Many ocean organisms use estuaries as breeding grounds. (p. 117)
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Chapter 4: Vocabulary ReviewAcross2. pioneer species (p. 118)6. water cycle (p. 118)7. biome (p. 118)
1. c (p. 119)2. c (p. 119)3. d (p. 119)4. a (p. 119)5. b (p. 119)6. a (p. 119)7. d (p. 119)
SummarizeWater, carbon, and nitrogen are cycled through ecosystems. Earth has six major land biomes, or super-ecosystems: tundra, taiga, desert, rain forest, deciduous forest, and grassland. Earth’s water ecosystems include bodies of fresh water, salt water, and mixed water in areas where salt and fresh water bodies meet. Ecosystems can change naturally over time
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CHAPTER 5 OUR DYNAMIC EARTH
Lesson 1 Earth’s Landforms
Read a Diagram: Ocean Featurescontinental shelf (p. 124)
Read a Map: Topographical Map of Nunivak Island, Alaska Seemalik Butte (p. 127)
Read a Diagram: Theory of Continental DriftThe space has grown larger. There is more water between the two continents. (p. 131)
Read a Diagram: Spread of the Ocean FloorThe magma is the yellow material in the middle. It is pushing the plates apart. (p. 133)
Quick Check13. T (p. 131)14. F (p. 131)15. T (p. 131)16. T (p. 131)17. The continents move apart. (p. 133)18. It builds up equally on both sides of the opening on the ocean floor.
(p. 133)19. folded mountain: Compression forces the ground upward. (p. 135)20. both: Both form when plates move. Both are mountains. (p. 135)21. fault-block mountain: Shear moves one side of a fault up and the other side down. (p. 135)
Lesson 3 Volcanoes
Read a Diagram: A VolcanoVents (p. 136)
Read a Diagram: How the Hawaiian Islands FormedHawaii (p.139)
Quick Check22. from top to bottom: 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 (p. 137)23. Volcanoes erupt differently. Also the kinds of materials they give off affect their shape. (p. 138)24. volcanic (p. 139)25. hot spot (p. 139)
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Lesson 4 Earthquakes
Read a Map: Earthquake Locations on the west coast (p. 141)
Read a Photo: Effects of a TsunamiThere is water all around the land. Much of the land is underwater. (p. 145)
Quick Check 26. fault (p. 141)27. focus (p. 141)28. energy (p. 141)29. seismometer (p. 143)30. P waves (p. 143)31. S waves (p. 143)32. Lg waves (p. 143)33. tsunami (p. 145)34. T (p. 147)35. T (p. 147)36. F (p. 147)37. T (p. 147)
Lesson 5 Shaping Earth’s Surface
Read a Photo: Forming a ValleyThere is water and ice on the sides and bottom. The valley is U-shaped, a characteristic of change caused by glaciers. (p. 151)
Read a Photo: Floodplainthe photo on the right (p. 154)
Quick Check38. physical (p. 149)39. physical (p. 149)40. chemical (p. 149)41. physical (p. 149)42. gravity (p. 151)43. erosion (p. 151)44. glacier (p. 151)45. running water (rivers), waves, wind (p. 153)45. a barrier island (p. 154)47. Possible answer: Build a dam to slow the water. (p. 155)
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48. Possible answers: Put up a fence, build a barricade, replace the sand. (p. 155)
1. b (p. 157)2. d (p. 157)3. d (p. 157)4. c (p. 157)5. b (p. 157)6. a (p. 157)7. d (p. 157)8. a (p. 157)
SummarizeEach layer of Earth has its own features. Earth’s crust is made of plates that are constantly moving. Volcanoes occur when magma from deep inside Earth erupts and reaches Earth’s surface. Earthquakes occur when Earth’s plates suddenly move. Weathering and erosion change the shape of Earth’s surface.
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CHAPTER 6 PROTECTING EARTH’S RESOURCES
Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks
Read a Table: Mohs’ Hardness Scaletalc (p. 161)
Read a Diagram: The Rock CyclePressure and heat turn metamorphic rock into magma, which cools to form igneous rock. (p. 165)
Quick Check 1. elements (p. 161)2. luster (p. 161)3. Possible answers: topaz, mica, amethyst, emerald, diamond (p. 163)4. c (p. 164)5. a (p. 164)6. b (p. 164)7. T (p. 167)8. F (p. 167)9. T (p. 167)10. T (p. 167)
Lesson 2 Soil
Read a Diagram: Soil Horizonsin the A horizon (the topsoil) (p. 169)
Read a Photo: Conserving Soilcontour plowing (could also be strip farming) (p. 172)
Quick Check11. c (p. 169)12. b (p. 169)13. forest soil; desert soil; grassland soil (p. 171)14. garbage; chemicals used to kill insects and weeds (p. 171)15. – 16. Answers may vary but should include two of these examples: add fertilizer to replace nutrients; plant across a hill, not up and down; plant on terraces; plant grass between rows of crops; plant tall trees around a farm; pass laws about pollution; help clean up polluted land; spread the word about conserving soil. (p. 173)
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Lesson 3 Fossils and Energy
Read a Diagram: Law of SuperpositionFlint is the oldest; it is the bottom-most layer. Limestone is the youngest; it is on top. (p. 176)
Read a Photo: Alternative Energy Sourcessolar panel (p. 181)
Quick Check17. remains (p. 175)18. peat (p. 175)19. fossil (p. 175)20. older (p. 177)21. half-life (p. 177)22. periods (p. 177)23. coal; oil; natural gas (p. 179)24. wind; moving water; sunlight (p. 179)25. c (p. 181)26. d (p. 181)27. c (p. 182)28. a (p. 182)29. b (p. 182)30. Possible answers: using a toaster, riding in a car or bus, using a computer, listening to an MP3 player, turning on a light, etc. (p. 183)31. Answers will vary. Accept any answer that describes energy conservation. (p. 183)
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Lesson 4 Air and Water
Read a Diagram: Usable Sources of Fresh WaterThe water flows through the dam, into the river, and to the ocean. (p. 185)
Read a Graph: Water Use in the United Statesthermoelectric power and irrigation (p. 186)
Quick Check 32. river, stream (p. 185)33. lake, reservoir (p. 185)34. Possible answers: Farmers use water for their crops; people use water in their homes for cooking and cleaning; businesses use water in the manufacturing of goods; power-generation companies use water to generate electricity. (p. 187)35. Possible answer: Factories pollute water; storm water run-off from farm fields and streets carries chemicals to groundwater sources; household chemicals can pollute water sources. (p. 187) 36. Possible answers: Take shorter showers; don’t leave faucets running; fix leaking pipes and faucets; wash dishes by hand; use water-efficient appliances; grow plants that don’t require a lot of water. (p. 189)37. ozone (p. 190)38. pollution (p. 190)39. T (p. 191)40. F (p. 191)41. T (p. 191)
1. c (p. 193)2. e (p. 193)3. b (p. 193)4. d (p. 193)5. a (p. 193)6. f (p. 193)7. g (p. 193)
SummarizeRocks and minerals are formed in different ways. They also have different properties. Soil is a natural resource made of a mixture of nonliving material and once-living things. Ancient organisms became fossils and fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources. We need to use renewable sources for energy. Air and water are resources that support life on Earth.
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CHAPTER 7 WEATHER PATTERNS
Lesson 1 The Atmosphere and Weather
Read a Diagram: Angles of Sunlight on the First Day of Springwhere the sunlight hits Earth at 180°, or at the poles (p. 196)
Read a Diagram: Air Movement in Sea and Land Breezesfrom over the water to the land (p. 204)
Quick Check 1. equator (p. 197)2. angles (p. 197)3. shape (p. 197)4. F (p. 199)5. T (p. 199)6. T (p. 199)7.–10. The order may vary but answers should include: volume, temperature, height above Earth's surface, amount of water vapor (p. 201)11. trade winds (p. 203)12. global wind (p. 203)13. Coriolis effect (p. 203)14. Possible answer: as warm air over land rises, cooler air comes in from over the water to take its place, creating a cool sea breeze (p. 204)15. Possible answers: barometer, measures air pressure; wind sock, shows wind direction and indicates strength; anemometer, measures wind speed (p. 205)
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Lesson 2 Clouds and Precipitation
Read a Diagram: How Precipitation FormsWater vapor condenses. (p. 209)
Read a Photo: Moving FrontsOne day it is over the middle part of the country. Two days later it is over the eastern part. (p. 211)
Quick Check16. Possible answer: A cirrus cloud is very high in the sky and forms from ice crystals. Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)17. Possible answer: A cumulus cloud is puffy and forms from water droplets. Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)18. Possible answer: Stratus clouds look like layers. They also form from water droplets. Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)19. raindrops are held in storm clouds, colliding with bits of ice to freeze and form ice pellets (p. 209)20. water vapor turns directly into ice crystals and falls to the ground as snow (p. 209)21. liquid raindrops fall through a very cold air mass, freezing as they fall (p. 209)22. The cold air pushes up the warm air and the moisture in the warm air condenses to make clouds. This brings precipitation. (p. 211)23. Most weather in North America moves from west to east. (p. 211)24. low-pressure (p. 212)25. You could predict tomorrow would probably be cooler. (p. 213)
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Lesson 3 Severe Storms
Read a Diagram: How a Thunderstorm FormsIt cools down. (p. 214)
Read a Photo: Winter StormsThe road may be blocked and power lines may be down in North Dakota. In New York, roads are blocked and cars are buried. (p. 216)
Quick Check26. In order, top to bottom: 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (p. 215)27. an ice storm (p. 217)28. a whiteout (p. 217)29. b (p. 219)30. b (p. 219)31. equator (p. 221)32. 74 mph (p. 221)33. cyclones (p. 221)34. Answers will vary. Possible answer: doppler radar, barometer, anemometer, rain gauge, weather balloon, cameras, airplane (p. 223)
Lesson 4 Climate
Read a Diagram: Climate by PlantsIt is wet and cold. (p. 225)
Read a Map: Ocean Currents of the WorldGulf Stream, warm (p. 226)
Quick Check 35.–38. Possible answers: average temperature, average rainfall, latitude, plants (p. 225)39. Possible answer: That city is warmer in summer and cooler in winter than a city by the ocean. (p. 227)40. Possible answer: The higher the elevation, the cooler the climate. (p. 227)41. Possible answer: The climate of nearby land is warm and humid. (p. 227)42. Possible answer: El Niño cold current sinks (p. 229)43. Possible answer: Both change weather conditions, happen in the Pacific Ocean, are affected by cold water current (p. 229)44. Possible answer: La Niña cold current rises (p. 229)
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Chapter 7: Vocabulary Review1. weather (p. 230)2. front (p. 230)3. humidity (p. 230)4. tornado (p. 230)5. air mass (p. 230)6. air pressure (p. 230)7. barometer (p. 230)8. hurricane (p. 230)9. climate (p. 230)atmosphere the layers of gases that surround Earth (p. 230)
1. global wind (p. 231)2. barometer (p. 231) 3. storm surge (p. 231) 4. front (p. 231) 5. weather map (p. 231) 6. El Niño (p. 231) Circled letters: ADRSNWHAIO, used to spell rain shadow.
SummarizeHeat energy from the Sun changes air pressure and causes winds. Water vapor in the air can form clouds, fog, rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Air masses and fronts change weather as they move. Storms are caused by the meeting of cold and warm air masses. Average weather patterns over many years determine an area's climate.
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CHAPTER 8 THE UNIVERSE
Lesson 1 Earth and Sun
Read a Diagram: Gravity and InertiaYellow—the solid line that curves (p. 235)
Read a Diagram: How Seasons Change in the Northern HemisphereAs Earth revolves around the Sun, the different parts of Earth receive more direct sunlight as a result of the tilt of Earth’s axis. Summer occurs when the Sun’s rays are most direct. (p. 237)
Quick Check1. gravity (p. 235)2. inertia (p. 235)3. T (p. 237)4. F (p. 237)5. rotation (p. 238)6. one day, or 24 hours (p. 238)7. F (p. 239)8. F (p. 239)
Lesson 2 Earth and Moon
Read a Diagram: EclipsesThe Moon is in Earth’s shadow. (p. 243)
Read a Diagram: Tides During One Monthspring tides (p. 245)
Quick Check9. phase (p. 241)10. The penumbra has some light. The umbra is totally dark. (p. 242)11. the force of gravity between Earth and the Moon and between Earth and the Sun (p. 244)12. twice a day; between high tides (p. 244)13. spring (p. 245)14. neap (p. 245)15. full; new (p. 245)16. first quarter; last quarter (p. 245)
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Lesson 3 The Solar System
Read a Chart: Planetary DataJupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (p. 249)
Read a Photo: Various Moons of the Solar SystemDeimos and Phobos; by using the scale (p 253)
Quick Check17. Possible answers: Larger lenses and mirrors are used in today’s telescopes. They can also be put into space. Telescopes have been invented that pick up things other than light. (p. 247) 18. Possible answers: It allows scientists to avoid having to look through Earth’s atmosphere; it allows scientists to see objects that are trillions of miles away. (p. 247)19. solar system (p. 248)20. Mercury (p. 248)21. T (p. 251)22. F (p. 251)23. F (p. 251)24. F (p. 251)25. satellites placed in orbit by people (p. 252)26. Smaller objects crash into them. (p. 253)27. asteroid (p. 254)28. space probes (p. 255)
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Lesson 4 Stars and the Universe
Read a Diagram: Color and Surface Temperatures of StarsRed (p. 258)
Read a Diagram: Finding Polaristhe Little Dipper (p. 260)
Quick Check29. star (p. 256)30. nebula (p. 256)31. helium (p. 257)32. white dwarf (p. 257)33. supernova (p. 258)34. black hole (p. 258)35. by studying the motion and brightness (to see if the star is affected by the gravity of a planet or if a planet blocks its light) (p. 259)36. a pattern of stars (p. 260)37. 9.5 billion (p. 261)38. billions (p. 262)39. big bang theory (p. 263)
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Chapter 8: Vocabulary Review1. f (p. 264)2. h (p. 264)3. k (p. 264)4. c (p. 264)5. g (p. 264)6. e (p. 264)7. j (p. 264)8. a (p. 264)9. i (p. 264)10. d (p. 264)11. b (p. 264)
1. c (p. 265)2. b (p. 265)3. d (p. 265)4. c (p. 265)5. a (p. 265)6. b (p. 265)
SummarizeGravity and inertia keep Earth in orbit around the Sun. The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite. Our solar system in made up of the Sun, eight planets, and their moons. Our solar system also contains comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. The Sun is a star. Stars are parts of systems, such as galaxies and solar systems.
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CHAPTER 9 COMPARING KINDS OF MATTER
Lesson 1 Properties of Matter
Read a Photo: Measuring MatterA marble was put in the second cylinder. It takes up space and pushes up the water level. (p. 269)
Read a Diagram: Measuring MatterThe rubber ball is the same size (volume) as the marble. However, it is floating on top of the water, which means is has lower density. (p. 270)
Quick Check1. d (p. 269)2. a (p. 269)3. c (p. 269)4. b (p. 269)5. more (p. 271)6. less (p. 271)7. more (p. 271)8. less (p. 271)9. solid (p. 273)10. definite volume, but can change shape (p. 273)11. no defined shape or volume; will fill whatever container it’s in (p.
273)
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Lesson 2 Elements
Read a Diagram: Atom8 electrons (p. 276)
Read a Diagram: The Periodic Table of Elementsa gas (p. 279)
Quick Check12. Elements can be solid, liquid, or gas. (p. 275)13. Some elements are reactive. (p. 275)14. Elements can be metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. (p. 275)15. proton, neutron, electron (p. 277)16. two or more atoms joined together (p. 277)17. carbon (C) (p. 279)18. iron (Fe) (p. 279)19. silicon (Si) (p. 279)20. hydrogen (H) (p. 279)21. mercury (Hg) (p. 279)22. bromine (Br) (p. 279)23. Hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water. Water is found in plants, animals, and the ocean. (p. 280)24. in bones (p. 280)25. F (p. 281)26. F (p. 281)
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Lesson 3 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Read a Photo: Building with MetalBoth are made of metal. (p. 284)
Read a Diagram: Position of ElementsAluminum is positioned to the left of silicon on the periodic table of elements. It is identified as a metal, and silicon is identified as a metalloid. (p. 287)
Quick Check27. Metals shine when they are polished. (p. 283)28. Metals carry heat and electricity well. (p. 283)29. Metals can be shaped (or are malleable). (p. 283)30.–32. Answers will vary. Possible answers: Strong metals can be used for support or in construction; soft metals can be used for wiring or to conduct electricity; nonreactive metals can be used for medical purposes; reactive metals can be used in batteries. (p. 285)33. tin (p. 287)34. silicon (p. 287)35. Nonmetals do not carry electricity well. They can be wrapped around electrical cords to protect us from getting shocked. (p. 289)36. Metalloids, such as silicon, are used to make computer chips. (p.
289)
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Chapter 9: Vocabulary Review1. c (p. 290)2. a (p. 290)3. b (p. 290)4. d (p. 290)5. b (p. 290)6. a (p. 290)7. c (p. 290)8. b (p. 290)
1. molecule (p. 291)2. elements (p. 291)3. density (p. 291)4. atoms (p. 291)5. weight (p. 291)6. volume (p. 291)
W T M A V S B I PM E L E M E N T SO S I O Y O K A DL V T G A T L D EE A I P H B S I NC M H W A T O M SU V O L U M E W IL S P K L M R B TE K J H F W M B Y
SummarizeMatter can be described by properties. Some properties include mass, weight, volume, density, and state. The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. All matter is made of elements. Elements are classified into one of three groups: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
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CHAPTER 10 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Lesson 1 Changes of State
Read a Diagram: Changes of StateHeat causes a solid to melt and a liquid to evaporate. (p. 294)
Read a Diagram: Heating Curve for WaterThe boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of water. (p. 296)
Quick Check 1. solid (p. 295)2. gas (p. 295)3. gas (p. 295)4. solid (p. 295)5. liquid (p. 295)6. F (p. 296)7. T (p. 296)8. It grows larger. (p. 297)
Lesson 2 Mixtures
Read a Photo: Suspension in WaterThe mud and clay would become suspended, or mixed up, in the water again. (p. 299)
Read a Diagram: Separating MixturesYou would use a magnet to attract the pieces of iron. (p. 301)
Quick Check9. F (p. 299)10. T (p. 299)11. A solution is a mixture with parts that blend so that it looks the same everywhere. (p. 300)12. b (p. 301)13. a (b can also be correct if separating iron pieces from water) (p.
301)14. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Copper is flexible. Zinc is hard. The two metals mix together to make brass, which is both flexible and hard. (p. 303)
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Lesson 3 Compounds and Chemical Changes
Read a Diagram: Baking Soda and Vinegar Reaction14 atoms in the reactants; 14 atoms in the products (p. 307)
Read a Photo: Signs of a Chemical ChangeThe burning candle may have the greatest increase in temperature because the flame gives off a great deal of heat. (p. 309)
Quick Check15. 1 (p. 305)16. 1 (p. 305)17. 1 (p. 305)18. 3 (p. 305)19. c (p. 307)20. a (p. 307)21. b (p. 307)22. d (p. 307)23.–27. Student answers should include: changes color, forms tarnish, releases gas, forms a precipitate, releases energy (p. 309)28. A plant uses photosynthesis to make food. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that uses energy from the Sun to make simple sugars. (p. 311)
Lesson 4 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Read a Diagram: Acids and Bases in WaterA chlorine ion has a negative charge; a sodium ion has a positive charge. (p. 313)
Read a Diagram: pH Scale7 (p. 314)
Quick Check29. F (p. 313)30. F (p. 313)31. T (p. 313)32. T (p. 313)33. base (p. 314)34. acid (p. 314)35. An acid and a base react to form a salt and water. (p. 315)
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Chapter 10: Vocabulary Review1. c (p. 316)2. b (p. 316)3. d (p. 316)4. b (p. 316)5. d (p. 316)6. c (p. 316)7. a (p. 316)8. b (p. 316)
1. mixture (p. 317)2. solution (p. 317)3. acid (p. 317)4. base (p. 317)5. physical (p. 317)6. chemical (p. 317)
M H F H A C H L P Q BI I R L M G A S H L AH X X X D C N K Y H SR W J T I N B N S G EI M J M U D O L I R EW G E E C R G V C I NK H S J R D E O A G DC A R N O F T U L G ES O L U T I O N A P AX W L O E A L Q S C ZJ M B M Y W A C I D U
Summarize Matter can change state when heat is added or taken away. Mixtures are physical combinations of different kinds of matter. Compounds form when two or more elements join together to make something new. Acids are chemical compounds that make blue litmus turn red and bases are chemical compounds that make red litmus turn blue.
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CHAPTER 11 USING FORCES
Lesson 1 Motion
Read a Diagram: Positions on a GridThe car on the right (i.e., the blue car) has a longer arrow. (p. 320)
Read a Diagram: Airplane VelocitiesThe planes are all flying in different directions. (p. 323)
Quick Check1. a (p. 321)2. d (p. 321)3. b (p. 321)4. c (p. 321)5. Divide the total distance traveled by the total time. (p. 323)6. Velocity is the speed and direction of a moving object. (p. 323)7. velocity (p. 325)8. acceleration (p. 325)9. speed (p. 325)10. T (p. 327)11. F (p. 327) 12. F (p. 327)13. F (p. 327)
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Lesson 2 Forces and Motion
Read a Diagram: Sliding BlocksRough surfaces have more friction. Friction increases with weight, so a lighter block will have less friction. (p. 331)
Read a Photo: Accelerating BoatPossible answers: row harder (increase rowing force); decrease the boat’s mass (reduce resistance). (p. 334)
Quick Check14. crush (p. 329)15. pulls (p. 329)16. pressed (p. 329)17. lift (p. 329)18. drag (p. 329)19. F (p. 331)20. T (p. 331)21. T (p. 331)22. T (p. 331)23. balanced (p. 332)24. unbalanced (p. 332)25. unbalanced (p. 332)26. balanced (p. 332)27. Possible answers: adding mass to the boat, increasing friction, increasing drag, or reducing the rowing force (p. 334)28. action; reaction (p. 335)
Lesson 3 Work and Energy
Read a Diagram: Lifting BoxesThe pink boxes lower to the ground. (Assuming they have the same or less mass than the yellow boxes,) they require less force because they’re being moved over a shorter distance than the yellow boxes. (p. 336)
Read a Photo: Using Energythe pictures showing “dropping” and “throwing” (p. 338)
Quick Check29. F (p. 337)30. F (p. 337)31. Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object. Potential energy is stored energy. Potential energy has the potential to do work. (p. 338)32. F (p. 339)33. T (p. 339)
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34. F (p. 339)
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Lesson 4 Simple Machines
Read a Photo: Classes of LeversThe fulcrum is in the middle of the seesaw; the fulcrum is at the wheel of the wheelbarrow; the fulcrum is at the handle-end of the fishing rod. (p. 343)
Read a Photo: Using a RampHe does not have to use as much effort to walk up. The ramp is not steep. (p. 346)
Quick Check35. simple machine (p. 341)36. effort (p. 341)37. output (p. 341)38. load (p. 341)39. The two parts of a lever are the bar and the fulcrum. (p. 343)40. Student answers should indicate that the pulley is on the back of the truck. The wheel and axle can be described as one of the tires or the winch. (p. 345)41. inclined plane (p. 347)42. Wedges (p. 347)43. screw (p. 347)44. Possible answers: pulley, wheel and axle, lever (p. 348)45. lever and wedge (p. 348)46. When two or more simple machines are combined, they form a compound machine . (p. 349)48. An elevator uses many simple machines. (p. 349)
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Chapter 11: Vocabulary Review1. d (p. 350)2. a (p. 350)3. b (p. 350)4. a (p. 350)5. d (p. 350)6. d (p. 350)7. b (p. 350)8. c (p. 350)
1. velocity (p. 351)2. momentum (p. 351)3. work (p. 351)4. simple machine (p. 351)5. friction (p. 351)6. force (p. 351)
SummarizeMotion is a change in an object’s position. Forces, such as gravity and friction, may cause changes in motion. Work is done when a force is used to move an object. Energy is required to move an object. Simple machines change the forces and distances used to do work.
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CHAPTER 12 USING ENERGY
Lesson 1 Heat
Read a Diagram: Transmitting Heatthe teapot (p. 357)
Read a Table: ConductivityDiamond (p. 358)
Quick Check1. Heat (p. 355)2. temperature (p. 355)3. conduction (p. 357)4. radiation (p. 357)5. convection (p. 357)6. wood (p. 358)7. diamond (p. 358)8. T (p. 359)9. F (p. 359)10. F (p. 359)
Lesson 2 Sound
Read a Photo: Doppler EffectThe whistle will sound higher in pitch as it approaches; the pitch will decrease as it passes. (p. 363)
Read a Table: Volume of Sounds120 dB (p. 364)
Quick Check11. Compressions are areas of squeezed particles in a vibration. (p.
360)12. Rarefactions are areas of spread out particles in a vibration. (p.
360)13. T (p. 361)14. F (p. 361)15. F (p. 361)16. frequency (p. 363)17. pitch (p. 363)18. frequency (p. 363)19. volume (p. 364)20. force (p. 364)21. decreases, dissipates (p. 364)
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22. Bats make sounds that echo off their prey. These echoes tell the bat where food is located. (p. 365)
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Lesson 3 Light
Read a Photo: Creating a Spectrumseparating it into bands of colors (p. 370)
Read a Diagram: Electromagnetic SpectrumGamma rays have the shortest wavelength because the peaks of those waves are the closest together. (p. 371)
Read a Diagram: Static ElectricityThe shoe is rubbed back and forth across the carpet. Electrons are knocked off the carpet onto the shoe. (p. 372)
Read a Diagram: Circuit DiagramsThe bottom diagram—the parallel circuit. Electricity can flow through the other light bulbs to complete the circuit even after one light bulb is removed. (p. 377)
Quick Check29. charges (p. 373)30. opposite (p. 373)31. positive protons (p. 373)32. resistor (p. 375)33. circuit (p. 375)34. switch (p. 375)35. electrons (p. 375)36. series (p. 376)37. parallel (p. 376)38. parallel (p. 376)39. series (p. 376)40. They stop the flow of large currents that can cause fires. (p. 379)
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Lesson 5 Magnetism
Read a Diagram: ElectromagnetismThere are more magnetic field lines and they are closer together. (p. 381)
Read a Diagram: Electric GeneratorFlowing water pushes the turbine blades and rotates the axle. The axle moves the coils. (p. 383)
Quick Check41. attract (p. 380)42. repel (p. 380)43. Students should include two of the following: wrap the wire into a loop; put loops together to make a coil; increase the current. (p. 381)44. in order, top to bottom: 2, 3, 145. T (p. 385)46. F (p. 385)47. F (p. 385)
Chapter 12: Vocabulary Review1. f (p. 386)2. j (p. 386)3. i (p. 386)4. h (p. 386)5. b (p. 386)6. g (p. 386)7. e (p. 386)8. k (p. 386)9. c (p. 386)10. d (p. 386)11. a (p. 386)
1. thermal conductivity (p. 387)2. sound wave (p. 387)3. frequency (p. 387)4. generator (p. 387)5. energy (p. 387)
SummarizeEnergy can come in many forms. Examples of energy include heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism. Heat flows between objects that have different temperatures. Sounds are produced by vibrating objects. Light is both a wave of energy and a particle. Electric current can flow in a closed circuit. Magnets push away or pull other magnetic objects.
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