REASONING & PROOF

Chapter 2

Lesson 2-5

Postulates & Paragraph Proofs

Vocabulary

postulate axiom theorem proof paragraph proof informal proof

Postulates

2.1 – Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

2-2 – Through any three points not on the same line, there is exactly one plane.

Example 1

Postulates

2.3 A line contains at least 2 points.2.4 A plane contains at least 3 points not

on the same line. 2.5 If two points lie in a plane, then the

entire line containing those points lines in the plane.

2.6 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.

2.7 If two planes intersect, then their intersections is a line.

Example 2

Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain.

a. If points A, B, and C lie in plane M, then they are collinear.

b. There is exactly one plane that contains noncollinear points P, Q, and R.

c. There are at least two lines through points M and N.

Essential Parts of a Good Proof State the given information. State what is to be proven. If possible, draw a diagram to illustrate

the given information. Develop a system of deductive

reasoning.

Proof

Theorems

2.1 Midpoint Theorem - If M is the midpoint of AB, then AM ≅ MB.

Lesson 2-6

Algebraic Proof

Vocabulary

Deductive argument Two-column proof

Properties of Real Numbers

Example 1

Solve 3(x – 2) = 42. Justify each step.

Example 2

Example 3

Example 4

Lesson 2-7

Proving Segment Relationships

Postulates

2.8 – Ruler Postulate – The points on any line or line segment can be paired with real numbers so that, given any two points A and B on a line, A corresponds to zero, and B corresponds to a positive real number.

2.9 – Segment Addition Postulate – If A, B, and C are collinear and B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC. If AB + BC = AC, then B is between A and C.

Proof

Theorems

2.2 – Segment Congruence – Congruence of segments is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Proof

Proof

Lesson 2-8

Proving Angle Relationships

Postulates

2.10 – Protractor Postulate – Given AB and a number r between 0 and 180, there is exactly one ray with endpoint A, extending on either side of AB such that the measure of the angle formed is r.

2.11 – Angle Addition Postulate – If R is in the interior of ∡PQS, then m∡PQR+ m∡RQS= m∡PQS. If m∡PQR+ m∡RQS=m∡PQS then R is in the interior of ∡PQS.

Example 1

Theorems

2.3 – Supplement Theorem – If two angels form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

2.4 – Complement Theorem – If the non-common sides of two adjacent angles form a right angle, then the angles are complementary.

Example 2

If ∡1 and ∡2 form a linear pair, and m∡2 = 67, find m∡1.

Example 2

Find the measures of ∡3, ∡ 4, and ∡ 5 if m ∡ 3 = x + 20, m ∡ 4 = x + 40 and m ∡ 5 = x + 30.

Example 2

If ∡6 and ∡7 form a linear pair, and m∡6 = 3x + 32, m∡7 = 5x + 12 find x, m∡6, and m ∡7.

Theorems

2.5 Congruence of angles is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Proof

Theorems

2.6 Angles supplementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are congruent.

2.7 Angles complementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are congruent.

Proof

Proof – Example 3

Example 4

If ∡1 and ∡2 are vertical angles and m ∡1 = x and m ∡2 = 228 – 3x, find m ∡1 and m ∡2.

Right Angle Theorems

2.9 – Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right angles.

2.10 – All right angles are congruent. 2.11 – Perpendicular lines form congruent

adjacent angles. 2.12 – If two angles are congruent and

supplementary, then each angle is a right angle.

2.13 – If two congruent angles form a linear pair, then they are right angles.