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RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
Obj: What issues led to reform in the Church & how effective were they in achieving their goals?
CHALLENGES TO THE PAPACY•POLITICAL DIVISION IN ITALY•BYZANTINE POSSESSIONS•MUSLIMS•HRE ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL NORTHERN & CENTRAL ITALY•MONASTIC IDEAL SUFFERED DUE TO POLITICAL CONCERNS OF PAPACY & CHURCH•OBLIGATIONS OF FEUDAL SYSTEM LED TO CONCERN FOR MATERIAL ITEMS AT EXPENSE OF SPIRITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES•LAY INVESTITURE CEREMONY•SIMONY•CLERICAL MARRIAGE
MONASTIC REFORM• CLUNY ABBEY & WM. OF AQUITAINE
910 IN FRANCE• RENEWED DEDICATION TO BENEDIC-
TINE RULE
• INDEPENDENT FROM LOCAL RULE• MORE WORK, MORE PRAYER• LESS RELIANCE ON MATERIAL LIFE• SOUND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT• REPRESENTED ORDER + STABILITY IN
DISORDERLY & UNSTABLE WORLD• PAPAL SUPPORT KEY IN SUCCESS OF
CLUNAIC REFORM• 100’S OF ABBEYS THROUGHOUT
EUROPE
GREAT SCHISM 1054• POPE & PATRIARCH? WHO HAS UNI-
VERSAL JURISDICTION• LEAVENED OR UNLEAVENED BREAD• ROLE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY• ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY• SUPRESSION OF GREEK & LATIN
LANGUAGES IN RESPECTIVE AREAS
• PATRIARCH MICHAEL I & POPE LEO IX• FINAL DIVISION OF ROMAN
CATHOLIC & EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
• DIVISION EXISTS TODAY
LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY 1075KING HENRY IV OF HRE & POPE GREGORY VII
• ELIMINATE POLITICAL ASPECT OF APPOINTING CHURCH OFFICIALS
• GREATEST REFORM POPE • ONLY CHURCH HAS RIGHT TO ELECT
OFFICIALS & RUN IT’S OWN AFFAIRS• HENRY IV DISAGREES – TRADITIONALLY
KINGS APPOINT CLERGY• BISHOPRIC OF MILAN IMMEDIATE CAUSE –
POPE & KING DIFFER ON CANDIDATE• POPE THREATENS EXCOMMUNICATION• KING DEPOSES POPE AT SYNOD • POPE FOLLOWS THROUGH W/ THREAT• ABSOLUTION & FORGIVENESS AT CANOSSA &
BAN LIFTED BUT 3 YRS LATER AT IT AGAIN• EXCOMM & H4 INVADES ITALY, TAKES ROME• STRUGGLE ENDS 1122 CONCORDAT OF
WORMS – POPE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY
SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES 1075-1122
• CIVIL WAR BETWEEN NOBLES VYING FOR POWER IN HRE• BUILD UP OF CASTLES BY NOBILITY TO SYMBOLIZE INCREASED POWER &
INDEDPENDENCE FROM POPE & EMPEROR • NOBLES HOLD REAL POWER IN HRE & EMPEROR WILL NEVER HAVE
ULTIMATE AUTHORITY & LOYALTY OF SUBJECTS• SUCCESSORS OF HENRY IV RELINQUISH RIGHTS & PRIVILEGES TO
NOBLES• FREDERICK I AND II CAN’T STRENGTHEN MONARCHY AGAINST NOBILITY
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPE & EMPEROR ALWAYS DIFFERENT THAN WITH OTHER MONARCHS 1) POPE CROWNED EMPEROR AND 2) POPE & EMPEROR CLAIMED PAPAL STAES & NORTHERN ITALY UNDER THEIR CONTROL
PAPAL MONARCHY INNOCENT III 1198-1216• REFORM CONTINUED AFTER G7• PAPAL CENTRALIZATION POPE URBAN II
1088-1099 – PAPAL CURIA OR PAPAL COURT• COURT FOR ALL APPEALS INVOLVING
CHURCH: MARRIAGE, PROPERTY, OATHS• MOST POPES IN 12TH & 13TH C. TRAINED AS
LAWYERS NOT MONKS• COLLEGE OF CARDINALS ONLY ONES TO
SELECT POPE• INNOCENT III ‘SUPREME JUDGE OF ALL
EARTHLY AFFAIRS’• USE OF EXCOMMUNICATION & INTERDICT –
KING JOHN (E) & PHILIP II (F)• INQUISITION: CRUSADE AGAINST THOSE
WITHIN THE CHURCH• FRANCISCANS, DOMINICANS & CISTERCIANS
– SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT DUE TO CORRUPTION WITHIN & RESULT OF REFORMS
NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE CHURCH PEOPLE CAN’T ESCAPE UPHEAVALS OF LIFE ROYAL CHALLENGES TO PAPACY ARISE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND & PHILIP IV OF FR
PREPARE FOR WAR POPE BONIFACE VIII 1294-1303 CLERICIS LAICOS – NO TAXATION OF CLERGY
WITHOUT PAPAL APPROVAL & IGNORED BY ED & PHILIP
UNAM SANCTUM “GOD HAS SET POPES OVER KINGS”
PHILIP IV EXCOMMUNICATED, BONIFACE ARRESTED & RELEASED BUT DIES SOON AFTER & PHILIP ENCOURAGES CLEMENT V TO REMAIN IN AVIGNON
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OR AVIGNON PAPACY 1311-1377
PALACE IS MANIFESTATION OF ABUSES PLURALISM, INDULGENCES, POWER OVER
SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE
INTERNAL STRIFE & SCANDAL• OPPOSITION TO AVIGNON PAPACY
FROM LAY REFORMERS• CATHERINE OF SIENA – TELLS POPE
GREGORY XI THAT RESIGNING IS MORE HONORABLE TO GOD THAN STAYING IN AVIGNON
• GREAT SCHISM 1378-1417: DEATH OF POPE, ROLE OF COLLEGE OF CARDINALS, ELECTION & RETRACTION & ELECTION
• 2 POPES: URBAN VI IN ROME & CLEMENT VII IN AVIGNON – LEGITIMACY?
• SCHISM OVER BUT NO MEANINGFUL REFORM IN 13TH & EARLY 14TH CENTURIES
• LAYS FOUNDATION FOR PROTESTANT REFORMATION
SOLUTIONS & REFORM (?)• NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS:
FRANCISCANS , DOMINICANS DIFFERED FROM EARLIER FORMED CISTERCIANS – NEED NEW ORDERS TO DEAL WITH CORRUPTION WITHIN CHURCH AND IN SOCIETY
• CONCILIAR MOVEMENT – SERIES OF COUNCILS MEET TO SOLVE PROBLEM
• COUNCIL AT PISA – ELECT 3RD POPE
• COUNCIL AT CONSTANCE – ALL 3 POPES RESIGN & ELECT MARTIN V 1417-1431