Reducing Emissions Reducing Emissions From Diesel EnginesFrom Diesel Engines
Robert CrossRobert Cross
Chief, Mobile Source Control DivisionChief, Mobile Source Control Division
California Environmental Protection Agency
AIR RESOURCES BOARD
Outline
About Diesel Exhaust
California’s Diesel Control Plan
New Engine Standards
Retrofit Programs
Conclusions
Diesel Exhaust is Unhealthy
NOx Precursor to ozone - a lung irritant Precursor to PM2.5 - lung disease, mortality
Diesel PM = toxic air contaminant (TAC) Identified as toxic in August 1998 Contains 40+ substances identified as TACs Carcinogenic in humans & animals Non-cancer damage to lungs
Diesel: Cancer RiskRemains High
0
200400
600
800
10001200
1400
1600
1800
Ris
k (e
xces
s p
er m
illio
n)
1990 2000
Other Toxics
Diesel PM
Greater Los Angeles
Diesel: Major Source of NOxStatewide in 2000
On-Road HDD15%
Stationary20%
Off-Road Diesel23%
Other Mobile
Sources42%
Off-Road Diesels Important
0
50
100
150
200
250
tons
per
day
NOx PM x10
On-Road
Off-Road
Greater LA in 2010
Current regulations
Both Construction and Ag. Equipment are Important
0
5
10
1520
25
30
35
40
4550
Ag. Constr. Refrig.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
tons
per
day
Constr. Comm. Refrig. Ag.
Los Angeles
San Joaquin Valley
NOx
PMx10
CA’s Control Plan For Diesels
Comprehensive plan adopted 9/00 Addresses NOx and PM Driven by diesel identification as toxic Near-zero emission limits: new engines Cleaner fuel: 15 ppm S Better in-use testing/enforcement Retrofit existing diesel engines w/ filters
ARB’s Inter-DivisionalPartnership For Risk Reduction
Mobile Source Control DivisionMobile Source Control Division•On- and off-road diesel emission standards•Retrofit programs
Mobile Source Operations DivisionMobile Source Operations Division•Fleet and roadside enforcement
Stationary Source DivisionStationary Source Division•TAC identification•Fuel quality•Stationary and agriculture
ARBARB
1110
6 65
2.5
5
1
4
12
1 0.20.01
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
g/b
hp
-hr
Model Year
NOxPMx10
98+% reduction
Tighter On-Road Diesel Emission Standards ADOPTED: New Engines
Tighter Off-Road Diesel Emission Standards NEEDED: New Engines
7.9
4
4.9
1.5
3
0.3 0.10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
g/b
hp
-hr
1996 2003 2006 2007
Model Year
HC+NOx
PMx10
175-300 hp
97+% reduction
?
Diesel Particulate Filters Reduce Emissions
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Reduction
PM
PAH
HC
Diesel Particulate FilterTechnology
NOx Aftertreatment Reduces Emissions
99
90
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
SCR
NOxAdsorber
Lean NOxCatalyst
Aft
ertr
eatm
ent
Dev
ice
Percent NOx Reduction
NOx Adsorber Technology
Sulfur Removal Required
15500 500 500
5000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
CA
Tra
nsi
tB
us
*
CA
On
-R
oad
CA
Off
-R
oad
U.S
. O
n-
Ro
ad
U.S
. O
ff-
Ro
ad
Current Limit
Average
Su
lfu
r C
on
ten
t
(pp
m b
y w
eig
ht)
* Beginning July 1, 2002
Retrofit Programs Needed
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Per
cen
t o
f T
ota
l P
op
ula
tio
n (
%)
2010 2020
Calendar Year
2007+ MY
Pre-2007 MY
On-Highway HDD Fleet Mix
Source: EMFAC2000, Statewide, GVWR=8,500+ lbs.
Diesel PMIn-Use Retrofit Program
Achieves 80% of Plan’s Reductions (2010) Retrofit every Diesel in California w/ filters
Feasibility Exposure
Approaches Regulation Incentive funds Voluntary action
Effectiveness Minimum 85% PM reduction/vehicle Get NOx reduction when feasible
Typical Retrofits
Filter System
Filter System
Filter System
ImplementationFilter Retrofits
Regulation Urban transit buses
4500 filter retrofits starting 2003 New engines - filters required 2002
Trash trucks Regulation under development
Permit conditions e.g., major construction projects
Implementation (cont.)
Incentive funding School buses
$12.5 million. ~2000 filter retrofits, beginning 2001.
NOx and PM Reductions $100 million FY01/02. Incremental cost of new, repower, retrofit paid. Intended to create offsets for increased electrical
generation.
Implementation (cont.)
Voluntary City of Los Angeles
1300 vehicles
Caltrans Clean new purchases (e.g., LPG) Retrofit filters (~600)
Need recognition for others Labeling Publicity
Demonstration Programs Support Implementation
BP ECD - (# vehicles with filters)
Ralph’s grocery trucks (10) BP tanker trucks (10) LA County MTA (4) Hertz equipment rental (10) LA City Sanitation (10) People movers/local amusement park (10) School busses San Diego (10)
School Buses LA (39) Construction equipment (19)
Technical Support & Outreach
International Advisory Committee.
Certification of retrofit devices.
Testing and evaluation.
Partnership with local agencies.
Coordination with U.S. EPA’s program.
Plan will reduce: •PM emissions•Cancer risk•Respiratory impact
Other benefits include:•Improved visibility •Reduced soiling
Benefits
For More Information
Diesel Risk Reduction Website www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/diesel/diesel.htm Sign up to receive notices
Talk to a real person (626-575-6973), or [email protected] Annette Hebert - Manager, Heavy-Duty Diesel In-
Use Strategies Branch G. Scott Rowland - Manager, Retrofit Assessment
Section Nancy Steele, Ph.D. - Manager, Retrofit
Implementation Section