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Part 1 QDA Methods
Outcomes – learners understand the origin and current practice of QDA methods in general, grounded theory in particular, and possible applications of the methods.
1. Methods
a. useful for inductive researchb. useful in naturalistic inquiryc. qualitative methods growing consensusd. collection ↔ analysis ↔ collection
2. Qualitative Data (QD)
a. open b. exploratoryc. useful when questions not yet definedd. allows insights
7. Characteristics of QDA
a. constructivist - many meaningsb. context bound i.e. “cast of thousands"c. uses inflection i.e. "THIS was good."d. can be sorted in many ways e. QD by itself has meaning i.e “apple”
8. Sources of QD
a. interviewsb. focus Groupsc. field observations (GPS data)d. survey comments e. historical recordsf. secondary datag. photos, paintings, songs
...
9. Types of QD
a. structured text writings, stories, survey comments, news articles, books etc
b. unstructured text transcription, open interviews, focus groups, conversation
c. audio recordings, as above, music
d. visual recordings, graphics, art, pictures
e. location specific data Google Earth, GPS
10. Principles of QDA
a. Data entry (gathering)b. Comprehending (immersion)c. Synthesizing (sifting)d. Theorizing (sorting)e. Re‑Contextualizing (emerging theory)
11. Data entry (analogous demo)
a. not easily mechanizedb. important part of processc. often done by analystd. concurrent with analysis e. transcribe thoroughly, ASAP f. write memos (reflect)g. coding (start with few)
12. Comprehending (immersion)
a. begin while entering data b. start QDA immediatelyc. “live with it”d. line by line examinatione. create new questions for collection
13. Synthesizing (sifting) “quotes” (decontextualize)
a. use inductive categoriesb. find common threadsc. compare transcriptsd. aggregate stories
14. Theorizing (sorting) “coding”
a. ask questions of the datab. find alternative explanationsc. allow sufficient time d. be open to insights
15. Re‑Contextualizing
a. develop theoretical “elegance”b. apply to other settingsc. examine fit to literature/researchd. describe emerging theory
16. Data Management Principles
a. stay close to the datab. be sensitive to emergent theoryc. allow recontextualizing d. it is a non‑linear process
17. QDA method options – everyday
analogues
Content Analysis - like movie ratings by the censorship bd
Grounded Theory – like a mystery solved by ordinary citizens
Matrix Analysis – like a map’s matrix of campsite services
Phenomenology – like a movie documentary
18. Displaying results (computer methods)
display code frequencies and charts (in QDA Miner)
Code Count % Codes Cases % Case
1.1 Defines Mgmt Structure, Roles, Resp 36 1.20% 21 5.30%
1.1 Framework Contents 42 1.40% 23 5.80%
1.1 Key People Involved 119 3.90% 59 14.80%
1.1 Lines of Authority 46 1.50% 26 6.50%
1.2 Approval and Endorsement 25 0.80% 17 4.30%
1.2 Key Elements of Strategic Plan Exist 72 2.40% 36 9.00%
1.2 Plan Communicated 55 1.80% 26 6.50%
1.2 Plan Updated 18 0.60% 14 3.50%
19. Grounded Theory
a. Primary documents (comprehending)
immerse in the primary documents
begin as data are collected
read/view/listen to the data
b. Quotations (synthesizing)
select and mark salient quotations/passages
compare each line to other data
c. Coding (theorizing)
assign codes in margin
group, sort, categorize codes into families
collect new data based on emerging theory, memos, codes
d. Memos (aids in all processes)
record insights on memos or post-it notes ie: ideas for emerging theories, thematic ideas, linked memos
(Exercise 1)
e. Network (re-contextualize)
create network (mind map)
add and arrange network nodes • (quotes, memos and codes)
collect more data as needed
(Exercise 2)
f. Generate theoryMake a matrix of themes (rows) by roles (cols)Fill in cells with either a selected quote or “*” to indicate missing data.Look for patterns, empty cells, areas of convergence.Generate an explanation and provide a short quote to support your "theory". (optional Exercise)
20. Methods Matched to Type of Data
a. structured text
content and matrix analysis etc
b. unstructured text i.e. narratives, open interviews
phenomenology, grounded theory etc
c. audio i.e. interviews, anecdotes, “stories”, music
matrix analysis, grounded theory etc
d. visual i.e. graphics, art, pictures matrix analysis, grounded theory etc
21. Methods Matched to Principle Task a. describe
content analysis …b. explain / predict
matrix analysis …c. derive new ideas and insights
phenomenology …d. test significance
matrix analysis, quantitative …e. map theoretical relation
grounded theory, mapping …
run crosstab (matrix) codes and variables (QDA Miner)
Proj A
Proj B
Proj C
Time 1
Time 2 Time 3
Chi-sq
uare
P value
finding 1.1.x 2 1 3 9.924 0.357
finding 1.2.x 1 9 1 2 17.447 0.042
finding 1.3.x 1 5 1 10.624 0.302
finding 1.4.x 1 2 12 4 2 41.016 0
finding 2.1.x 3 1 2 1 20.759 0.014
finding 2.2.x 1 2 2.13 0.989
finding 2.3.x 20 2 1 3 4 2 16.514 0.057
Risks 6 2 2 17 4 4 33.709 0
Best Practices
4 1 1 3 6 4 49.178 0
23. Some QDA Methods matched to Software1. Content Analysis
Word, QDA Miner, Excel, Atlas-ti 2. Matrix analysis
NVivo, QDA Miner3. Grounded Theory Mapping
Atlas-ti, QDA Miner 4. Phenomenology - using mind maps
Inspiration, Visio5. Concept Mapping
Concept Systems, QDA Miner
24. QDA software
QDA Miner inclWordStat-SimStat (Provalis, CAN)
Atlas-ti Scientific Software (GER)
NVivo (QSR, AU)
Inspiration (USA)
Concept Mapping (Concept Systems USA)
MS Excel, SPSS (USA)
HandoutsHandout 1. Summary of Manual and Software Qualitative
Methods
Handout 2. Website, Software and Internet Resources
The above and these slides are available at http://www3.telus.net/reedearly/shared/
Don’t forget the workshop evaluation…
http://www3.telus.net/reedearly/shared/