by Charles Burrows

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

(2010 Edition)

PAGE 1

Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials

Equations Properties of Water

Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

New York State Fossil Ruler

PAGE 2

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State

PAGE 3

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State

PAGE 4

Surface Ocean Currents

PAGE 5

Tectonic Plates

PAGE 6

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

PAGE 7

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

PAGES 8 & 9

Geologic History Of New York State

PAGE 10

Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

PAGE 11

Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time

PAGE 12

Dewpoint (°C) Relative Humidity (%)

PAGE 13

Temperature Pressure

Key to Weather Map Symbols

PAGE 14

Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere

Electromagnetic Spectrum

PAGE 15

Characteristics of Stars Solar System Data

PAGE 16

Properties of Common Minerals

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

151

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

14cm

2010 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2009–2010 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2010 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 ! 103

1.3 ! 109

4.5 ! 109

4.9 ! 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

by Charles Burrows

Hea

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sity

at 3

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. . .

. . .

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. . .

. . .

. . .

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New

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Spec

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Eur

ypte

rus

rem

ipes

by Charles Burrows

2P

hysical Setting/E

arth Science R

eference Tables — 2010 E

dition

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State

App

alac

hian

Platea

u (Uplands)

Interior Lowlands

Grenville Province(Highlands)

New E

ngla

nd P

rovi

nce

(Hig

hlan

ds)

Atlantic Coastal Plain

Allegheny Plateau

Erie-Ontario Lowlands(Plains)

Tug HillPlateau

AdirondackMountains

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

InteriorLowlands

St. Lawrence

Lowlands

Cha

mpl

ain

Low

land

s

Hudson Highlands

Manhattan Prong

The Catskills

Taco

nic

Mou

ntai

ns

Hud

son-

Moh

awk

Low

land

s

Newa

rkLo

wlan

ds

Major geographic province boundary

Landscape region boundary

State boundary

International boundary

Key

N

S

W E0 20 40

0 20 40 60 80Kilometers

Miles10 30 50

by Charles Burrows

Physical S

etting/Earth S

cience Reference Tables —

2010 Edition

3

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York Statemodified from

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYNEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1989

Niagar

aR

iver

GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORKCRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and claysLATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shalesDEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomeratesSILURIAN SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.

ORDOVICIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostonesCAMBRIAN

CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River

CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schistsintensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex

TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slatesslightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marblesLines are generalized structure trends.

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks

}}

}

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Dominantlysedimentaryorigin

Dominantlymetamorphosedrocks

LONG ISLAND SOUND

Intensely metamorphosed rocks(regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)

N

S

W E0 20 40

0 20 40 60 80Kilometers

Miles10 30 50

by Charles Burrows

0°40°80°120°160°180°160°120°80°40°80°

40°

40°

0°

80°

20°

60°

60°

20°

Arctic Circle(66.5° N)

Tropic of Cancer(23.5° N)

Tropic of Capricorn(23.5° S)

Antarctic Circle(66.5° S)

Equator

20° 60° 100° 140° 20°60°100°140° 20°

0°40°80°120°160°180°160°120°80°40°20° 60° 100° 140° 20°60°100°140° 20°

Equatorial Countercurrent

Eas

tAus

tralia

C.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

NorthAtlantic C.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

NOTE: Not all surface ocean currents are shown.

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

Antarctica

Australia

NorthPacificOcean

Antarctica

Africa

AsiaEurope

Surface Ocean Currents

Africa

Per

uC

.

North Equatorial C.

South Equatorial C.

Southern Ocean

Arctic Ocean

IndianOcean

South Equatorial C.

West Austral

iaC

.

India

Greenland

NorthAtlanticOcean

EquatorialCountercurrent

Florida C.

Kuros

hio

C.

Oya

shio

C. Kam

chatka C.

North Pacific C.

Alaska C.

CaliforniaC

.

Bra

zil C

.

Beng

uela

C.

South Equatorial C.

Fal

klan

dC

.

Guinea C.

North Equatorial C.

GulfStre

amC.

Canary

C.

Labrador C.

West G

reenlandC.

EastGreenla

ndC.

Nor

wegia

nC

.

North Equatorial C.Equatorial Countercurrent

Agulh

asC

.

SouthPacificOcean

SouthAtlanticOcean

Warm currents

Cool currents

Key

4P

hysical Setting/E

arth Science R

eference Tables — 2010 E

dition

by Charles Burrows

Physical S

etting/Earth S

cience Reference Tables —

2010 Edition

5

Peru-Chile

TrenchHawaii

Hot Spot

San AndreasFault

Juan deFuca Plate

PhilippinePlate

Aleutian TrenchYellowstone

Hot Spot

North AmericanPlate

AfricanPlateCocos

PlateCaribbean

Plate

Mid

-Atla

ntic

Rid

ge

CanaryIslands

Hot Spot

SouthAmerican

Plate

GalapagosHot Spot

NazcaPlate

AntarcticPlate

Indian-AustralianPlate

PacificPlateFiji Plate

East

Paci

ficR

i dge

AntarcticPlate

Arabian

Plate

EurasianPlate

EurasianPlate

IcelandHot Spot

East

Afri

can

Rift

Mid-IndianR

idgeSoutheast Indian Ridge

Southwest Indian

RidgeScotiaPlate

SandwichPlate

Mid

-Atla

ntic

Rid

ge

Easter IslandHot Spot

St. HelenaHot Spot

BouvetHot Spot

Key

NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, andboundaries are shown.

Complex or uncertainplate boundary

Relative motion atplate boundary

Mantlehot spotDivergent plate boundary

(usually broken by transformfaults along mid-ocean ridges)

Convergent plate boundary(subduction zone)

subductingplate

overridingplate

Transform plate boundary(transform fault)

Tectonic Plates

TasmanHot Spot

M

aria

na

Tren

ch

Ton

gaT

ren

ch

by Charles Burrows

6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Ero

s ion

Wea

ther

ing

&E

rosi

on(U

plift

)M

etamorphism

MeltingSolidific

atio

nMeltingWeathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Metamorphism

Weathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Heat and/or Pressure

Heatand /or

Pressure

Melting

Cementation and Burial

Compactio

n and/or Deposition

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTS

MAGMA

METAMORPHICROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

PAR

TIC

LE D

IAM

ETE

R (

cm)

Boulders

Cobbles

Pebbles

Sand

Silt

Clay

1000500

50100

10510.5

0.10.05

0.01

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6

6.4

0.2

0.006

0.0004

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(rel

ativ

e by

vol

ume)

MIN

ER

AL

CO

MP

OS

ITIO

N

Quartz(clear towhite)

CH

AR

AC

TER

ISTI

CS

MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)

HIGHER

DARKER

FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)

LOWER

LIGHTER

CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE

Pumice

INT

RU

SIV

E(P

luto

nic)

EX

TR

US

IVE

(Vol

cani

c)

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

OF

FOR

MA

TIO

N

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

non-

crys

talli

ne

GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian

(usually appears black)

less

than

1 m

m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1 m

mto

10

mm

CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro

DioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10 m

mor

larg

er Verycoarse

Scoria Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Dun

ite

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite

Diabase

by Charles Burrows

6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Ero

s ion

Wea

ther

ing

&E

rosi

on(U

plift

)

Metam

orphism

MeltingSolidific

atio

nMeltingWeathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Metamorphism

Weathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Heat and/or Pressure

Heatand /or

Pressure

Melting

Cementation and Burial

Compactio

n and/or Deposition

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTS

MAGMA

METAMORPHICROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

PAR

TIC

LE D

IAM

ETE

R (

cm)

Boulders

Cobbles

Pebbles

Sand

Silt

Clay

1000500

50100

10510.5

0.10.05

0.01

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6

6.4

0.2

0.006

0.0004

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(rel

ativ

e by

vol

ume)

MIN

ER

AL

CO

MP

OS

ITIO

N

Quartz(clear towhite)

CH

AR

AC

TER

ISTI

CS

MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)

HIGHER

DARKER

FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)

LOWER

LIGHTER

CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE

Pumice

INT

RU

SIV

E(P

luto

nic)

EX

TR

US

IVE

(Vol

cani

c)

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

OF

FOR

MA

TIO

N

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

non-

crys

talli

ne

GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian

(usually appears black)

less

than

1 m

m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1 m

mto

10

mm

CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro

DioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10 m

mor

larg

er Verycoarse

Scoria Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Dun

ite

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite

Diabase

by Charles Burrows

6 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Ero

s ion

Wea

ther

ing

&E

rosi

on(U

plift

)

Metam

orphism

MeltingSolidific

atio

nMeltingWeathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Metamorphism

Weathering & Erosion

(Uplift)

Heat and/or Pressure

Heatand /or

Pressure

Melting

Cementation and Burial

Compactio

n and/or Deposition

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTS

MAGMA

METAMORPHICROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

PAR

TIC

LE D

IAM

ETE

R (

cm)

Boulders

Cobbles

Pebbles

Sand

Silt

Clay

1000500

50100

10510.5

0.10.05

0.01

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6

6.4

0.2

0.006

0.0004

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(rel

ativ

e by

vol

ume)

MIN

ER

AL

CO

MP

OS

ITIO

N

Quartz(clear towhite)

CH

AR

AC

TER

ISTI

CS

MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)

HIGHER

DARKER

FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)

LOWER

LIGHTER

CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE

Pumice

INT

RU

SIV

E(P

luto

nic)

EX

TR

US

IVE

(Vol

cani

c)

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

OF

FOR

MA

TIO

N

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

non-

crys

talli

ne

GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian

(usually appears black)

less

than

1 m

m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1 m

mto

10

mm

CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro

DioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10 m

mor

larg

er Verycoarse

Scoria Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Dun

ite

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite

Diabase

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 7

INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCOMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Rounded fragments

Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals

Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay

Clastic(fragmental)

Very fine grain

Compact; may spliteasily

Conglomerate

Breccia

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Crystalline

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Calcite

Carbon

Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites

Rock salt

Rock gypsum

Dolostone

Limestone

Bituminous coal

. . . . .. . . .

Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)

Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)

Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Fine to coarse

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fineto

coarsecrystals

Microscopic tovery coarse

Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments

Compactedplant remains

. . . . .. . . .

Bioclastic

Crystalline orbioclastic

FO

LIAT

ED

Fine

Fineto

medium

Mediumto

coarse

Regional

Low-grademetamorphism of shale

Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars

High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME

TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM

(Heat andpressureincreases)

MIN

ER

AL

ALI

GN

ME

NT

BA

ND

-IN

G

MAP SYMBOL

Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals

Phyllite

GA

RN

ET

PY

RO

XE

NE

FELD

SPA

RA

MP

HIB

OLE

MIC

AQ

UA

RTZ

Hornfels

NO

NF

OLI

ATE

D

Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may be distortedor stretched

Metaconglomerate

Quartzite

Marble

Coarse

Fineto

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Variousminerals

Contact(heat)

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

VariousmineralsFine

Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine

Regional

or

contact

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 7

INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCOMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Rounded fragments

Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals

Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay

Clastic(fragmental)

Very fine grain

Compact; may spliteasily

Conglomerate

Breccia

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Crystalline

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Calcite

Carbon

Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites

Rock salt

Rock gypsum

Dolostone

Limestone

Bituminous coal

. . . . .. . . .

Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)

Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)

Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Fine to coarse

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fineto

coarsecrystals

Microscopic tovery coarse

Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments

Compactedplant remains

. . . . .. . . .

Bioclastic

Crystalline orbioclastic

FO

LIAT

ED

Fine

Fineto

medium

Mediumto

coarse

Regional

Low-grademetamorphism of shale

Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars

High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME

TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM

(Heat andpressureincreases)

MIN

ER

AL

ALI

GN

ME

NT

BA

ND

-IN

GMAP SYMBOL

Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals

Phyllite

GA

RN

ET

PY

RO

XE

NE

FELD

SPA

RA

MP

HIB

OLE

MIC

AQ

UA

RTZ

Hornfels

NO

NF

OLI

ATE

D

Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may be distortedor stretched

Metaconglomerate

Quartzite

Marble

Coarse

Fineto

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Variousminerals

Contact(heat)

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

VariousmineralsFine

Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine

Regional

or

contact

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification

by Charles Burrows

PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENE

MIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

PALEOCENE

LATE

EARLY

LATEMIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLEEARLYLATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLY

LATE

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

ElliptocephalaCryptolithus

Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus

CtenocrinusTetragraptus

Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus

B LA EC D G HF I J NK M

CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

EraEonP

HA

NE

RO

-Z

OIC

PR

EC

AM

BR

IA

NA

RC

HE

AN

PR

OT

ER

OZ

OI

C

LATE

LATE

MIDDLE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLY

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

4600

Million years ago

CENOZOIC

MESOZOIC

PALEOZOIC

QUATERNARY

NEOGENE

PALEOGENE

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CA

RB

ON

IF-

ER

OU

S

DEVONIAN

Period Epoch Life on Earth

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

580

488

444

416

318

299

200

146

1300

Million years ago

NY RockRecord

PENNSYLVANIAN

HOLOCENE

65 5

251

1 85 3

0 010

23 033 9

MISSISSIPPIAN

Humans, mastodonts, mammoths

55 8

Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses

Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants

Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes

Earliest birds

Earliest mammals

Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)

Mammal like reptiles

Abundant reptiles

Extensive coal forming forests

Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles

359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms

Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish

Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals

Abundant eurypterids

Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft bodied organisms)Earliest fishes

Earliest trilobites542

Abundant stromatolites

Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft bodied marine organisms)

Extinction of many primitive marine organisms

First sexually reproducingorganisms

Oldest known rocks

Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system

Sediment

Bedrock

Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids

Earliest dinosaurs

Great diversity of life forms with shelly parts

Evidence of biologicalcarbon

Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils

Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor

Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere

Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands

Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean

Dome like uplift of Adirondack region begins

Intrusion of Palisades sill

Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate

Pangaea begins to break up

Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains

Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean

Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins

Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms

Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc

Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean

Erosion of Grenville Mountains

OF NEW YORK STATE

MastodontBeluga Whale

CooksoniaBothriolepis

Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton

CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum

PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z

Platyceras

Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic

Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses

ESC/BW/TN (2009)

BR

AC

HIO

PO

DS

GA

ST

RO

PO

DSCO

RA

LS

CR

INO

IDS

AM

MO

NO

IDS

VA

SC

UL

AR

PL

AN

TS

TR

ILO

BIT

ES

NA

UT

ILO

IDS

The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specif c index fossil (e g Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian)

BIR

DS

B

M

A

E

C

D

G

H

F

I

J

L

K

N

P

Q

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

PL

AC

OD

ER

M F

ISH

R

A

Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea

119 million years ago

DIN

OS

AU

RS

MA

MM

AL

S

GR

AP

TO

LIT

ES E

UR

YP

TE

RID

S

359 million years ago

458 million years ago

232 million years ago

59 million years ago

O S

by Charles Burrows

8 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENEMIOCENE

OLIGOCENEEOCENE

PALEOCENE

LATE

EARLY

LATEMIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLEEARLYLATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLYLATE

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

ElliptocephalaCryptolithus

Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus

CtenocrinusTetragraptus

Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus

B LA EC D G HF I J NK M

CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

EraEonP

HA

NE

RO

-ZO

ICP

RE

CA

MB

RI

AN

AR

CH

EA

NP

RO

TE

RO

ZO

IC

LATE

LATE

MIDDLE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLY

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

4600

Million years ago

CENOZOIC

MESOZOIC

PALEOZOIC

QUATERNARY

NEOGENE

PALEOGENE

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CA

RB

ON

IF-

ER

OU

S

DEVONIAN

Period Epoch Life on Earth

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

580

488

444

416

318

299

200

146

1300

Million years ago

NY RockRecord

PENNSYLVANIAN

HOLOCENE

65.5

251

1.85.3

0.010

23.033.9

MISSISSIPPIAN

Humans, mastodonts, mammoths

55.8

Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses

Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants

Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes

Earliest birds

Earliest mammals

Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)

Mammal-like reptiles

Abundant reptiles

Extensive coal-forming forests

Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles

359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms

Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish

Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals

Abundant eurypterids

Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes

Earliest trilobites542

Abundant stromatolites

Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)

Extinction of many primitive marine organisms

First sexually reproducingorganisms

Oldest known rocks

Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system

Sediment

Bedrock

Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids

Earliest dinosaurs

Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts

Evidence of biologicalcarbon

Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils

Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor

Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 9

Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands

Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean

Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins

Intrusion of Palisades sill

Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate

Pangaea begins to break up

Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains

Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean

Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins

Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms

Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc

Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean

Erosion of Grenville Mountains

OF NEW YORK STATE

MastodontBeluga Whale

CooksoniaBothriolepis

Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton

CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum

PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z

Platyceras

Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic

Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses

ESC/BW/TN (2009)

BR

AC

HIO

PO

DS

GA

STR

OP

OD

SCO

RA

LS

CR

INO

IDS

AM

MO

NO

IDS

VA

SCU

LA

R P

LA

NT

S

TR

ILO

BIT

ES

NA

UT

ILO

IDS

The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).

BIR

DS

B

M

A

E

C

D

G

H

F

I

J

L

K

N

P

Q

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

PL

AC

OD

ER

M F

ISH

R

A

Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea

119 million years ago

DIN

OSA

UR

S

MA

MM

AL

S

GR

AP

TO

LIT

ES E

UR

YP

TE

RID

S

359 million years ago

458 million years ago

232 million years ago

59 million years ago

O S

by Charles Burrows

10 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

12.8–13.1

9.9–12.2

3.4–5.6

3.0 basaltic oceanic crust2.7 granitic continental crust

DENSITY (g/cm3)

0 2000 4000 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

DEPTH (km)

TEM

PE

RA

TUR

E (°C

)

1000 3000 5000

6000

ATLANTIC OCEANN

ORT

HAM

ERIC

A

MOHO

INN

ER

CORE(IR

ON

&

NICKEL)

AST

HEN

OSP

HERE(P

LASTICMANTLE)

EARTH’S CENTER

STI

FFER

MANTLE

MELTIN

G POIN

T

ME

LTIN

G P

OIN

T

OC

EA

NPA

CIF

IC

LITHOSPHERE

}R

IGID

MAN

TLE

CR

UST

7000

MID-ATLANTIC

RIDGE

OU

TER

CORE(IR

ON

&

NICKEL)

4

3

2

1

0

PR

ES

SU

RE

(mill

ion

atm

osph

eres

)

PARTIAL MELTING

INTERIO

R TEMPERATURE

CASCADES

TRENCH

Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

by Charles Burrows

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8EPICENTER DISTANCE (! 103 km)

P

9 10

S

TRA

VE

L TI

ME

(m

in)

00

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 11

Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time

by Charles Burrows

1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468

10121416192123252729

2

– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368

111315171921232527

0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469

1113151720222426

4

– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2

1469

11141618202224

5

– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2

1479

121416182123

6

–19–13– 9– 5– 2

147

101214171921

7

– 21–14– 9– 5– 2

147

1012151719

8

–14– 9– 5–1248

10131618

9

– 28–16–10– 6– 2

258

111416

10

–17–10– 5–2369

1114

11

–17–10– 5–1269

12

12

–19–10– 5–137

10

13

–19–10– 5

048

14

–19–10– 4

15

15

–18– 9– 3

1

12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393

2

1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686

0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

1320323745515659626567697172747576777879

4

112028364246515457606264666869707172

5

111202735394348505456586062646566

6

61422283338414548515355575961

7

10172428333740444649515355

8

61319252933364042454749

9

410162126303336394244

10

28

1419232730343639

11

17

12172125283134

12

16

111520232629

13

51014182125

14

49

131720

15

49

1216

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dewpoint (°C)

Relative Humidity (%)

12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

by Charles Burrows

1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468

10121416192123252729

2

– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368

111315171921232527

0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469

1113151720222426

4

– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2

1469

11141618202224

5

– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2

1479

121416182123

6

–19–13– 9– 5– 2

147

101214171921

7

– 21–14– 9– 5– 2

147

1012151719

8

–14– 9– 5–1248

10131618

9

– 28–16–10– 6– 2

258

111416

10

–17–10– 5–2369

1114

11

–17–10– 5–1269

12

12

–19–10– 5–137

10

13

–19–10– 5

048

14

–19–10– 4

15

15

–18– 9– 3

1

12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393

2

1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686

0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

1320323745515659626567697172747576777879

4

112028364246515457606264666869707172

5

111202735394348505456586062646566

6

61422283338414548515355575961

7

10172428333740444649515355

8

61319252933364042454749

9

410162126303336394244

10

28

1419232730343639

11

17

12172125283134

12

16

111520232629

13

51014182125

14

49

131720

15

49

1216

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dewpoint (°C)

Relative Humidity (%)

12 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13

Key to Weather Map Symbols

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

–50

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

–20

–40

–60

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

Fahrenheit(°F)

Water boils

Room temperature

Water freezes

Temperature

Freezingrain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail Rainshowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

Snowshowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Fronts Hurricane

Tornado

30.70

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

1040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

One atmosphere

Pressureinches

(in of Hg*)Kelvin

(K)Celsius

(°C)millibars

(mb)

196+19/

.25

28

27

12

Station Model Station Model Explanation

*Hg = mercury

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13

Key to Weather Map Symbols

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

–50

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

–20

–40

–60

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

Fahrenheit(°F)

Water boils

Room temperature

Water freezes

Temperature

Freezingrain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail Rainshowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

Snowshowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Fronts Hurricane

Tornado

30.70

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

1040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

One atmosphere

Pressureinches

(in of Hg*)Kelvin

(K)Celsius

(°C)millibars

(mb)

196+19/

.25

28

27

12

Station Model Station Model Explanation

*Hg = mercury

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 13

Key to Weather Map Symbols

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

–50

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

–20

–40

–60

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

Fahrenheit(°F)

Water boils

Room temperature

Water freezes

Temperature

Freezingrain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail Rainshowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

Snowshowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Fronts Hurricane

Tornado

30.70

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

1040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

One atmosphere

Pressureinches

(in of Hg*)Kelvin

(K)Celsius

(°C)millibars

(mb)

196+19/

.25

28

27

12

Station Model Station Model Explanation

*Hg = mercury

by Charles Burrows

Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength

(Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

DRY

60° SWET

DRYS.E.

N.W.Winds

30° S

0°

60° N

30° N

WET

DRY

S.E.Winds

N.E.Winds

N.E.

S.W.Winds

DRY

Tropopause

Polar front

Polar front jet stream

Subtropicaljet streams

Polar front jet stream

WET

Sea Level

Alti

tude

Temperature Zones

Mesopause

Mesosphere

Stratopause

Stratosphere

Troposphere

Temperature(°C)

–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°

Pressure(atm)

Atmospheric Pressure

0 20 40

Concentration(g/m3)

WaterVapor

km mi

Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)

0 1.0

40 25

80 50

120 75

140 100

0 0

Tropopause

14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere

The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.

(Not drawn to scale)

Selected Properties of

Earth’sAtmosphere

by Charles Burrows

Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength

(Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

DRY

60° SWET

DRYS.E.

N.W.Winds

30° S

0°

60° N

30° N

WET

DRY

S.E.Winds

N.E.Winds

N.E.

S.W.Winds

DRY

Tropopause

Polar front

Polar front jet stream

Subtropicaljet streams

Polar front jet stream

WET

Sea Level

Alti

tude

Temperature Zones

Mesopause

Mesosphere

Stratopause

Stratosphere

Troposphere

Temperature(°C)

–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°

Pressure(atm)

Atmospheric Pressure

0 20 40

Concentration(g/m3)

WaterVapor

km mi

Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)

0 1.0

40 25

80 50

120 75

140 100

0 0

Tropopause

14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere

The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.

(Not drawn to scale)

Selected Properties of

Earth’sAtmosphere

by Charles Burrows

Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength

(Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

DRY

60° SWET

DRYS.E.

N.W.Winds

30° S

0°

60° N

30° N

WET

DRY

S.E.Winds

N.E.Winds

N.E.

S.W.Winds

DRY

Tropopause

Polar front

Polar front jet stream

Subtropicaljet streams

Polar front jet stream

WET

Sea Level

Alti

tude

Temperature Zones

Mesopause

Mesosphere

Stratopause

Stratosphere

Troposphere

Temperature(°C)

–100° 0° 100°–90° –55° 15°

Pressure(atm)

Atmospheric Pressure

0 20 40

Concentration(g/m3)

WaterVapor

km mi

Thermosphere(extends to 600 km)

0 1.0

40 25

80 50

120 75

140 100

0 0

Tropopause

14 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere

The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.

(Not drawn to scale)

Selected Properties of

Earth’sAtmosphere

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 15

Solar System DataCelestialObject

Mean Distance from Sun

(million km)

Period ofRevolution

(d=days) (y=years)

Period ofRotation at Equator

Eccentricityof Orbit

EquatorialDiameter

(km)

Mass(Earth = 1)

Density(g/cm3)

SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4

MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4

VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2

EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5

MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9

JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3

SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7

URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3

NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8

EARTH’SMOON

149.6(0.386 from Earth)

27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3

Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)

(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)

Color

Surface Temperature (K)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Lum

inos

ity(R

ate

at w

hich

a s

tar

emits

ene

rgy

rela

tive

to th

e S

un)

20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000

Blue Blue White White Yellow

2,000

RedOrange

Sirius

Spica

Polaris

Rigel

Deneb Betelgeuse

SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)

(Intermediate stage)GIANTS

Barnard’sStar

ProximaCentauri

Pollux

Alpha Centauri

Aldebaran

Sun

Procyon B SmallStars

MassiveStars

WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)

MAIN SEQUENCE

(Early stage)

40 Eridani B

30,000

by Charles Burrows

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition 15

Solar System DataCelestialObject

Mean Distance from Sun

(million km)

Period ofRevolution

(d=days) (y=years)

Period ofRotation at Equator

Eccentricityof Orbit

EquatorialDiameter

(km)

Mass(Earth = 1)

Density(g/cm3)

SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4

MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4

VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2

EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5

MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9

JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3

SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7

URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3

NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8

EARTH’SMOON

149.6(0.386 from Earth)

27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3

Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)

(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)

Color

Surface Temperature (K)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Lum

inos

ity(R

ate

at w

hich

a s

tar

emits

ene

rgy

rela

tive

to th

e S

un)

20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000

Blue Blue White White Yellow

2,000

RedOrange

Sirius

Spica

Polaris

Rigel

Deneb Betelgeuse

SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)

(Intermediate stage)GIANTS

Barnard’sStar

ProximaCentauri

Pollux

Alpha Centauri

Aldebaran

Sun

Procyon B SmallStars

MassiveStars

WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)

MAIN SEQUENCE

(Early stage)

40 Eridani B

30,000

by Charles Burrows

1–2!

silver togray

black streak,greasy feel

pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite

2.5 !metallicsilver

gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3

ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena

5.5–6.5 !black to

silverblack streak,

magneticore of iron,

steel Fe3O4 Magnetite

6.5 !brassyyellow

green-black streak,(fool’s gold)

ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite

5.5 – 6.5or 1 !

metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,

jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite

1 !white togreen greasy feel ceramics,

paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc

2 !yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur

2 !white to

pink or grayeasily scratched

by fingernailplaster of paris,

drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum

2–2.5 !colorless to

yellowflexible in

thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica

2.5 !colorless to

whitecubic cleavage,

salty tastefood additive,

melts ice NaCl Halite

2.5–3 !black to

dark brownflexible in

thin sheetsconstruction

materialsK(Mg,Fe)3

AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica

3 !colorless

or variablebubbles with acid,

rhombohedral cleavagecement,

lime CaCO3 Calcite

3.5 !colorless

or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered

buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite

4 !colorless or

variablecleaves in

4 directionshydrofluoric

acid CaF2 Fluorite

5–6 !black to

dark greencleaves in

2 directions at 90°mineral collections,

jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)

(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene

(commonly augite)

5.5 !black to

dark greencleaves at

56° and 124°mineral collections,

jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3

Si6O22(O,OH)2

Amphibole(commonly hornblende)

6 !white to

pinkcleaves in

2 directions at 90°ceramics,

glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar

(commonly orthoclase)

6 !white to

graycleaves in 2 directions,

striations visibleceramics,

glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar

6.5 !green to

gray or browncommonly light green

and granularfurnace bricks,

jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine

7 !colorless or

variableglassy luster, may form

hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,

electronics SiO2 Quartz

6.5–7.5 !dark redto green

often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks

jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet

16 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2010 Edition

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME

Nonm

etal

lic lu

ster

*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

! = dominant form of breakage

Met

allic

lust

erEi

ther

FRAC

TURE

CLEA

VAG

E

Properties of Common Minerals