Reformation

CausesChurch abuses

–Avignon Papacy–Struggles between the pope and councils

–Clergy's worldliness and lack of education

–Simony–Nepotism–Pluralism

CausesPower and wealth of RCC

–People/Governments hated Church’s wealth

–Local governments did not like clergy’s immunities

People concerned about salvation–Traveling preachers became popular

Christian humanism, especially in northern:–University towns–Courts

Printing press helped spread new ideas

Causes

Church BlindsidedChurch put down problems in

14th century– John Wycliffe in England–John Huss in Bohemia

16th century movements too powerful

Growth of ProtestantismReligious

–Spiritual satisfaction–Correct Church abuses

Political and economic –Leaders took control of religious institutions

–Acquired Church's wealth

Ferdinand and Isabella

Marriage unified Spain (1469) Religious unity

– Conquered Moors (1492)– Promoted Catholicism

Built a colonial empire Arranged political marriages for

their 3 daughters – One, Catherine of Aragon, to Henry VIII

of England

Charles V

Grandson of F & IBecame HR Emperor (1520)Fought:

–French–Moslem Turks

–Protestant Germans

Lutheranism

Martin LutherEducated son of German minerFrom childhood concerned

about his soulHe attempted

monastic life No answers in

physical absolution

Luther’s Answer

Found answer in Romans–"the just shall live by faith"–Taught at Un. of Wittenberg–Didn't see his ideas as threat to Catholic doctrine

95 Theses-1517 John Tetzel sold indulgences

(payment for sins)–Originally for penance–Became money-maker

Luther posted 95 theses–Proposed public debate

Luther and the princesUrged German princes to:

–Seize Church’s property –Make themselves heads of Christian Church in Germany

Pope excommunicated him–He burned papal bull

Luther and Charles V

Charles V called Luther before Diet of Worms – Refused to recant– Was outlawed

Protected by Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony– Schmalkaldic League defended Lutheranism

German Religious Turmoil

Anabaptists taught radical doctrines in Luther's name–Luther repudiated them

Erasmus –First saw Luther as kindred spirit

–Then as uncompromising as RCC

German Social Turmoil

Peasants revolted in Luther’s name –Felt he hated all oppressive authority

Luther rejected their attack on authority–Urged princes to stop revolt

RamificationsHRE divided as princes foughtCharles V too busy with French

and Turks1555—Peace of Augsburg

– Schmalkaldic War treaty – 300+ German

princes could choose Catholicism or

Lutheranism

Luther’s TeachingsBible—sole source of doctrine

– All should be able to read it

Priesthood of the believerSimplify ritual of worship2 sacraments

–Baptism–Communion

Rejected transubstantiation

Calvinism (Reformed)

John Calvin

Born in FranceTrained in theology and lawConverted to Protestantism

–Read Luther's writings–Personal religious experience

Angered French Catholics, so fled to Switzerland

Calvin in SwitzerlandWrote The Institutes of the

Christian Religion–Made Calvin famous

Made Geneva a city of God on earth

Became politically powerful– Placed town council under religious

authority– Set up strict system of blue laws

Calvin’s Teachings

1618—Synod of Dordrecht (Dordt)–5 canons of Calvinism codified–Man is sinful–Predestination

2 sacraments–Baptism –Communion

Calvinism’s AppealVigorous evangelismSystematic theologyWell-organizedDignified hard work

–“Elect” to Heaven–Protestant Work Ethic

»Coined by Max Weber

Calvinism’s Influence

PresbyterianPuritansHuguenots

Anglicanism

FoundationsLollardy

–1400-1500s

–Religious & social dissent William Tyndale

–Printed English translation of Bible

Henry VIII The King’s Great Matter

Catherine of Aragon bore no son

Henry wanted a divorcePope would not grant it

– Her nephew, Emperor Charles VNew archbishop, Cranmer,

arranged an annulmentPope excommunicated Henry

Act of Supremacy—1534

Parliament passed it– King led Church in England

Parliament passed 6 Articles – Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine

(except supremacy of Pope)

Henry VIII and

Cranmer

Henry’s ChildrenEdward VI

–Anglican Church became Protestant

–Calvinist slantMary

–Devout Roman Catholic–Not popular with British people»Married Philip II of Spain»Burned 300 Protestants at the stake

Henry’s Children (cont’d.)

Elizabeth I–Church of England definitely became Protestant

–2 groups opposed Anglican Church»Puritans»Roman Catholic minority

Anabaptism

BackgroundBegan in Switzerland, Germany

and the NetherlandsBelieved Luther, Calvin and

others had not gone far enoughLeaders

– Jan Matthys– John of Leiden– Thomas Müntzer

Beliefs True Christian

born again and baptized as adult

Priesthood of all believers

Bible—sole source of doctrine

Pacifism

Beliefs (cont’d.) Refused to:

– Recognize titles– Take oaths of allegiance– Recognize or participate in civil

government– Serve in armed forces

Strongly disagreed with:– Calvinism’s predestination– Luther’s salvation by faith alone

Sects

AmishMennonites

–Menno Simons

Counter Reformation

2 Schools of Thought

CompromiseReform

–Reform corrupt practices –No change in dogma

Reformer became Pope –Called the Council at Trent

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Dogmatic–Reaffirmed traditional doctrines

Reformatory–Ended corrupt practices–Banned heretical

literature

The Society of Jesus

Founded by Ignatius Loyola–Soldier –Not a scholar or theologian

Required absolute obedience

Jesuits served as teachers and diplomats

Reformation