Regional Outline for East Asia

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics Dynasties with emperors-

mandate of heavenStart ofbureaucracy/meritocracy

Japan borrowed from ChinaIncreased bureaucracyTributary systemConstant threat from NorthPrince Shotoku thendaimyos

Fall of Ming frominternal/external - ManchuJapan: Warring StatesPeriod to TokogawaShogunateCentralized rule

Abdication of Qing,unification of ChinaFight for control with MaoJapan: abolishes feudalism,Civil code, regional govsNationalism = huge force

Decolonization from EuropeNominally democraticTensions- China and WestUSSR/China splitBirth of Chinese RepublicJapan: parliamentarycapitalism

Economy Lots of money flowing infrom Silk RoadsOtherwise agricultural

Paper moneyCredit or “ flying money”High taxes cause peasantrevoltsSerfs bound to land

China: trade withEuropeans in QingJapan: manufacturing,merchant class get wealthand power , urbanization,population growth

Provide labor forplantations/minesMeiji Restoration- quicklyindustrialized in Japan

Modernization of Japan,Taiwan, South KoreaPost- industrial/high-techLess affected by globaldepressionNeed natural resources

SocialClass/Gender

PatriarchalConfucian principlesWomen only power incourtScholars/officials military artisansFew live in cities

Code of Bushido- chivalryWomen lost freedom inJapan

Foreigners allowed in ChinaManchus higher thanChineseJapan: hierarchy becomesunbreakable, samurai at toplower class women morefree – upper obey or die

Rigid Tokogawa hierarchyendedMiddle class grows powerLower classes- horribleconditions, taxed a lot

Slow to embrace/toleratediversity and individualismHigh degree/variety socialservicesRise of feminism- suffrageWomen went worked WWIIFoot binding outlawed

Science/Inventions

Iron AgeModernized armyPaper, accuratesundials/calendars,agriculture improvementsplow)

Gunpowder for militaryBoasts = junksNavigation/block printingIron productionAgriculture technique population cities

Gunpowder more prevalentGlobalization of trade

British introduced opium toChinaWesternization of Japan

steamships/railroadsCommunication revolution

Atomic bombsNuclear weaponryMilitarism in JapanComputer, internet,biotechnology and geneticscience

Art/Architectu

re

Brush paintingPalaces

Infrastructure (roads, inns,postal stations)Japan: haiku, pencilsketches, ink sketches, Nohdrama, tea ceremony

Japan: kabuki theatrereplaces restrained drama,Woodblock prints = artform, borrowed Koreanceramics and western oilpainting

Artistic styles change morerapidly and radically thanever before

Theme for lit- resisting USNew style= cubismMovie industryUse of concrete and glassNew skepticism

Empire Collapse of empires inChina from internalproblems – economicdepression, naturalcatastrophe, social unrest

Mongol empires – conquerChina, but fail in Japan replaced by Ottoman Turksand Ju Yuanzahng of Mingdynasty

Japan empire centralizedFall of the Manchu empireInteraction with west =China – relatively isolated,Japan- periods of isolationand acceptance

The fall of China – opiumwars, internal rebellions,external lasses, BoxerRebellionJapanese imperialism-Taiwan, Korea, Russia

Japan- WWII- invadesManchuria, China, Siberia –taking over Southeast Asia,Bomb Pearl Harbor – bringsUS into war atomicbomb US occupies Japan

Religion Polytheism, animismancestor worshipConfucianism, LegalismDaoism, also spread ofBuddhism from India

Buddhist missionariesShinto religionInfluenced by monotheisticreligionsNeo- Confucian thought

New sects of Buddhismfrom China to JapanNeo- Confucianism increaseethnocentric, historicism,

rationalism)

Scientific/secular worldbecomes dominant

Religious fundamentalismWestern appreciation forscience spread

Regional Outline for Eastern Europe8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics Religion basedHierarchal system

Delegation ofresponsibilityBureaucraticcodification

6th century Justinianrule – restore Rome

Mongol invasion 1237-1241Russia divided into small kingdoms

Tartars controlleft day to day control to locals

Ivan III/IV -Free from Mongols – 1480Empire expanded eastward

Russia – centralization of authorityPeter the Great – St. Petersburg as

capitalParliamentary government

Secret policeFirst Russian navy

Russia – tsar continued to be allpowerful

Prussia – remained militaristic andauthoritarian

Duma created, but no real powerLocal rulers – zemstvoes regulate

roads, schoolsMilitary officers based on meritocracy

Tsarist regime falls apartArmy in full retreat

USSR formed – collapsesfollowing cold war

Soviet troops occupy all ofeastern Europe

Gorbachev tries to reformfrees E. European nations

updated authoritarian structure inreality

Economy Byzantine empireMost important western

terminal of the SilkRoad

Constantinople locatedon important trade routs

Trade lapsed under TartarsNorth-south commerce never returned

Moscow – trade, tribute collectorMost part, remained agricultural

Trades with nomadic people

Key economy bound to agricultureDevalued merchant class

Limited commercial exchangeSystemized tax systemMetallurgy and mining

Economics funded military

Backward position in tradeExported some grain to W. EuropeTrade deficit lessened by increasingserf output, not improving industry

realizes the need to industrializeBut sill doesn’ t want to be materialistic

COMECONEconomies nationalized

Collectivization under stateplanned control

Soviet welfare systemFocus on heavy industry

Lenin’s New economic policyRussia-five year plan

SocialClass/Gender

Serfdom began inMiddle Age

Original sin devalueswomen

Influx of jewsMonogamy replaced polygamy

Fairly free farmersBoyars-aristocrats-less political power

FeudalismPeter the Great encourages serfdomWomen and nobles forced to dress

in western fashionsMen shaved beards – denial of

Mongol traditionPower to upper class women

Emancipating serfs 1861but most indebted, life doesn’ t

improveIncreased literacy

Some upper class women have accessto new careers

Pogroms against Jews

Muslim population growthLenin’s New Economic Policy

gave freedom to small businesses,peasant landowners – more power

Education started to spread –literacy

ScienceInventions

Focus on Serfs-cheap labor forceimpeded invention or new

scientific ideasJohn Desarguliers builds firststeam engine outside England

Western machinery importedOutdated agricultural methods – hard

to competeMendel and some peas, Pavlov and

his dog

Cold War – Arms race, space raceScientists highly respectedResearch heavily funded

Direction/research determined bygovernment – want applied

science

Art/Architecture Hagia SophiaMosaic

Religion based

Ornate churchesIcons, illuminated manuscripts

Religious art vs. local music, street performerstheater

Not part of Renaissance due toilliterate Mongols

Architecture of city done by serfsRomanov Policy

Italian artists/architects to work onchurches/palaces

Beginning of some arts flourishTolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikivsky

Nationalist pride throughdictionaries, histories, folktales,

music

Art-attacked western styleClassical arts

Literature walked line of angeringgovernment – still discussed

patriotism/Russian

Empire Byzantine Empire Kievan Ruscould not replicate Byzantine

Kievan decline – rival princes set up regionalgovernments

Rapid decline of Byzantium

Connection to Byzantine Empiremarried niece of emperor

Expansion – fought Ottoman EmpireFall of Byzantine Empire (1453)

Religion Animist – gods of sun,thunder, wind and fire

Vladimir I convert to Christianityforced conversion

Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremoniesReligion allowed to have vernacular languages

Orthodox Christianity moved toMoscow

Romanov family – state control overRussian Orthodox Church

Russification – all Russians had toconvert to Orthodoxy

Soviet schools taught religion asmyth under Stalin

No church service to under 18

Regional Outline for Latin America

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - The leaders are related to

divinity (priests)Hierarchal system

Arrival of Cortes (1518)Annihilates existing politicalsystemCodified laws

ColonizationImplement own governmentEuropeans immigrate)

Religion (Catholic) plays astrong influence in gov’ t

DecolonizationMajority rulesSeries of juntas/dictatorships

Economy - Little tradeInternally basedMostly agricultureLarge marketplaces

Cortes – tradingEncomiendasHaciendasTrade of cropsBrought beasts of burden improved agriculture

improved technologydependentEurope sucks naturalresources/profitsmonoculture

Europe cannot maintainMonocultureDifficulty industrializingHeavily dependent on naturalresources (Venezuela)

SocialClass/Gender

priests ruleshierarchalpatriarchal ( though womenappreciated)

more hierarchal (by race)depreciation of womenEuropean influence)

Continued hierarchyNew castes created (creoles,mestizos )

Society opens upMore egalitarianSome meritocracyExisting racism

Science/Inventions

CalendarNo wheelsRoad systemChinampas

medical advances ( longer lifespan)Wheel brought in (levers,pulleys)Brought in writing system (forIncan empire)

primitive anesthesiatools for probing, incision,organ extractionblood lettingtransfer of Europeaninventions/influenced

innovation continuedbeginning industrializationextracting natural resourcesscience/inventions gottenthrough trade

Art/Architecture

ZigguratsReligion-based

Western/religion (Christian based) artMix of original Spanish and Western art

Combination of European,indigenous, and Christian arts.

Empire - AztecsIncasMayansToltecs, etc.

decimated ( guns, germs, steel)Iberian rule

Spanish/Portuguese empireTreaty of Tordesillas ( 1949)Portuguese King moves toBrazilSome French influence

split into many countriesGeneral Boliva: legacy of antiAmerican, influenced manycountriesNo strong institutions due todependency

Religion - AnimismPolytheismWorship of nature, etc.

West considered GodsLose belief in previous GodsWest brought ChristianityInfluenced ( little syncretism:superstitions created)

Christianity heavilyencouraged

Atheism agnostics increasedLegacy of CatholicismSociety more free to choosereligion

Regional Outline for Mediterranean

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - Persian Empire: governors

and law codeGreece: city states (Athenian

democracy)Roman Republic (510 - 23

BCE): Senate/AssemblyRoman Empire (23 BCE – 576

CE): bureaucrats

Byzantine: absoluteauthority

Secular rulersJustianian Code

Spain: Ferdinand + IsabellaChristian North +

Muslim South) = nationstate

Unification of Italy – VictorEmmanuel (1870) (helped byRevolution of 1848) - Italybefore (mid 1800s): foreigncontrolled small kingdoms

power of nationalismIberian colonies freeing selvesItaly: Triple Alliance

WWI - Conflict in BalkansItaly changes sides for alliances

want N territories controlledby Austria (later got some,but not all they wanted)

Interwar – Fascist Italy,Mussolini – aggression

no absolutes!

Economy Trade – among Med (1stcontrolled by Phoenicians/Greeks), and also with AfricaTrans-Saharan) and Silk

Roads (connected to China)necessary b/c large scale

agriculture impossible

East Byzantine: tradeat crossroadscommercial, culturalconnections

Byzantines not dominantIberian wave of explorationstart off strong, later replaced

by more W. EuropeGot lots of wealth, but spent

just as quicklyN. Italian city-states rich

N. Italy industrializesPortuguese coastal settlements

esp. India), and quite harshw/ African colonies

Italy – not really colonizinghumiliating loss to Ethiopia)

Interwar period – global econcrisis

Fascists want to protectenterprise

Economic Globalization – Italyin G-8

SocialClass/Gender

Classes:citizens (adult males)free people (no pol rights)noncitizens, slaves

or patricians, plebians, slavesWomen: inferior (marry in

teens) but role in religion

SerfdomWomen: domestic

participate in trade/craft

Women: Overall Europesome awareness ofinjustices

limited opportunities

Women: some movement toequality (esp.industrialization)

also w/ indus.: changes inclasses (rise of middle)

Fascists (unlike Communists)don’ t want to eliminateprivate property, classdistinctions

Women: roles changed duringwar - suffrage

Science/Inventions MedicineAstronomy (Ptolemy)Engineering (Roman roads,

aqueducts)Philosophy

slavery – applied sci behind

Printing press – Gutenberg1436): increased impact of

new ideas1252: Gunpowder to EuropeMuslims in Spain maintained

Greek/Roman learning

Muslims) Preserved past –added to math and science

Navigational techScientific Revolution

Many associated w/Industrial Revolution

Mussolini – attempts tomodernize Italy (broughtmedicine/tech tobackward parts)

Art/Architecture Classical – pillars, archesrealistic human statuesliterature (Homer)

Rome borrowed from G

Greek Orthodox Church:Blend of Greek & Roman

elementsDomesIcons

Cathedrals – Romanesque,Gothic

Exploration/colonizationensured spread of culture

Renaissance (esp. Italy) -Humanism

Artists experimented withnew styles

New literary trendsRomanticism, realism)

Media used for propagandae.g. for war) –

AdvertisementsMore new styles (cubism)

Empire Alexander the GreatCollapse of Roman

split into east and westinternal/external factors

East Roman ByzantineJustianian reconquest of N.

Africa, Italy, Spain coast)

Byzantine800 CE Holy Roman

Empire starts in West

Greece/Rome essentiallyforgotten

Weakening of Byzantine

Splitting into differentcountries (e.g. new nationof Italy)

Greece, Egypt launchindependence movements

Eastern Question – decline ofOttoman

Spanish Civil War (trainingground for new weapons) –not so directly involved inWW

No longer a unifying empire,but separate countrieshard to make generalizations

Religion Originally polytheisticConstantine: Edict of Milan

313 CE) legal status toChristianity

Byzantine = Greek OrthodoxChurch

West = Roman Catholic Church1054 Great Schism)

Spain –ties w/ Catholic churchSpanish Inquisition for hereticsProtestant Reformation/Catholic Reformation

Mostly continuities – e.g.Scientific Rev. challengedaspects of Roman Catholicism,but people learned to be both

Now most of the area = RomanCatholic, but some EasternChurches (Orthodox, etc), someSunni Muslim

Regional Outline for Middle East8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics - city-statecontrolled city and

surrounding area

Caliphspolitical unrestsuccession

problemIslam-Theocratic Rulers-codified Islamic law

SultanProvincial gov’ tcentralized power

Ottoman declinecentralized, butnot around economy

Turkish stateSultan kicked out

Ataturk- father of the Turks

Economy Tradegreat tradersagricultural

Participated in tradeTrans Sahara TradeSilk Road/RouteIndian Ocean Trade

Initially dominated tradebeginning)Indian Ocean, African

Coast

Trade still go onno longer dominant

traders/master traders

WWI- join central powerlost)Attempted”

IndustrializationIran, Iraq- Oil supply

Social Class/Gender - Men work (more freedom)Women confined to homeSlavery (owned slaves)from E.Africa

Education- moreopportunitiesWomen- married at puberty

equal before Allah

Harems establishedfemale slaves, women had

some rightsSocial Class: 1)Sultan2)Gov’ t Officials 3)RegOfficials 4)General peoplepeasants, Merchants..)

Womenstayed same, had some

property rightsnot really property of menhardly any rightsdevalued

WomenEven with pressure from

West. Stayed samenegative effect, treatmentsstill had to wear the clothes

to cover the whole body

Science/Inventions - Independent innovations4000BCE Bronze, CopperWheel, irrigation canalsnumber system (from

India, improved)Navigation tools

MathematicsAlgebra, Geometry…etc

Science -Objectiveexperiment

classificationnavigation: astrolabe

improvedMedicine

Military Techcanons, gunsadvanced medicallyMedicinesScience- navigation tools,

atstronomy

Affected by westernscience

overtaken (no longerdominantstayed isolated

Fall of USSRstart accepting west

influence

Art/Architecture ArchitectureZigguratsglory of civilization

Calligraphy, designsMinaretsMosquesLiterature

Poetic works: ArabianNights”

MosquesMinaretsMosaics

Artsstill had MosquesMinaretsMosaicsstyles still there, but

due to decline of empire,corruption, little time for art

Artsstill have, but not much

developmentsimprovements

Empire Regional KingdomBabyloniansAcadians…etc

Islamicregular civil wars1258 Mongols overran

Islamic empire

Ottoman EmpireGunpowder Empire”

Safavid Persia

Sick man of Europe”decline of Ottoman EmpireBalkansseeking independence

Young TurksSecularization, sceiences

technologyIran vs IraqTurkey formed

Religion - PolytheisticAnimisticMany gods

IslamSuffi’srespect for Jews/Christians

People of the book

Islamdivided

Sunni vs. Shi’ a

Islamstill the unifying forcetensions between Sunni vs.

Shi’ a still occurstill tolerant of other

religions to some extent

Islammore focused on religiontried to become like before

Regional Outline for South Asia

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present

Politics Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Aryans (1500 BCE)

16 states

Then Maurya (321-185

BCE)

Central, powerful military

Then Gupta Empire (320 –

550 CE)

Central control w/ village

gov’ ts

Collapse of Delhi sultanate

in 1300’s

Centralized under Mughal Mughal empire, Buhudar

Shahill sent into exile

Indian National congress

Ghandi

European influence

Nationalism

Indian National Congress

Push for independence

finally get after WWII)

Economy Active trade and

communication with Sumer

Ashoka (Maurya) promote

trade with rest areas for

travelers and Buddhist

missionaries

Trade with Mesopotamia –

Silk, cotton, elephants

Silk Road

Indian Ocean trade and

Trade with Islamic World,

China, East Africa and

Persia

Traded: cotton, silk,

elephants, gems, cinnamon,

and salt

Thrived due to cotton trade European traders

British East India Company

Globalization facilitate and

create greater trade across

the globe

Social

Class/Gender

Warrior aristocracy/

enslaved Dravidians

Arayans stratify class –

Varna – four classes

Patriarchal

Customs devalued women

More isolated – purdh

Caste system Patriarchal

Treatment of women better

under Akbar (initially) –

allowed widows to remarry

and intermarry between

Hindus and Muslims,

portray talents openly

More racial based

Abolish inhumane cultural

traditions (Sati)

Still patriarchal w/ caste

system

Science/Inventions Pi, Zero, numerical system,

medicine, astronomy,

plastic surgery

Gunpowder technology European education

promotes science/ invention

Art/Architecture Paintings, temples,

sculptures, courtyard

Blended w/ Muslim

Arches, domes

Taj Mahal

Roads, railroads, canals

Empire Indus Mughal

Gunpowder empire

Decline: due to opening to

foreign control

British colony After civil war: India,

Pakistan, Bangladesh

Religion Hinduism…Buddhism Islam,

Hinduism, Buddhism

Islam, Buddhism… though

mostly Hindu

Hindu, Islam, Buddhism,

Christianity (though not

very popular)

Muslim minority

Regional Outline for ___United States___________

1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - democrats imposed on

citizensmen- allowed to vote,

no suffrage rule yetJohn Locke- social

contract inspiredself-determination”

1776- Declaration ofIndependence1787- Constitutionthree branches or

checks and balance)democracy-

unbalanced amonggenders for suffrage

remained democracy1965- allwomen can voterichest nation

with hugepowersphere ofinfluences

Economy Columbian Exchange-new food source,animals, resourcestransferred betweenEurope and AmericasAfrican Slave Trade-benefits US for itscheap labor

involved in tradesWW1- war creditorsone of the top 5

trading empirebenefit through

colonization, exploitednatural resources

WW2- rose to dominateworld due to othercountries weredestroyed in the warhighly industrializedearned a lot of profit

with imports/exports

SocialClass/Gender

Women- inferior tomenEnlightenment ideas-

push forfreedoms/rights ofwomenpeasants, wealthy,

nobility

Women’s reform-1830s for family,divorce lawWomen’s sphereMoving towardsuffrageClass determined byracesHuge middle classgroups

patriarchal societieswomen have more job

opportunity in themodern periodsuffrage- given 1965class determined by

wealth

Science/Inventions

8000 -1450 CE

depending on regions (tribal societies)different region had different way of controlling

their peopleno central authority

pastoral/hunter gather societies- tribesagriculture- have lots of great farmers,

producing their regional crops

class determined by age (the oldest receive morerespect and power)

people who owed a lot of horses, equipments,crops, families

matrilineal societies

develop own farming equipments

borrowed a lot from theChinese, Arabs andIslamic world

1800s- textile factorysystem brought fromEuropeTechnologicalinnovation- spurredindustrialization

more advance navy,militarily equipments,creators and producersof luxury products

Art/Architecture Borrowed ideas fromvariousempires/countries suchas Indian, Europeans,China etc…

influenced byEuropean/ Asianarchitecture-Renaissance/Indianbuilding styles

still borrowed ideasfrom Europeartists/architects

Empire fragmented regions, nocentral authority to ruleand combine all areastogether yet

Monroe Doctrine 1823used British navy

Spanish AmericanEmpirecontrolled Philippine,

Guar, Puerto Rico

Still a big empiredistributedproducts to earninfluenced onother nations toinvest in USpowerful

Religion

depending on regionsteepee, thatch roof house, huts etc…

No empire- series of tribe societies

most were animistsome don’t believe in god at all

Christianity Christianity dominated,some still polytheists,animists, or secular

Christianity remainedstrong, some minority –remained their owntraditional religions

Regional Outline for Western Europe

8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics democracy (Greece),

republic (Rome),Small feudal kingdomsDecentralizationHoly Roman Empire,Franks, English

MonarchiesEmerging nationalism

Emergingconstitutionalmonarchiesrivalries betweennations strong

Experiments withsocialism, communismSwing between rightand left wings

Economy Trade within regions,sometimes tradethrough silk road

ManorialismSelf-sufficientSome Trade

European exploration:start of mercantilismcolonialismColumbian Exch.

mercantilism reallytook offmass production ofgoodsglobal trade

GloballyinterconnectedCapitalismIndustrialized nationsbetter

SocialClass/Gender

Germanic tribesSerfdomSlaves, citizen, freewomen inferior

Feudalism/ ChivalryPower by land ownersPeasants tied to land

Hierarchical systembased on race andethnocentrismwomen devalued

Enlightenment ideasgave women riseend of slave traderacism still exists

FeminismAttempts to end racismpersecution jews,minoritiesmeritocracy

Science/Inventions Pythagoras, createdfield of medicine

Gutenberg – PrintingPress

Lateen SailsScientific RevolutionNavigation technology

Industrial RevolutionAssembly line, massproduction, technologyin general

nuclear power,Internet,

Art/Architecture Domed, ideal humanform, literary works,such as Epic by Homer

Gothic stylePolyphonic music

RenaissanceHumanism

beginning of modernart—abstract art,cubism, impressionism

New uses of concreteand glass, Movies,Cubism

Empire Greece, Rome Holy Roman Empire England, Iberia…nation states emerge

Imperialismalways expanding andcolonizing

Empires broken upcolonies independent,self determination