Relation between particle size of the diet and gut health ...Control diet Diluted diet LSD P-value...

Relation between particle size of the diet and gut health in pigletsFrancesc Molist, PhD, DVM

Young Animal Nutrition Summit

3 and 4 March 2020

Host

MicrobiotaEnvironment

GUT

Gut is the gatekeeper of health

Schokker et al., 2015Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam

Schokker et al., 2015

No feed ab

Excess non-digested nutrients in the GIT

Higher risk of disease

(Looft et al., 2014)Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam

ACUTE PHASE

- Anorexia & intestinal stasis

- Nutrient digestion & absorption

- Fermentation

- Intestinal dysbiosis

- Intestinal damage

MATURATION PHASE

- Feed intake

- Nutrient digestion & absorption

- Fermentation capacity

- Establishment microbiota GIT

- Recovering functional activity

PW diarrhea

(PWD)

5 - 10 days

WEA

NIN

G

5-10 days

20

DA

YS

Excess nutrients increasethe risk of S. suis

Our challenge: piglets should eat (to grow) but we need to avoid overfeeding

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam

•Dilute the

diets?

•Increase the

retention

time in the

stomach?

Control diet Diluted diet LSD P-value

Week 1

ADG 93 93 15.1 0.969

FI 168a 183b 14.6 0.048

FCR 2.16 2.23 0.50 0.785

EC 2.34 2.30 0.52 0.882

Week 2

ADG 272a 302b 25.4 0.024

FI 328a 399b 28.0 <0.001

FCR 1.22a 1.34b 0.078 0.003

EC 1.32 1.38 0.081 0.148

Week 1-

4

ADG 319 327 17.0 0.389

FI 440a 472b 22.2 0.005

FCR 1.38a 1.45b 0.035 <0.001

EC 1.48a 1.52b 0.037 0.011

Effect of DILUTION of weaner diets on piglet performance in week 1-4 post-weaning

Molist et al. 20175

• Diluting 5% the diet (2,300 kcal vs. 2,185 kcal NE) increases feed intake and ADG in post-weaning piglets


Feacal score results during the first 4 weeks PW

Treatment T1Control

T26%

Soya hulls

T312%

Soya hulls

T46%

Sunflower hulls

T512%

Sunflower hulls

T66%

Wheat straw

T712%

Wheat straw

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ AmsterdamMolist et al. 2016

Diluting thediet with I-

CHO sources improved thefaecal score

Diets: red point NC1 (NC), grey point NC2 (PC), yellow point (OH-2), yellow point * (OH-6), blue point (SH-2), blue point*

(SH-6), green point (WS-2), green point* (WS-6).

y = 65.189x - 36.478R² = 0.9021

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4

AD

G g

/d

SID-Lys intake g/d

NC1

NC2

NC1 +oat hulls

NC1+SFL hulls

NC1+Wstr

Linear ( )

**

*

Relation ADG and daily Lys intake 0-14 d PW in piglets

• ADG of the piglets is linked to daily Lys intake and less to daily Kcal intake.• Dilemma low CP diets vs. SID AA! – WHAT ABOUT PARTICLE SIZE?

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam Molist et al. 2016

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

OM CP CFat CFibre NfE

meal

*

**

ns

ns

ns

Effect of pelleting on app. faecal digestibility (%) in pigs

• Processing the diet improve nutrient digestibility in swine (specially C. fat and C. fibre). But improves also gut health?


Pellet Mash LSD P-value

Week 1

ADG 97 88 13.3 0.147

FI 182 184 13.8 0.810

FCR 2.06 2.40 0.424 0.108

FS2 4.0 4.4 0.468 0.083

Week 2

ADG 285 320 20.2 0.001

FI 364 437 19.5 <0.001

FCR 1.30 1.39 0.069 0.016

FS2 4.8 5.0 0.375 0.292

Week 1-4

ADG 329 324 15.0 0.544

FI 465 479 19.6 0.164

FCR 1.42 1.48 0.029 <0.001

FS2 4.8 5.0 0.202 0.063

Effect of diet presentation of diluted diets (PELLET vs. MASH) on piglet performance in week 1-4 post-weaning

9

• Diets in mash form improved the faecal score (FS) in the first week PW.

• In the 2nd week PW mash diets increase FI and ADG but also FCR.

• How can we create structure in the diet without penalizing the nutrient efficiency?


Diets1 P-value2

F-NP C-NP F-P C-P Form2 Grinding Form x grinding

Stomach 7.39 8.24 7.26 7.42 0.07 0.05 0.17

Small intestine 28.7 26.8 27.2 25.3 0.12 0.05 0.98

Cecum 1.78 2.43 2.2 2.19 0.44 0.02 0.01

Colon 12.1 13.3 13.0 12.0 0.78 0.85 0.04

1 Diets: F-NP, fine nonpelleted; C-NP, coarse nonpelleted; F-P, fine pelleted; C-P,

coarse pelleted.2 Form: nonpelleted vs. pelleted, Grinding: fine (0% particles > 3,5 mm) vs. coarse (3,7%

particles > 3,5mm in C-NP; and 1% > 3,5 mm in C-P)

Effect of particle size and feed processing on the relative weight (g/ kg of BW) of the GIT of pigs 4 weeks PW

Hedemann et al., 2005Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam

• Stomach: piglets fed NP diets and piglets fed coarse diets showed bigger stomachs.

• Small intestine: piglets fed fine diets showed heavier (longer) small intestine.

• Caecum & colon: piglets fed coarse NP diets showed bigger caecum compared to piglets fed fine NP. No differences

were observed between pelleted diets.

• Coarse and NP diets showed the highest influence in organ development.

▪ Stomach act as a digestive barrier.

▪ Regulates the feed intake and the digestion.

▪ Fundus: start CP digestion and mix stomach.

▪ Body: digest CP, blends materials in stomach and reduced to a paste.

▪ Antrum: brakes down large feed material into small particles.

▪ Pyloric sphincter: valve that selectively empties the small particles and retains the large.

▪ Fibre fractions will accumulate to the distal part and starch fractions to the proximal part.


• We need to make the stomach of the piglets functional!

Stomach - GIT development and function

Bornhorst et al., 2013

• 96 pigs

• Diets: white rice (cooked) vs. Brown rice (cooked.

• Digestion time: 20, 60, 120, 180, 300 min.

• Location of the particles in the stomach.

• Stomach pH


Brown rice White rice

2h after digestion

Brown rice White rice

8h after digestion

Bornhorst et al., 2013SFR ▪ Nutrition in Transition ▪ Specific aspects of nutrition during weaning ▪ 27 November 2019

Evolution of the stomach pH after the meal

• Having structure in the diet resulted in a lower pH specially in the distal parts of the stomach.

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam Bornhorst et al., 2013

pH variatiation in de stomach of a piglet


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

30 40 50 60

Sto

mach

pH

Piglets age

Pepsin optimum zone activity

• Piglets younger than 60 days old have difficulties to acidify the stomach pH.

• Coarse I-CHO particles can help the piglets to develop the stomach and to reduce the stomach pH.

Survival of pathogenic bacteria in stomach content of pigs


• Animals: weaned piglets euthanized at 33 kg BW.

• Feed: starter feed in coarse form (53% particles > than 1 mm) vs. fine pellet (5 %

particles > than 1 mm).

• Samples: stomach content from the distal region 6h post-meal.

• In-vitro gastric incubations: S. derby, S. suis type 2 and type 9

Koop et al., 2013


Survival rate of S. Derby, S. suis st 2 and 9 in stomach content of piglets fed a fine pellet diet over 240 min, pH of digesta

Survival rate of S. Derby, S. suis st 2 and 9 in stomach content of pigletsfed a coarse mash diet over 240 min, pH of digesta

• Feeding the diets as coarse mash resulted in lower stomach pH than fine pellet.

• S. Derby was was reduced when piglets received a coarse mash diet and S. suis did not survive in the stomach content.

Ko

op

et a

l., 2013

Koop et al., 2013

In an ideal situation the structure should come from fibre by-products (low in energy and with a bulk effect)


E. coli challenge model in piglets


d9 d16d0

E.coli k88

BW, ADFIBW BW, ADFI

Sacrifice all theanimals

NC

PC

WBc

WBm

NEGATIVE CONTROL: Basal Diet

POSITIVE CONTROL: CT + 0.01% ab

WB coarse: CT + 4% WB (1088μm)

WB fine: CT + 4% WB (445 μm)

Molist et al., 2011

Is particle size of the inert fibre important?

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

NC PC WBm WBc

(Lo

g o

f C

FU

/g

of

tiss

ue

)

E. coli E. coli K88

E.coli attached to ileum the mucosa


• WB inclusion reduces the E. coli bacteria in the ileum digesta, and in coarse particle size also reduces the number

of E. coli K88 adhered to the ileum mucosa

x

yy

xy

a

b

ab

ab

Mo

list

et

al.,

2011

Bacterial adhesion inhibition


Intestinal epithelium


Diarrhea=

= ?

excretion

Inert fibre also interact with the GIT microbiota, but in mycotoxins risk or inert fibre to fine ground?



Bacterial excretion trough the faeces

E. coli K88 counts in the ileum mucosa

Effect of particle size of barley and protease on CP digestibility

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

Prox. jejunum Mid. jejunum Distal ileum Faecal

CP

dig

est

ibilit

y, %

1 Fine No 2 Coarse No 3 Fine Yes 4 Coarse Yes

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam Guan & Molist., 2019

• If inert fibre is not available or is a risk. Then seems that barley is a good candidate to bring structure in the feed.

Effect of particle size on the starch digestion of wheat

Young Animal Nutrition Summit ▪ March 2020 ▪ Amsterdam Ratanpaul et al., 2019

• In the future we need to integrate feed structure > single grinding of certain ingredients and effects on nutrient

kinetics and digestibility

We need to measure particle size distribution of ingredients and feed


Wet sieve analysis

Sieve analysis

We need to standardize wet sieving analysis!Sievesize

(µm)Average sieve

size (µm) Level2200 2250 0,00%2100 2150 0,00%2000 2050 0.00%1900 1950 0.55%1800 1850 0.82%1700 1750 1.22%1600 1650 1.83%1500 1550 2.73%1400 1450 4.07%1300 1350 6.08%1200 1250 9.07%1100 1150 13.53%1000 1050 20.20%900 950 13.53%800 850 9.07%700 750 6.08%600 650 4.07%500 550 2.73%400 450 1.83%300 350 1.22%200 250 0.82%100 150 0.55%

0 50 0.00%


Measurement Particle size

Reality 1050 µm -


Reality 1050 µm -

All sieves 981 µm -6.6%


Reality 1050 µm -

All sieves 981 µm -6.6%

Excluding sieve 2 920 µm -12.4%

What is the optimal particle size distribution to promote growth and health?


• Do we need to control just the structure (particles > 1.5 mm) and/or also the fines (particles < 300 µm)?

Take home message (I)

• Feed processing is linked to increase feed efficiency and growth.

• In immature animals and with the absence of antimicrobials growth promoters& ZnO substrate that enters the GIT and is available for the bacteria needs tobe controlled.

• Diluting the diets (mainly in Kcal and not in g SID Lys) and/or increasingstomach retention can play an important role in limiting the substrate.

• To increase stomach retention in piglets structure (big particles) is needed inthe diet.


Take home message (II)

• Better to get the structure from inert fibre and if it is not possible then thecereals can bring the structrure.

• More research is needed to integrate feed processing – animal health &behavior – animal performance.

• Nutritionists need to measure particle size and discuss results with theproduction manager.

• The best advice that we can do nowadays to improve gut health is > 15% ofthe particles > 1.5 mm.


Thank you for your attention

[email protected]

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Relation between particle size of the diet and gut health ...Control diet Diluted diet LSD P-value...

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