Renewable Energy Project Analysis Course - Module 1Renewable Energy Project Analysis Course - Module 1

Status of Renewable Energy Status of Renewable Energy TechnologiesTechnologies

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Passive Solar Home

Photo Credit: McFadden, Pam DOE/NREL

Photo Credit: Nordex Gmbh

Windfarm

ObjectivesObjectives

• To increase awareness about To increase awareness about renewable energy technologies (RETs)renewable energy technologies (RETs) Markets

Typical applications

PV Lighting Solar Water Heating Collectors

Photos Credit: NREL PIX

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Reasons for RE TechnologiesReasons for RE Technologies

• EnvironmentalEnvironmental Climate change

Local pollution

• EconomicEconomic Life-cycle costs

Fossil fuel depletion

• SocialSocial Employment generation

Reduced drain of local $$$

Growth in energy demand (x3 by 2050)

Declining Costs (Wind Energy)

0

10

20

30

40

1980 1990 2000

Years

Source: National Laboratory Directors

for the U.S. Department of Energy (1997)

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

DefinitionsDefinitions

• Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Using less energy resources to meet the same energy needs

• Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Using non-depleting natural resources to meet energy needs

Super Insulated Passive Solar HomePhoto Credit: Jerry Shaw

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Common Characteristics of Common Characteristics of Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

• Relative to conventional energy:Relative to conventional energy:

Typically higher initial costs

Generally lower operating costs

Environmentally cleaner

Often cost effective on life-cycle cost basis

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Cost of an Energy SystemCost of an Energy System

• Total costTotal cost

• Total costTotal cost

+ + annual fuel and O&M costsannual fuel and O&M costs

+ + major overhaul costsmajor overhaul costs

+ + decommissioning costsdecommissioning costs

++ financing costs financing costs

++ etc. etc.

purchase costpurchase cost

== purchase costpurchase cost

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Initial Cost vs. Simple PaybackInitial Cost vs. Simple Payback

OIL OIL

OIL

OIL

OIL

OIL

OIL

+ Cumulative Fuel+ Cumulative Fuel ConsumptionConsumption

Simple Payback

0 1 2 3 4

OIL

OIL

OIL

Diesel GeneratorDiesel Generator(base case)

Wind Energy Wind Energy (proposed case)

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyHeating & Cooling Heating & Cooling TechnologiesTechnologies

Biomass Heating

Solar Air Heating

Passive Solar Heating

Ground Source Heat Pumps

Solar Water Heating

Photo Credit: Waterloo Green Home Photo Credit: Grove Wood Heat

Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering Photo credit: TN Conseil

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Renewable Energy Electricity Renewable Energy Electricity Generating TechnologiesGenerating Technologies

Small HydroPhotovoltaics

Photo Credit: SNC-LavalinPhoto Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky

Photo Credit: Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative

Wind Energy

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Wind EnergyWind EnergyTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Need good windsNeed good winds (>4 m/s @ 10M) Coastal areas, hilltops & valleys

• Applications:Applications:

Off-Grid Isolated-Grid

Central-Grid

DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Green, Jim Photo Credit: Rodger, Elliot

Photo Credit: NEG-MICON

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Wind Energy Market Wind Energy Market

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

MW

Source: Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association & BTM Consult

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Annual Wind Turbine Installations Worldwide (MW)

0

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2,000

1,000

6,000

5,000

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 24,000 MW(~ 12.6 million homes @ 5,000 kWh/home and 30% wind capacity

factor)

8,100 MW Germany 3,175 MW Spain4,240 MW U.S. 2,417 MW Denmark

45,000 MW predicted by 2005

Small HydroSmall HydroTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Project types:Project types:Dam Run of riverDiversion

• Applications:Applications:Central-gridIsolated-gridOff-grid

Francis Turbine

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Small Hydro MarketSmall Hydro Market

• Most mature form of renewable energyMost mature form of renewable energy

• 19% of world electricity produced by large & small hydro19% of world electricity produced by large & small hydro

• 45,000 existing small hydro45,000 existing small hydro

plants in China (19,000 MW)plants in China (19,000 MW)

• 1,600 MW small hydro 1,600 MW small hydro

to develop in Canadato develop in Canada

• 4,500 MW small hydro 4,500 MW small hydro

to develop in Europeto develop in Europe

Small Hydro Power Plant

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)Technology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

Photo Credit: Tsuo, Simon DOE/NREL

Photo Credit: Strong, Steven DOE/NREL

Household PV System

PV Water PumpingGrid-tied Building Integrated PV

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Photovoltaic MarketPhotovoltaic Market

Source: PV News

0

100

200

300

MWp

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 1,650 MW(~ 660,000 homes @ 5,000 kWh/home)

Growth in 2001: 350 MW

Worldwide PV installations (MWp)400 400

300

200

100

0

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Passive Solar HeatingPassive Solar HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Supplying energy in the Supplying energy in the heating seasonheating season

• Solar gains available Solar gains available through equator facing through equator facing windowswindows

• Store heat within Store heat within building structurebuilding structure

• Can reduce heating Can reduce heating cost to less than halfcost to less than half

Photo Credit: Parsons, Dave DOE/NREL

Passive and Active Solar Home

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Passive Solar Heating MarketPassive Solar Heating Market

• Use of efficient windows Use of efficient windows is actually passive solar - is actually passive solar - standard practice todaystandard practice today

• For new construction - no For new construction - no to low cost increaseto low cost increase Higher efficiency windows Building orientation Proper shading

• Cost competitive Cost competitive for new buildings for new buildings and retrofitsand retrofits

Commercial Buildings

Residential Buildings

DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren

Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Solar Water HeatingSolar Water HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Glazed and un-glazed collectorsGlazed and un-glazed collectors

• Water storage (tank or pool)Water storage (tank or pool)

Commercial/Institutional Buildings and Pools Aquaculture - Salmon Hatchery

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Solar Water Heating MarketSolar Water Heating Market

• More than 30 million mMore than 30 million m22 of of collectors worldwidecollectors worldwide

• Strong world market for solar Strong world market for solar swimming pool heatersswimming pool heaters

• Law requires solar water heatingLaw requires solar water heatingin Israelin Israel

• European community goal European community goal (2010): 100 million m(2010): 100 million m22 of of collectors (35 % growth rate)collectors (35 % growth rate)

Photo Credit: Chromagen

Residential Buildings

Residential Buildings and Pools

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Solar Air HeatingSolar Air HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Cold air is heated Cold air is heated as as it passes through it passes through small holes in thesmall holes in themetal absorber metal absorber plate (Solarwallplate (SolarwallTMTM) )

• A fan circulates thisA fan circulates thisheated air throughheated air throughthe buildingthe building

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

• Space heating of Space heating of buildings with large buildings with large ventilation requirements ventilation requirements

• Also for crop dryingAlso for crop drying

• Cost competitive Cost competitive for new buildings or major for new buildings or major renovationsrenovations

Industrial Buildings

Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering

Solar Crop Drying

Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Solar Air Heating MarketSolar Air Heating Market

Biomass HeatingBiomass HeatingTechnology & Applications Technology & Applications

Wood Chipping

Heating Plant

Single Buildings and/or District Heating

Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL

Photo Credit: Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Biomass Heating MarketBiomass Heating Market

Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL

Wood Stove

Wood Fuel Supply

• 6% of global primary energy is fuelwood6% of global primary energy is fuelwood 6% of Canada, 13% of Austria’s and 17% of

Sweden’s energy supplies

• In some countries, biomassIn some countries, biomassaccounts for over 50% ofaccounts for over 50% ofenergy demand, usually forenergy demand, usually forcookingcooking

• Biomass fuel typesBiomass fuel types Wood, agricultural, municipal wastes, sewage, etc.

• Cost competitive with Cost competitive with conventional fuelsconventional fuels

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Ground-Source Heat Pump Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications

• Space/water heating Space/water heating and coolingand cooling

• Cost competitiveCost competitivefor new/retrofit for new/retrofit applicationsapplications

Horizontal Ground-Loop

Vertical Ground-Loop

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Ground-Source Heat Pump Ground-Source Heat Pump MarketMarket

30,000+ ground-source heat 30,000+ ground-source heat pumps in residences in pumps in residences in CanadaCanada

3,000+ units in industrial 3,000+ units in industrial and commercial buildings in and commercial buildings in CanadaCanada

Commercial, Institutional Industrial Buildings

Photo Credit: Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) DOE/NREL

Residential Buildings

Photo Credit: DOE/NREL

More than 800,000 ground-source More than 800,000 ground-source heat pumps in Europeheat pumps in Europe

European objectives to double European objectives to double current installed capacity by 2010current installed capacity by 2010

45,000+ units installed in the US 45,000+ units installed in the US (2000)(2000)

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Other Commercial Other Commercial RE TechnologiesRE Technologies

• Biomass: heat and powerBiomass: heat and power• Bio-gas: cooking, electricity, shaft powerBio-gas: cooking, electricity, shaft power• Geothermal: heat and powerGeothermal: heat and power• Landfill gas: heat and powerLandfill gas: heat and power• Fuels: ethanol and Fuels: ethanol and

bio-dieselbio-diesel

Photo Credit: David and Associates DOE/NREL

Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL

Biomass Co-generation

Agriculture Waste Fuel Supply

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

Emerging RE TechnologiesEmerging RE Technologies

• Solar-thermal powerSolar-thermal power

• Ocean-thermal powerOcean-thermal power

• Tidal powerTidal power

• Ocean current powerOcean current power

• Wave powerWave power

• etc.etc.

Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL

Photo Credit: Sandia National Laboratories DOE/NREL

Parabolic-Trough Solar Power Plant

Central Receiver Solar Power Plant

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.

• Cost-effective Cost-effective opportunities existopportunities exist

• Some past failuresSome past failures

• Many success storiesMany success stories

• Growing marketsGrowing markets

• Renewable energy Renewable energy resources are availableresources are available

Photo Credit: Ross, Michael

Photo Credit: Price, Chuck

Parks Canada PV-Wind Hybrid System (Arctic at 81°N)

PV PhonePhoto Credit: Nordex Gmbh

600 kW Wind Turbine installation

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ConclusionsConclusions

QuestionQuestions?s?

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