REPORT - EPA WA

June 2012

WETLAND CONDITION SURVEY

The West Murray 2A Infill Sewerage Project, Ravenswood

Submitted to:Water Corporation 628 Newcastle Street LEEDERVILLE WA 6007

REPO

RT

Report Number. 117646052-004-R-Rev0 Distribution:1 Electronic Copy - Water Corporation 1 Electronic Copy - Golder Associates


Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 THE PROJECT .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Location ........................................................................................................................................................ 1

2.2 Proposed Works ........................................................................................................................................... 2

3.0 WETLAND CONDITION SURVEY ............................................................................................................................ 2

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.2 Approach ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.3 Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.3.2 South Yunderup Road Culvert Wetland (Site 1) ...................................................................................... 4

3.3.3 Murray River: Houseboat Jetty (Site 2) ................................................................................................... 6

3.3.4 North-West Wetland (Site 3) ................................................................................................................... 7

3.3.5 Murray Bend Wetland (Site 4) ................................................................................................................. 8

3.3.6 Murray River: Ravenswood Road Jetty (Site 5) ...................................................................................... 9

3.3.7 Wetlands Not Surveyed ........................................................................................................................ 10

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 11

5.0 LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

6.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 12

TABLES Table 1: Water Quality of South Yunderup Road Culvert Wetland ...................................................................................... 5

Table 2: Water Quality of Murray River at Houseboat Jetty ................................................................................................ 6

Table 3: Water Quality of North-West Wetland ................................................................................................................... 8

Table 4: Water Quality of Murray Bend Wetland ................................................................................................................. 9

Table 5: Water Quality of Murray River at Ravenswood Road Jetty ................................................................................... 9

Table 6: Unsurveyed Wetlands ......................................................................................................................................... 10

June 2012 Report No. 117646052-004-R-Rev0 i


June 2012 Report No. 117646052-004-R-Rev0 ii

FIGURES Figure 1: Map of survey sites of Murray River and surrounding wetlands near proposed Water Corporation

activities shown as blue stars and labelled 1-5. Un-surveyed wetlands are shown as blue circles and labelled A-D. ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: South Yunderup Road culvert wetland. a) view looking east, b) stock gate and access to wetland and c) view looking south .......................................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 3: Murray River looking east from Houseboat Jetty. a) paperbark in foreground, b) riparian vegetation, c) mammal tracks, d) waterfowl tracks ............................................................................................................... 6

Figure 4: North-West Wetland. a) Aponogeton aquatic macrophyte, b) wetland looking west showing stock access, c) historic drain from wetland and d) new weir retaining water in wetland ............................................. 7

Figure 5: Murray Bend wetland. a) view looking west, b) Re-establishing riparian vegetation including B. Ilicifolia in background and B. littoralis in foreground, c) Self-established seedling s of B. grandis in understorey and c) kangaroo scats (likely western grey, Macropus fuliginosus) under paperbark tree showing use of wetland areas for resting .................................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 6: Murray River looking west from Ravenswood Road Jetty .................................................................................... 9

APPENDICES APPENDIX A Limitations


1.0 INTRODUCTION The Water Corporation engaged Golder Associates Pty Ltd (Golder) to complete work related to the preparation and submission of a Section 38 Referral (under the Environmental Protection Act 1986) for the construction of the proposed West Murray 2A Infill Sewerage Project (the Project).

The work included completion of a Flora and Fauna survey, Wetland condition assessment and an environmental impact assessment report. This document is the Wetland condition assessment.

2.0 THE PROJECT 2.1 Location The project will be located along Pinjarra Road, south-east of Murray Bend Drive in Ravenswood in the Shire of Murray. The site is currently cleared with several isolated trees.

Wetlandbase, the Western Australian Wetlands Database (DAF, 2012) was accessed for an understanding of the wetland categories in the area. The project is located within an area classified as a “multiple use” in the Swan Coastal Plain Management layer and is located in the area defined in the Peel Inlet – Harvey Estuary Environmental Protection Policy (EPP).

The Project is surrounded by a number of wetlands classified as Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain (EPA, 2004a) (Multiple Use Wetland), as well as wetlands not recorded in the database. Many other of the geomorphic wetlands listed in the search are now dry (due to climatic changes) and other wetland areas have formed in other locations, based on the current landform and surrounding land use. Recent aerial photography was reviewed, and a number of wetland areas surrounding the project were identified, these and the surface features described below are identified in Figure 1.

Information from the Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain dataset (DEC, 2011a) and aerial images from the area indicate that:

The proposed pipeline alignments and pump station are located adjacent to the Murray River (west and south of the river), with distances to the river ranging from approximately 10 to 200 m. The pumping station is located approximately 200 m south of Murray River. The Murray River is classed as a Conservation Category wetland as defined in the Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plan Dataset. Conservation category wetlands are wetlands which support a high level of attributes and functions (EPA 2005). (This is labelled Murray River in Figure 1, Sites 2 and 5 were within the Murray River).

A creek with some pools exists west of the pipeline alignment. The creek is closest to the pipe alignment at CH1300 where it was a study site. The creek discharges into Murray River at the Murray River Bridge. Historical aerial imagery suggests that the creek is seasonally dries up during summer) except for perhaps some of the pools. The closest pool is approximately 150 m from the pipeline alignment, this pool has been named South Yunderup Road culvert wetland. (This site is labelled Site 1 in Figure 1).

A small conservation estate of approximately nine hectares, immediately south-east of the Ravenswood Caravan Park, is located approximately 240 m north-east of the proposed main pressure pipeline section (chainage CH1300) at the closest point to the works. This estate is located on the opposite side of Murray River and is a Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain (EPA, 2004a) and protected under the Environmental Protection (Swan Coastal Plain Lakes) Policy 1992. (This is identified as Sumpland 4839 in

d is located approximately 100 m west of Chainage C650. (This wetland is labelled Site 4 in Figure 1).

Figure 1).

A small wetland was identified approximately 540 m from CH1300. (This wetland is labelled Site 3 in Figure 1).

A small wetland named Murray Bend Wetlan

June 2012 Report No. 117646052-004-R-Rev0 1


A wetland is located approximately 900 m north-west of the chainage CH1300 north of Murray River, and is classed as a protected wetland under the Environmental Protection (Swan Coastal Plain Lakes) Policy 1992. (This is labelled Wetland A in Figure 1, as was not able to be directly accessed due to entry permission issues).

Three further wetlands (Site B-D) were identified during the survey but are not listed in any dataset. These were unable to be accessed but where mainly highly degraded areas resulting from both drainage and grazing.

A small wetland is located approximately 60 m east of the proposed pipeline alignment (CH850 to CH1000).

Approximately 1.5 km of DN150 gravity sewer pipeline with associated access chambers

und level

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TION SURVEY

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2.2 Proposed Works The West Murray 2A Infill Sewerage Project comprises construction of the following infrastructure:

Approximately 1.3 km of dual DN110PE pressure sewer pipeline

A pump station with a wet well to be founded at depth of approximately 9 m below gro

Connections to an existing pressure pipeline and gravity sewer system

The ground surface elevations along the pipe line alignments and pumping station geRL 3 m AHD and RL 6 m AHD, with the higher elevation at

3.0 WETLAND CONDI3.1 Introduction Due to their high biodiversity values and threatened status across the state, wetlands are considered one othe most significant habitat types for fauna and flora, and aother habitats in ecological assessments (EPA, 2004a).

One of the greatest risks to wetland ecosystems is from drainage activities nearby (EPA, 2004b). Typicdrainage caused by activities such as the proposed Water Corporation dewatering for pipe laying, canextend some distance and potentially lead to changes in hydrology of nearby wetlands; for instance, reductions in hydroperiod and water depths either above surface or as groundwater levels. This expectepipe laying is proposeWestern Australia.

3.2 Approach Wetland habitats that could be potentially impacted by proposed Water Corporation activities were idenwith Google Earth by searching through satellite imagery for water bodies in the area (Figure 1). Thboundary for these sites was within 500 m of the proposed pipeline unless on the other side of the Murray River as this was considered able to maintain hydrology to athe upper and lower reaches of the wetlands were also surveyed.


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WETLAND CONDITIONSURVEY LOCATIONS

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West Murray 2A InfillSewerage Project, Ravenswood

LEGEND!. Monitoring Well Location

Surface Water

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WetlandsSwan Coastal Plain EPPOther Wetland

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FIGURE 1

SCALE (at A3)

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NOTESCoordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50

COPYRIGHT

APPROVEDCOMPILED

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Based on information provided by and with the permission of theWestern Australian Land Information Authority trading asLandgate (2011)© Western Australian Land Information Authority trading asLandgate (2011)

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Sites were surveyed on 20 December 2011 on foot by Dr. Clint McCullough. As a demonstration of qualifications for this exercise required by EPA guidance statements for ecological surveying (EPA, 2004b)

Dr. McCullough is a professional wetland ecologist with a BSc in Freshwater Ecology, MSc (Hons) in Freshwater Fisheries and PhD in Aquatic Ecotoxicology. On the survey day the weather was fine with light winds with temperatures around 30°C.

Although the time of the survey was late in the year for most wetland surveys, the good rainfall amounts and late rains into December (BOM, 2011) provided good water depths and habitat coverage for wetlands surveyed. Photos were taken of each site surveyed as well as of sites not able to be surveyed due to private property access issues.

Water quality was measured for basic physico-chemical parameters at all wetland sites visited with a Hydrolab Quanta multi-parameter meter (Austin, USA). Water quality was compared to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) water quality guidelines for south-western Australian wetlands. Sites were also visually inspected for aquatic life such as amphibians, fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates (such as insects and crustacean) with polarised sunglasses.

During the site visits, an assessment was made of both current values of wetlands, current environmental stressors and likely effects expected from nearby dewatering on these values in a cumulative sense, taking into account both current ecological value and existing ecosystem stress. Information gathered was from current land use and other stressors surrounding and in the wetland catchments, plant and animal pests seen in the wetlands, wetland species diversity and the presence of priority, charismatic or culturally significant species.

Four wetlands were not able to be fully accessed during the site visit due to the lack of land owner permission. However these were still able to be observed from afar and listed separately in Section 3.3.7 and identified as wetlands A-D in Figure 1.

A sixth wetland (Sumpland 4839) was not surveyed due to its location in relation to the works and the Murray River. This site was to the east of the works on the eastern side of the Murray River. The Sumpland cannot be affected by the proposed works (dewatering), given that it is located on the other side of Murray River (Murray River will act as an infinite water supply boundary and drawdown will therefore not exceed Murray River in that direction).

3.3 Results 3.3.1 Overview All wetlands and River sites had riparian communities of paperbark (Melaleuca rhaphiophylla) and swamp gum (Eucalyptus rudis). Marri (Corymbia calophylla) was common canopy vegetation around the River and wetlands, together with occasional tuart (Eucalyptus gomnocephela).

Typical of other wetlands in the region (van Etten et al., 2011) wetland sites appeared to be shallow groundwater expressions, implying that they are seasonally inundated during winter rains, and then drying completely during summer.

Al sites were within 500 m of the Murray River and were surrounded, and often included, by land that had been cleared for agricultural grazing.

3.3.2 South Yunderup Road Culvert Wetland (Site 1) Water was slowly flowing eastwards though the South Yunderup Road culvert wetland (Figure 2a). This wetland had extensive mats of duckweed (Lemna sp.) on the water surface, as well as Ruppia sp. as cover in shallow areas. Thick stands of sedge (Bolboschoenus sp.) formed littoral emergent vegetation, together with occasional bulrushes (Typha latifolia) and rush (Juncus sp.). Dock (Rumex sp.) was a common wetland weed toward higher ground. The plaque minnow, Gambusia holbrooki, was common in this wetland.

This habitat is considered ideal for oblong turtle (Chelodina oblonga) which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia and is protected under the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.



The wetland appeared to be in reasonably good condition. This may have been aided by the apparent recent addition of a fence to exclude stock. The small width of riparian vegetation and remaining stock access (Figure 2b), however, decrease wetland ecosystem values.

Water quality showed low total dissolved solids (TDS), but also very low oxygen; this may significantly limit aquatic ecological values (Table 1). Nearby wetlands at Kemerton have shown dissolved oxygen (DO) values all above 40% with a mean of around 70% saturation (McCullough & Lund 2008). ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guidelines recommend wetland DO concentrations above 90%. These low oxygen concentrations are likely due to high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from decomposition of agriculture-related wastes further upstream of this slowly-flowing wetland.

a) b)

c)

Figure 2: South Yunderup Road culvert wetland. a) view looking east, b) stock gate and access to wetland and c) view looking south

Table 1: Water Quality of South Yunderup Road Culvert Wetland Site Name Temperature pH EC DO mg/L DO % TDS ORP

South Yunderup Road culvert 22.2 7.05 1.95 4.35 50.8 1.3 188



3.3.3 Murray River: Houseboat Jetty (Site 2) The Murray River Houseboat Jetty site showed river bank armouring with washboards (Figure 3a) and again depauperate riparian vegetation cover mainly presenting as swamp gums with a groundcover of montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora) (Figure 3b). The tide was low at the time of site visit.

Small mammal tracks were found beside the Murray River near the houseboat jetty site (Figure 3c). The track pattern suggests that these may be from either introduced rats, such as the common pest ship rat (Rattus norvegicus) or possibly from native water rat Hydromys chrysogaster (Triggs, 2004). The native water rat is protected under the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. Further investigation is only warranted if definite identification of the species is required.

Large waterfowl tracks were also encountered and, due to their large size and close proximity to human activity, these are likely to be of great egret (Egretta alba) (Figure 3d).

Water quality at this point on the river clearly showed close proximity and tidal influence from the sea with elevated TDS although still circum-neutral pH (Table 2).

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 3: Murray River looking east from Houseboat Jetty. a) paperbark in foreground, b) riparian vegetation, c) mammal tracks, d) waterfowl tracks

Table 2: Water Quality of Murray River at Houseboat Jetty Site Name Temperature pH EC DO mg/L DO % TDS ORP

Houseboat Jetty 21.14 6.96 3.56 6.72 77.4 2.3 184



3.3.4 North-West Wetland (Site 3) Although individual plants of Aponogeton sp. (possibly distachyos) were seen in deeper water (Figure 4a), the north-west wetland had little riparian or littoral vegetation due to stock access to the water’s edge (Figure 4b). Nevertheless, this wetland had a diverse aquatic macroinvertebrate insect community of Leptocerid caddisfly larvae, notonectid bugs and dytiscid beetles, indicating generally good water quality. Corduliid dragonfly and Coenagrionidae damselfly adults were also common.

Stock had access to the entire wetland margin and wetland itself at this site (Figure 4c). A bund on the eastern side of the wetland maintained water height against decant through what appeared to be a historic drain cutting (Figure 4d). This construction is likely to have been made to provide stock watering rather than to preserve wetland ecological values.

Water quality in this wetland was moderate, with elevated pH probably due to primary production stimulated by excess nutrients from pasture run-off (Table 3). Water quality was also very high in TDS, which was likely due to dryland salinisation resulting from the previously drained but now disconnected nature of this wetland with the River.

a) b)

c)

d)

Figure 4: North-West Wetland. a) Aponogeton aquatic macrophyte, b) wetland looking west showing stock access, c) historic drain from wetland and d) new weir retaining water in wetland


http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&biw=1843&bih=1032&sa=X&ei=mejuTsynELChiAfBjMGSBw&ved=0CBsQvwUoAQ&q=aponogeton+distachyos&spell=1


Table 3: Water Quality of North-West Wetland Site name Temperature pH EC DO mg/L DO % TDS ORP

North-West Wetland 25.91 7.42 4.24 6.56 82.8 2.7 164

3.3.5 Murray Bend Wetland (Site 4) The Murray Bend wetland had extensive growth of bulrush (Typha latifolia), as well as very good re-establishing riparian vegetation consisting of ivy-leafed banksias (Banksia ilicifolia and B. littoralis respectively). Schoenoplectus validus and a medium-sized Melaleuca (probably M. viridissima) were also common littoral vegetation.

The Murray Bend wetland water quality was very low in dissolved oxygen concentrations, but with elevated pH and very low TDS (Table 4). The high tannins in the water of this site indicated high organic carbon inputs from surrounding native riparian vegetation.

a)

b)

c) d)

Figure 5: Murray Bend wetland. a) view looking west, b) Re-establishing riparian vegetation including B. Ilicifolia in background and B. littoralis in foreground, c) Self-established seedling s of B. grandis in understorey and c) kangaroo scats (likely western grey, Macropus fuliginosus) under paperbark tree showing use of wetland areas for resting



Table 4: Water Quality of Murray Bend Wetland Site name Temperature pH EC DO mg/L DO % TDS ORP

Murray Bend Wetland 25.15 7.36 1.087 3.43 42.2 0.7 150

3.3.6 Murray River: Ravenswood Road Jetty (Site 5) The Murray River riparian habitat at this site is characterised by steep banks, swift flowing water and a thin margin of swamp gums (Figure 6). Further back from the water’s edge, a heavily modified riparian margin is demonstrated by only a few marri and paperbark (as M. rhaphiophylla) trees remaining in the more upland sites.

Water quality at this upper River jetty showed weaker influence of seawater on water chemistry, with lower TDS, although pH was still circum-neutral. Oxygen saturations were moderate for a lowland river (ANZECC/ARMCANZ 2000).

Figure 6: Murray River looking west from Ravenswood Road Jetty

Table 5: Water Quality of Murray River at Ravenswood Road Jetty Site Name Temperature pH EC DO mg/L DO % TDS ORP

Ravenswood Road Jetty 20.53 6.83 3.48 7.28 82.8 2.2 232



3.3.7 Wetlands Not Surveyed Four wetlands were not able to be surveyed because the lack of land owner permission precluded access. These are summarised in Table 6 and their relative locations are indicated on Figure 1.

Table 6: Unsurveyed Wetlands

Wetland A: Only mature M. rhaphiophylla visible surrounded by introduced (eastern states) Eucalyptus trees. West side of property Lot 1214 Ravenswood.

Wetland B: Remnant mature M. rhaphiophylla visible. North side of property Lot 1426 Ravenswood.

Wetland C: Probably originally palusplain wetland that has been lost through original wetland drainage for winter grazing and then through recent climate change. South-west side of property Lot 17 Ravenswood.



Wetland D: Very isolated by pasture and only mature M. rhaphiophylla visible. Appeared highly degraded from both drainage and grazing. West side of property Lot 17 Ravenswood.

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS All wetland and River sites surveyed demonstrated significant degradation from primary and secondary effects of agricultural development of the surrounding landscape. Primary effects include habitat clearance and grazing of upland, and often also riparian, vegetation, with most sites having access of stock to wetland margins. Secondary effects include salinisation and introduction of pastoral weeds.

Climate change causing a significant reduction in rainfall in the area over the last decade has also likely decreased groundwater recharge rates and subsequent wetland hydroperiod n depths achieved by the end of winter rains.

We recommend the following practices are followed during site establishment and workings.

Dewatering depth and duration during pipeline construction should be minimised as much as practicable.

Dewatering water should not be discharged to wetlands unless it is first tested and determined to be of similar water quality as the wetland, and where testing has shown no risk of either acid sulfate soils (ASS) or potential acid sulfate soils (PASS).

Dewatering should not occur when wetlands and remnant wetland vegetation are already under stress during late summer and early autumn months. This is because when groundwater levels are their lowest at this month phreatophytic (groundwater dependant) vegetation will be under maximum strength during these months when air temperature is high yet water is less available. Rather, early winter-early summer are months when temperatures are not as high and groundwater levels are higher, resulting in less stress to phreatophytic vegetation by lower groundwater levels during these months.

Wetland water depth should also be monitored before, during and after dewatering to determine if pipeline construction dewatering is affecting wetland hydrology. A simple gauge board and trend line plot would suffice for this monitoring evaluation. A single monitoring bore between the wetland and the dewatering site should also be monitored to establish the dewatering cone of depression and whether the groundwater-dependant wetland may become dewatered. If dewatering presents as a lowered groundwater table near the wetland of more than 30 cm reduced groundwater height then dewatering should cease.

Wetlands should be visually monitored during and after dewatering for any other unexpected effects of dewatering.




5.0 LIMITATIONS Your attention is drawn to the document - “Limitations”, which is included as Appendix A to this report. This

ou in ensuring that your expectations of this report are realistic, and that you

(2000). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality.

cil of Australia and New Zealand,

). Aquatic macroinvertebrates in seasonal and rehabilitated wetlands

Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia. 75pp. Unpublished report to

Van Etten, E. J. B.; McCullough, C. D. & Lund, M. A. (2011). Setting restoration goals for restoring pit lakes as aquatic ecosystems: a case study from south west Australia. Proceedings of the Heavy Minerals 2012 Conference. Perth, Australia. 4-5 October, 339-350pp.

document is intended to assist yunderstand the inherent limitations of a report of this nature. If you are uncertain as to whether this report is appropriate for any particular purpose please discuss this issue with us.

6.0 REFERENCES ANZECC/ARMCANZNational Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No 4. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council & Agriculture and Resource Management CounCanberra. 1,500pp.

Environmental Protection Authority (2004a). Environmental Protection of Wetland: Position Statement No. 4. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia. 18pp.

Environmental Protection Authority (2004b). Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors: Terrestrial Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia. Guidance Statement No. 56. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia. 45pp.

McCullough, C. D. & Lund, M. A. (2008of the Kemerton Silica Sand Pty Ltd project area (2007). Mine Water and Environment/Centre for Ecosystem Management Report 2008-16. Kemerton Silica Sand Pty Ltd.

Triggs, B. (2004). Tracks, Scats and Other Traces: A Field Guide to Australian Mammals, Revised Edition.CSIRO Publishing, Canberra.


Report Signature Page

GOLDER ASSOCIATES PTY LTD

Dr Clint McCullough Jaclyn Ennis-John Principal Environmental Scientist Senior Environmental Scientist

JEJ_CMc/CMC_MM/eh

A.B.N. 64 006 107 857 Golder, Golder Associates and the GA globe design are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation.

j:\hydro\2011\117646052_water corp_ravenswood\correspondence out (including reports)\004 wetland condition\rev0\117646052-004-r-rev0 wetland.docx

June 2012 Report No. 117646052-004-R-Rev0


June 2012 Report No. 117646052-004-R-Rev0

APPENDIX A Limitations

LIMITATIONS

This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Pty Ltd (“Golder”) subject to the following limitations: This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golder’s proposal and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any other purpose. The scope and the period of Golder’s Services are as described in Golder’s proposal, and are subject to restrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions or circumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expressly indicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that any determination has been made by Golder in regards to it. Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder was retained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatory locations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed by the investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly, additional studies and actions may be required. In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided in this Document. Golder’s opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the production of the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than an opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assess the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws or regulations. Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sources and the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actual conditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document. Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others. Golder may have retained subconsultants affiliated with Golder to provide Services for the benefit of Golder. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it will not have any direct legal recourse to, and waives any claim, demand, or cause of action against, Golder’s affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors. This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professional advisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any person other than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this Document.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES PTY LTD GAP Form No. LEG 04 RL 1

Golder Associates Pty Ltd Level 3, 1 Havelock Street West Perth, Western Australia 6005 Australia T: +61 8 9213 7600

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