REPORT OF EXPERT GROUP ON PULSES - National...

REPORTOF

EXPERT GROUP ON PULSES

Department of Agriculture & Co-operationGovernment of India, Ministry of Agriculture

New Delhi -110 001

Published by :

DirectorNational Centre for Integrated Pest Management(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)LBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi 110012 (India)Tel: 011-25740952; Fax : 011-25841472E-mail: [email protected]: www.ncipm.org.in

This publication has been made under Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P)of National Food Security Mission Programme.

Printed at

M/s Royal Offset PrintersA-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110028

Report of Expert Group on Pulsesiii

F. No. 2-7/2009-NFSM (Pt.)Department of Agri. & Cooperation(Crops Division)

Dated the 30th December, 2009-12-30

ORDER

Pursuant to the decision of the meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Prices held on 19thOctober, 2009 regarding setting up of an Expert Group on Pulses by the Department ofAgriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, I am directed toconvey that, it has been decided to consititute an expert group to suggest measures to be takenin the medium term to eliminate, or at least sharply reduce, the demand-supply mismatch inrespect of pulses. The composition of the Expert Group shall be as follows:-

1. Dr. Y.K. Alagh, Chairman, ChairmanIRMA, Anand-388001

2. Shri R. Gopalakrishnan, MemberVice-Chairman, Tata Chemicals (TCL)

3. Dr. S. Mahendra Dev MemberChairman, CACP

4. Dr. Ashok Gulati, Director MemberIFPRI, New Delhi

5. DDG (CS), ICAR Member

6. Agriculture Commissioner, DAC Member

7. Pulses Scientist (ICRISAT) Member

8. Director, IIPR (ICAR), Kanpur Member

9. Dr. R.B. Deshmukh, Vice Chancellor, MemberMPKV, Rahuri (Maharashtra)

10. Joint Secretary (Crops) ConvenorMOA, DAC

Further addition, as Members/Experts, if any and if needed may be made accordingly indue course. The terms of Reference (TOR) of the Group shall be communicated subsequentlyin due course.

(A. Neeraja)Director (Crops)

Report of Expert Group on Pulsesiv

Preface

In the wake of wide spread drought in the country in 2009 causing productionlosses of pulses that eventually led to sharp rise in prices of pulses in 2010,Government of India constituted a Pulses Expert Group to examine the supply sideof pulses for suggesting short, medium and long term measures to increase productionof pulses for meeting the growing demand.

After a series of meetings with the experts from research, development andpolicy domains, both from public and the private sectors, very useful contributionshave come by way of diagnosis, analysis and suggested measures which resulted informulation of recommendations. These wide ranging recommendations have beencompiled and put together as a report with the secretariat assistance extended bythe Crops Division of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry ofAgriculture, Government of India.

It has taken quite some time for the report to get finalized because the issueswere examined afresh to identify the critical gaps and to determine specific measureson marketing, pricing and trade which could be supported through developmentprograms and a focused research agenda. The Group has concentrated on details.Hence short and medium term targets have been specified in detail in terms ofquantitative input and output standards and more important in specified geographiesin terms of Districts. With the specific phasing of the targets in terms of road mapsfor implementing the recommendations, it is felt that a lot of gains could be securedfor future development of pulses especially for time consuming research work.

Many of the ideas discussed in the meetings of the Group got implemented likesetting up of farmer producer organizations, promotion of farm mechanization forplanting and plant protection operations and taking up technology promotional workon a large scale with increased budgetary allocation for pulses. Result is quite evidentwith the country recording successive years of very high production in 2010-11 andin 2011-12. The momentum has to be maintained. Private sector interest will have tobe mobilized for the purpose by creating feasible business models that help in buildingefficient pulses supply chain, satisfying both the producers and the consumers.

There are basically three constraining factors contributing to low yield of pulses.One the pulses being rain-fed and protein rich crops are more susceptible to abioticand biotic stresses. Risk-averse resource poor farmers are unwilling to upgrade theirfarming with investment in modern technological tools. Second, research has notbeen able to increase currently very low harvest index of pulses, develop plant typeseasy to manage and amendable to mechanization and breeding varieties for toleranceto pests and diseases. India being the largest producer and consumer of pulses onus

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is on Indian Agriculture Research System to come up with a time bound programbacked by adequate scientific and financial resources. Thirdly, inadequate marketinginfrastructure and unpredictable trade policies is not drawing private sector tocapitalize on huge unmet domestic market demand for pulses. It is felt that time hascome to implement a pricing policy that is linked to trade policy and worked on theprinciples of ‘efficiency shifters’ for making cultivation of pulses competitivecompared to other crops. Recommendations of Alagh Committee (2003) need to beseriously considered for implementation without any further delay.

Expert group places on record its gratitude for the contributions that were receivedin the form of reports, papers, presentations and concept notes from differentstakeholders. These contributions were studied and have been appropriately placedin corresponding sections of the reports. Expert group is thankful to Union Ministerof Agriculture for allowing the key points of the report to be shared with theparticipants from policy, development, research and private sector in the brainstorming session on Pulses held on 12th September at New Delhi. It is gratifying tonote that most recommendations of the report were resonating in the presentations ofthe speakers in the brain storming session.

Time is ripe now to act on the recommendations and act real fast, lest it becomestoo late. It is hoped that the recommendations backed by keen desire of theGovernment to increase production and productivity of pulses inform the programdesigners and policy makers to up the ante for sustained increase in pulses production.

Even at the cost of repetition, let it be clear that action is needed on all the fronts- Price incentives, marketing reforms, innovative programs and time bound researchagenda. There is no reason not to be optimist that the demand supply gap in pulsescould vanish by 2026, if concerted efforts are mobilized immediately.

Y.K.Alagh

Report of Expert Group on Pulsesvi

Contents

Title Page No.

Preface iii

1. Introduction 11.1 Present status of pulses in India 1

2. Production Trends 32.1 Possibilities 6

3. Major Constraints and Opportunities in Pulses Production 6

3.1. Constraints 63.1.1 Climatic factors 6

3.1.2 Soil related constraints 6

3.1.3 Input quality and availability related constraints 7

3.1.4 Pests and diseases 10

3.1.5 Blue Bull Menace 10

3.1.6 Technological constraints 10

3.1.7 Infrastructural Constraints 11

3.1.8 Credit and marketing related constraints 11

3.1.9 Policy related issues 11

3.2 Opportunities 11

4. Strategy for Increasing Production 12

4.1 Identification of additional area having potential for pulse crops 12

4.1.1 Utilization of potential area of rice fallow lands 12

4.1.2 Replacement of low productivity crops with pulses 13

4.1.3 Cultivation of summer mungbean 13

4.1.4 Promotion of intercropping and utera cultivation of pulses 13

4.1.5 Cultivation of pigeonpea on rice-bunds 14

4.1.6 Promotion of utera cultivation of lentil and field pea in rice fields 14

4.1.7 Rainfed areas developed as watersheds 14

4.2 Increasing Crop Productivity 15

4.2.1 Promotion of quality seeds 154.2.2 Identification of best agronomic practices 18

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5. Prices, Tariff and Trade Policies 225.1 Pricing policy 235.2 License requirement in pulses: 23

5.2.1 APMC License 245.2.2 Pulses Control Order 24

6. Manufactured Dal 27

7. National Pulses Development Board 29

8. Communication Strategy for Reaching out to Farmers 29

9. Long Term Research Plan for Raising Productivity to Global levels 319.1 GM crops: Current status 319.2 ICAR Initiatives 379.3 Technological priorities for medium and long term planning for a 39

Dynamic Pulses Economy9.3.1 Research Component 1: Hybrids in pigeonpea 409.3.2 Research Component 2: Transgenics for pod borer resistance 42

in pigeonpea and chickpea9.3.3 Research component 3: Efficient plant architecture in major 43

pulse crops9.3.4 PPP in research and development 50

10. Role of Farmers’ Institutions in Anchoring Technology, Mitigating Risk 52and Increasing Productivity

11. Development of Comprehensive Business Model based on the Study of 54Successful Agro-business Models and Consultation with CII

12. Recommendations and Action Points 55

13. Annexures 68Annexure I Issues and TOR assigned to subgroups 68Annexure II Names of the States and Districts recording >=8q/ha yield

of kharif pulses.Annexure III Recommendations of Brain Storming Session on PulsesAnnexure IV Net irrigated area in pulse crops growing districts 95Annexure V Progress of National Watershed Development Project 117

for Rainfed Area Programme (NWDPRA)Annexure VI Districts covered under NWDPRA during XI Plan 119Annexure VII Statewise summary of projects appraised & cleared by 121

the steering committee during 2010-11Annexure VIII Seed-Sufficiency in legumes at the village level - Development 123

and Popularization of ‘Model’ Seed System(s) for Quality SeedProduction proposed by ICRISAT.

1Report of Expert Group on Pulses

1. Introduction

Pulses are the staple source of protein to the majority of Indian population and contributesignificantly to the nutritional security of the country. Production of these crops has beenstagnant over the years. There is widening gap between demand and supply with about 20 %of the total demand met by imports. In the context of the price rise witnessed in pulses,Government constituted an Expert Group on Pulses to look at pulses holistically for suggestinga medium term strategy to ensure adequate availability of pulses in the country by sharplyreducing the demand supply gap. The group headed by economist Y.K. Alagh held wide rangingconsultations before recommending a number of short-term and medium-term measures toaugment the availability of pulses in the country.

The group approached the issues as per the terms of reference and formed sevensub-groups for going into the required details on the issues relating to production and availabilityof better seed varieties, crop management practices, area expansion, price support, businessmodel for private sector engagement, research and communication strategy for technologydissemination. The group took note of the brain storming session on pulses that was conductedin June 2009 in which specific issues and opportunities were culled out for each of the majorpulse crops.

A long-term strategy is worked out for meeting the requirement of pulses up to 2025.A mix of short-term and medium-term measures covering policy, development, research andtrade related issues are recommended.

1.1 Present Status of Pulses in IndiaPulses are grown in 22.37 million hectares area in India. Major areas under pulses are in

the States of Madhya Pradesh (20.3%), Maharashtra (13.8%), Rajasthan (16.4), Uttar Pradesh(9.5%), Karnataka (9.3%), Andhra Pradesh (7.9%), Chhattisgarh (3.8%), Bihar (2.6%) andTamil Nadu (2.9%).

Production of pulses in 2008-09 was 14.66 million tons with an average yield of 655 kg/ha.Share of chickpea, pigeonpea, mungbean and urdbean to total production has been worked outabout 39, 21, 11 and 10%, respectively. Lentil and field pea accounted for 7- and 5% share oftotal production. The yield levels of pulses have remained low and stagnant, also area and totalproduction. Number of districts harvesting more than 0.8 or 1 t/ha yield of kharif pulsesis very small (Annexure-II). Situation of rabi pulses is better in this regard. The gap betweendemand and supply has been widening and has necessitated import of pulses of 2.8 million tonsin 2007-08.

IIPR, has estimated that by 2024-25, for the projected population of 1.55 billion, the totalrequirement would be 25.39 million tons. Behaviourial estimates of demand in relation toelasticities of demand and per capita income growth in real terms may give higher estimates,but even the lower figures require that production would have to be nearly doubled from the2007-08 levels. Even though the option for importing pulses remains, considering very smallglobal marketable surplus, it would be in strategic interests of the country to develop additional

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sources of pulses supply from within the country or through contracts in abroad. It would beworthwhile to diversify the sources of production for imports. If it is found feasible, somepolicy would need to be evolved for supporting committed pulses production in Latin Americaand Africa.

Basically to meet the requirement of pulses in next ten years, there is urgent need to lookat the policies, technologies and alternate products to ensure that the domestic availability ofpulses meeting the consumer preference is maintained through domestic production. IIPR hasdrawn up a plan on the technologies that are available now and that on which some work isactively being pursued through strategic research and development by which in 2024-25 countrywould be able to produce 25.06 million tons of the pulses crops leaving a gap of 0.33 milliontons to meet the estimated demand. A revised version of this plan in presented in this report.

A brain storming session was organized in June 2009 to discuss the issues that constraintthe productivity of pulses and the opportunities that could improve the overall availability ofpulses in the country. A gist of the recommendations of the brain storming session is attachedas Annexure-III.

Acting on the major recommendations of the brain storming session, Government launchedprogrammes aimed at augmenting pulse production during 11th Five Year Plan. These includemerger of pulses component of ISOPOM with the National Food Security Mission so as toincrease the reach of NFSM-Pulses to all the districts of the pulses growing States, launchingAccelerated Pulse Production Programme under National Food Security Mission for intensivetechnology promotion in compact blocks of five pulse crops and Watershed Centric IntegratedDevelopment of Sixty Thousand Pulses and Oilseeds Villages in the rainfed areas programunder Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. Large scale full package technology demonstrationswere also organized by Indian Council of Agriculture Research through its Krishi VigyanKendras for the major pulses crops. These programmes have met with varied success dependingon the extent and quality of implementation.

Minimum Support Price of pulses have been significantly increased in 2010-11 with anincrease of about 50% over that of the previous year. Along with the increase in MSP, additionalagencies for procurement of pulses have been notified. National Consumers’ CooperativeFederation and Central Warehousing Corporation have been made pulses procurement agenciesalong with NAFED. However as we find later the effectiveness of these efforts needs attention.

As a result of these measures and generally favourable climatic conditions record productionof pulses crops was achieved in 2010-11, with an annual increase of over 20%. Such increasessustained in production would increase the availability of pulses in the market, reducedependence on imports and keep market prices in check. There is need to consolidate thesegains through institution building, technology support, economic incentives and building thevalue chains of pulses.


2. Production Trends

Over the years pulses cultivation in India has been pushed to marginal lands and rainfedareas. Still pulses are cultivated in the country on more than 12 per cent of total cultivated areaand they constitute more than 4 per cent of the output of crop sector in value terms.

Pulses production got a big setback in the country after the onset of green revolution.Production of pulses increased by 18.13 per cent during 40 years from the onset of greenrevolution as against 130 per cent increase in population in India for the same period.Consequently, per capita availability of pulses fell from about 61grams per day in the earlysixties to about 32 grams in the initial years of the new century. In the same period India wasable to raise cereal production substantially. The increase in cereal production was 40 per centhigher than the increase in population.

An analysis of the declining status of pulses production was done by NCAP covering theissues relating to causes for slow growth in production of pulses, regional patterns of shifts inpulses production, possible strategies to meet the future demand of pulses, incentives neededto make pulses crops attractive to farmers. In order to understand the decline in status of pulsesproduction and resulting distortion in dietary balance, several issues need to be addressed.Some of the findings of this study are:

Area stagnation: Gross cultivated area in India expanded by more than 30 million hectaresduring last 40 years since the onset of green revolution. However, pulses did not gain anythingfrom this expansion in area. The main reason for stagnation in area under pulses has beendifferential impact of technology and relative profitability of pulses and other crops. Initiallyit started with high yielding varieties of wheat which raised productivity and profitabilityrelative to Gram and pushed the latter out of cultivation in almost all the regions where wheatcould spread. In some states like Rajasthan Technology Mission on Oilseeds turned theenvironment in favour of oilseeds which resulted in shift in area from pulses to oilseeds.Expansion of irrigation is another factor for reduction in area under pulses to moreremunerative crops. Uncontrolled water flows (flooding) generally common in canal systemin India are incompatible with large scale area under pulses, which need protective irrigationin times of rainfall failures.

In order to understand the constraints in raising production of pulses in the country therelative profitability and risk involved in pulses cultivation and competing crops in variousstates/region needs assessment. The main competition for pulses in India is from cereals bothwhere they gained area and lost area. Gram lost area to wheat in north western plains whereasit gained area from rabi sorghum in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, from barley in MadhyaPradesh and from linseed and wheat in Maharashtra. Gram lost area in Haryana, Uttar Pradeshand Punjab to wheat and in Rajasthan to rapeseed and mustard. Lentil has been completely outin West Bengal, Haryana and Punjab by wheat but it gained area from khesari in Uttar Pradesh,from barley in Madhya Pradesh and from gram in Bihar.


Because of long duration of earlier varieties of arhar this crop faced competition fromshorter duration crops. In Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh paddy is found to have replacedarhar while in West Bengal groundnut gained area from this crop. Arhar gained area fromcoarse cereals and millets in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. In Karnataka cottonhas been driven out by arhar. Large scale replacement of mash took place in favour of sesamumin West Bengal, and in favour of maize in Bihar and Himachal Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra and Karnataka mash got area from ragi, sorghum and kulthi. Moong lost majorarea to soyabean in Madhya Pradesh but gained area from kulthi in Karnataka, bajra in AndhraPradesh, jowar in Rajasthan and ragi in Bihar.

Relative return from competing crops show that return from gram was just half of that ofwheat in early 1970s and the margin decreased further to 0.4 during triennium ending 2005.Almost same situation holds for the state of Punjab. In Uttar Pradesh, gross income from gramwas 9 per cent lower than the return from wheat in early 1970s. The margin increased to 30 percent in the recent years. For the state of Rajasthan as a whole ratio of gross return from gramas compared to rapeseed-mustard declined from 82 per cent to 39 per cent duringlast 3 decades. In these two states, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh though gross returnfrom arhar at state level remained higher than state average for paddy but the margin has beensqueezed over time. Risk in yield might have played important role in decline in area underarhar in these two states.

Competing crops of mash are identified as sesame in West Bengal maize in HimachalPradesh and paddy in Madhya Pradesh. Mash in West Bengal paid two third of return fromsesame during early 1970s and less than half during recent period. Similar trend is result formaize versus mash in Himachal Pradesh. Moong and mash lost major area to soyabean inMadhya Pradesh where gross return from moong and mash was below 30 per cent of the grossreturns from soyabean. These results indicate deterioration in income from pulses cultivationrelative to cereal and rapeseed-mustard. Among the states which gained in area under pulses,relative return from gram in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh showed veryhigh increase. In Andhra Pradesh average income from gram at state level was 12 per centhigher than rabi sorghum in early 1970’s. At present gram is found to provide more than3 times of income from sorghum. In Karnataka gross return from Gram was just half of thegross return from rabi sorghum three decades back. During the recent years income from gramwas found to be 58 per cent higher than sorghum. In Madhya Pradesh income from gramincreased by 65 per cent over barley and by 7 per cent over wheat.

Relative economics of lentil shows almost doubling over linseed in Maharashtra. InMadhya Pradesh, return from lentil was 13 per cent lower than barley in early 1970’s Recentdata shows economics superiority of lentil over barley by 5 per cent. In Bihar, competitionseems to be taking place within pulses. Three decades back gross return from lentil was12 per cent lower than gram, whereas now it is 5 per cent higher than gram. Gross return fromarhar remained higher than bajra and ragi in Maharashtra and the margin increased further bymore than 30 percent. In Andhra Pradesh arhar turned from a position of 29 per cent lowerreturn to 43 percent higher return as compared to sorghum. Arhar gained lot of area in Karnataka


from cotton but due to non-availability of prices of comparable grade over time its returncould not be compared with arhar over time. Recent data shows that arhar yields 67 percenthigher gross returns as compared to cotton. Mash remained more profitable than sorghum inGujarat and Uttar Pradesh. During last 30 years the margin further tilted in favour of former.In Andhra Pradesh ragi gave a little higher income than mash in early 1970’s whereas now it is18 percent more attractive in terms of gross revenue. Moong showed improvement in itsmargin of gross return over bajra in Andhra Pradesh, sorghum in Rajasthan and ragi in Bihar.

The second major factor influencing area allocation is risk in productivity and farm income.At all India level, there is a significant decline in instability of yield of paddy and wheatover time. A comparison of instability since the onset of Green Revolution shows that standarddeviation of yield from trend declined from 11.05 percent to 7.24 percent for paddy and from6.58 percent to 5.0 percent for wheat between 1968-1988 and 1989-2007, respectively. In thesame period fluctuations in productivity of gram declined from about 17 percent to 11 percent.Instability in productivity of sorghum in respective periods increased from 11.3 to 17.0 percent.In bajra the instability remained higher than 30 percent. While in arhar, it increased from14.3 to 16 per cent. These estimates show that instability in productivity of gram remainedmuch higher than wheat but much lower than sorghum. Similarly, instability in arhar, thoughincreased, it remained lower than instability in sorghum and bajra but much higher than paddy.Pulses largely grown under unirrigated and rainfed conditions and in many cases in marginallands suffered instability.

Though India is the largest producer of most of the pulses, its productivity levels aregenerally low and it does not figure among top five countries in terms of productivity ofmajor pulses. Productivity of lentil, arhar and field pea is lower than the world average. Indiadid not figure in major technological break throughs in the world with countrieslike Canada and others achieving averages of around two tonnes per hectare in pulsesproductivity. This relative stagnation in pulses productivity in the country is a matterof concern.

The Twelfth Plan Approach Paper says “In the case of fruit & vegetables, milk eggs,meat & fish and also of pulses, there is a need to ensure that output grows at a ratesignificantly faster than that of cereals so as to service the expanded demand in theseareas.” In fact some econometric estimates of the demand eleasticities of pulses range from1.5 to 2.0. This would mean that with an increase of around 6.5% annual in per capita incomedemand for pulses would increase around 10% annually.

To some extent the deficiency in pulses production to meet domestic demand has beenfilled through imports. But import possibilities are limited and with rising demand, real pricesof pulses have been increasing and protein rich pulses are being substituted by vegetables likepotato. The concern on further decline in pulses intake in the country and in meeting futuredemand is genuine.


2.1 PossibilitiesPossibilities to augment domestic supply of pulses in the country given the profitability

and risk involved in pulses cultivation need study and delineation. Shifts in cropping patternacross states show that pulses are preferred over coarse cereals which are more risky and alsoless profitable than pulses. It seems quite likely that pulses would get some of the areas frommillets, bajra, ragi and sorghum in several states. Pulses are also having potential to replacecotton in some parts where cotton yield is low. These trends will accentuate if demand step upis substantial which may be expected.

The best possibility to increase production of pulses through area expansion would be by(a) fitting pulses in cropping sequence where it helps in increasing cropping intensity (as hasbeen the case with soyabean in some regions) and (b) by cultivation of short duration varietiesof pulses particularly, in between the main season crops.

Another big potential area will be areas where limited irrigation facilities become availableas for example in watershed development projects in rainfed areas.

3. Major constraints and Opportunities in Pulses Production

3.1 Constraints

3.1.1 Climatic factors

Pulses are mainly grown under rainfed conditions except in few districts of Karnataka,Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar (Annexure.IV). As a consequence areaunder pulses and their productivity are dependent on amount and distribution of rainfall. Rainfallintensity and distribution leads to vulnerability of kharif pulses to water stagnation (oxygenstress) and that of rabi pulses to water stress. Occurrence of mid-season cold waves and terminalheat during winter season has also been causing losses to crop productivity of rabi pulses inmany regions.

3.1.2 Soil related constraints

Pulses crops are generally very sensitive to acidic, saline and alkaline soil conditions.North-western states have extensive areas with high soil pH whereas eastern and north easternstates have chronically acidic soils. The problem has been compounded by rising deficiency ofmicronutrients such as zinc, iron, boron and molybdenum and that of secondary nutrients likesulphur particularly in traditional pulse growing areas.This emerges to an extent from thefertilizer subsidy policies. Recent incentives to speciality fertilisers ameliorate this stress.

Deep black cotton soils in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, AndhraPradesh, and Tamil Nadu get inundated during kharif season thereby causing serious damageto pigeonpea, urdbeans and mungbeans. On the other hand, shallow and coarse textured soilsin north and western states have low water rententivity and require irrigation for supporting agood rabi pulse crop.


3.1.3 Input quality and availability related constraints

Nutrient requirement of pulses is much lower than cereals mainly because of biologicalnitrogen fixation and relatively low productivity levels although pulse crops respond favorablyto higher doses of fertilizer nutrients than generally applied or even recommended. But, sincepulses are invariably subjected to abiotic stresses leading to sub-optimal nutrient uptake, farmerstend to use low doses of fertilizer nutrients. Further, nutrient use is unbalanced and seldombased on soil-test values. Timely availability of quality chemical fertilizers continues to be aproblem in many pulses growing area. Inadequate availability of gypsum or pyrites as a cheapsource of sulphur remains a serious impediment in many states/regions.

Availability of pesticides (including herbicides) in most of the states has been comfortablebut their quality in terms of effectiveness and eco-friendliness has been an issue in spite of awell designed regulatory mechanism put in place.

3.1.4 Pests and diseases

Although pulse crops are prone to many insect pests and seed borne diseases, pod-borerin chickpea and pigeonpea has been a major cause of concern as its incidence, if not controlled,devastates the crop. Podfly and Maruca also cause serious damage to pigeonpea. Fusariumwilt is wide spread in chickpea, pigeonpea and lentil growing regions. Urd and mungbeancrops are often damaged by yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew. In addition, heavydamage to pulses grain is caused by pests during storage.

3.1.5 Blue Bull Menace

Pulses are vulnerable to attack by Blue Bulls in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Because of thewidespread menace particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan andChhattisgarh the potential area suitable for taking pulses crops is left uncultivated by the farmers.There is no viable strategy available in the country to effectively the menace.

3.1.6 Technological constraints

Pulses are grown under varied agro-climatic conditions (soil types, rainfall and thermalregime) in the country. This calls for region specific production technology including cropvarieties with traits relevant to prevailing biotic and abiotic stresses. Even biological fertilizersand pesticides used should be based on strains isolated from regions with similar agro-climaticconditions for them to be effective. Our research and development programme in pulses hasyet to appreciate and address this issue adequately.

Production technology for a pulse crop has to be soil type/region specific. So is true fortillage and seeding device/gadgets. Non- availability of a dependable ridge planter for kharifpulses in black soil region (for which ridge planting is most relevant and recommended) has leftfarmers with no option but to grow kharif pulses on flat beds following conventional practices.

The country has lagged in state of the art biotechnology research in pulses, now commonin some of the countries exporting pulses to India.


3.1.7 Infrastructural Constraints

Rainfall received during maturity of kharif pulses, causes losses in yields and grain qualitywhen farmers usually do not have pakka and covered threshing floor. Farmers also lackawareness and means for safe storage of grain/seed of pulses. Many areas are approachableonly during fair weather. Warehousing facilities are either inadequate or inaccessible.

3.1.8 Credit and marketing related constraints

Farmers engaged in cultivation of pulses are mostly small and marginal. A majority are inareas with poor banking infrastructure. They have poor resource base and lack risk-bearingcapacity. They therefore either lack access to credit or turn defaulters. Delivery of credit tosuch farmers is also not hastle-free.

There is lack of marketing network in remote areas. Procurement of produce by a dedicatedagency is virtually non-existent or in-effective.

3.1.9 Policy related issues

System of regulating quality of inputs though in place in all the states, needs to be mademore effective. Delivery of improved technology, inputs, credits need to be stream lined throughappropriate policy interventions. Benefit of crop insurance need to be extended to pulses farmers.

3.2 OpportunitiesA wide spectrum of agro-climatic conditions, favourable thermal regime for almost year

round cropping and availability of generally adequate rainfall point to the fact that there is avast untapped potential for improving productivity of pulses and bringing additional area underpulses. There is overwhelming scientific evidence suggesting a vast gap between farmer’syield of pulses and front line demonstration plot yield. Further, a large chunk of rice fallowlands can be brought under pulses provided available land and water resources (soil moisture)are scientifically and innovatively managed.

Exploitation of promising intercropping systems in rainfed/partial irrigated areas offers avast opportunity for improving pulse production. Scientific management of “utera” cultivationof pulses in rice based cropping systems and utilization of the period between harvestingof timely planted wheat and planting of kharif crop for growing short duration pulses suchas mungbean/urdbean in north-western states are other avenues for augmenting productionof pulses.

Pulses are environment friendly crops that have the unique ability to fix nitrogen andthereby help improve soil health. Even though, they have low genetic potential in terms ofrealizing productivity as compared to cereals, they contribute to the environment protection.Opportunity exists in cultivation of pulses not only to increase production of other crops in thecropping system but also entitles pulses growers to claim Payment for Environment Services(PES) through carbon trading or other similar mechanisms.


4. Strategy for increasing productionThe issues assigned to each sub-group were dealt in detail during presentations

and subsequent discussion. The strategy and approach suggested to address each issue isnarrated below:

4.1 Identification of additional area having potential for pulse cropsFollowing avenues for area expansion have been suggested.

4.1.1 Utilization of potential area of rice fallow lands

The area left un-cropped after kharif rice is estimated to be around 11.65 million ha.The area is primarily rainfed and exists in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,Orissa, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. About 25% of this area has potentialfor supporting a rabi pulses after rice depending on soil type and depth. Distribution of rainfedrice fallow lands and potential area for rabi pulse cultivation is depicted in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of rainfed rice fallow (RRF) lands and area with potential for rice cultivation in India.

State RRFL Potential 30-40% Potential RRFL districts forarea RRFL (area mha) IPPT interventions *mha available for immediate

IPPT interventions30% 40%

Chhattisgarh 2.94 0.88 1.18 Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Kanker, Jashpur, Raipur,Durg, Raigarh, Raj-Nandgaon, Kabirdham,Korba, and Mahasamund

Jharkhand 1.75 0.53 0.70 Chhatra, Dumka, Jamtara, Palamau, Ranchi,Lohardega, Gumla, Girdhi, Deoghar, Sahibhanj,Dhanbad, Godda, Purbi Singhbum andPashcimi Singhbum

Madhya 1.75 0.53 0.70 Anupuur, Chhatarpur, Damoh, Dindori, Raisen,Pradesh Jabalpur, Katni, Jhabua, Rewa, Satna, Shadol,

Seoni, Mandla, Narsingpur and Umeria

Orissa 1.22 0.37 0.49 Baleshwar, Dhenkanal, Sundergarh,Mayurbhanj, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Kheonjar, Puriand Cuttack

West Bengal 1.72 0.52 0.69 Bankura, Purulia, Mednapur, West Dinajpur,Malda, Jalpaiguri, Medinipur, Barddhaman, andBirbhum

Assam 0.54 0.16 0.22 Marigaon, Naogaon, Lakhimpur, Kokrajhar,Bongaigaon, Nalbari, Kamrup, Barpeta, Darrang,Cachar, Goalaghat, Jorhat, Dibrugarh, Tirsukia,Sonitpur

Total 9.92 2.99 3.98


Thus, the 3 to 4 million ha additional area can be brought under rabi pulses. Assuming anaverage productivity of 600 kg/ha, the area can produce 1.8 to 2.4 million tons of pulses.Farmers need to be encouraged through various incentives and region specific extension strategyfor cultivation of pulses in the identified districts. Necessary technological back up in terms ofsuitable short-duration varieties, nutrient application rates and other agronomic practices shouldcome from local research stations. SAUs/KVKs may be mandated to conduct fielddemonstrations on pulses in rice fallow lands and train field staff and farmers participatingin demonstrations.

4.1.2 Replacement of low productivity crops with pulses

About 5 lakh ha area of upland rice, 4.5 lakh ha area of millets and 3 lakh ha area underbarley, mustard and wheat can be brought under kharif/rabi pulses. Kharif pulses such aspigeonpea, mungbean and urdbeans should replace rice and planted on ridges where as rabipulses such as lentil and chickpea should replace mustard, barley and wheat. If possible,harvested rain-water should be used for rabi crop establishment.

4.1.3 Cultivation of summer mungbean

About 16.5 lakh ha area vacated by wheat, peas, potato, sugarcane and lentil can be usedfor raising short-duration (60-65 day) summer mungbean crop in the States of Uttar Pradesh,Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Gujarat and West Bengal where adequate irrigation facilities exist andthe menace of blue bull is contained. These states need to identify such areas, set a modesttargets for area coverage, and draw up a plan for producing seed and providing other inputs(fertilizer, plant protection, chemicals, gypsum, and power) and disseminate package of practicesto farmers through mass media, state extension network and KVKs. Arrangement forprocurement of the produce should also be put in place and widely publicized.

4.1.4 Promotion of intercropping and utera cultivation of pulses

There are a good number of promising intercropping systems for pulses developed byZonal Agricultural Research Stations. Farmers in rainfed states (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh) are familiar with some of them asthey have been practicing them in traditional ways.

Promising intercropping systems for different states are as follows:

Intercropping systems States

Soybean + pigeonpea Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra

Pearl millet/sorghum + pigeonpea Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Groundnut + pigeonpea Gujarat

Groundnut/sorghum/pearlmillet + urdbean/ Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,mungbean/ cowpea Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan

Sugarcane + cowpea/mungbean/urdbean Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu

Cotton + urdbean/mungbean/cowpea Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra


The approach to be followed by the rainfed states should include:

i) Identification of districts and promising intercropping systems for each agro-climaticzone and setting of area coverage targets.

ii) Conduction of field demonstrations on intercropping with farmer’s active participationand comparing returns with sole cropping system.

iii) Ensuring availability of seed of pulse varieties recommended for intercropping.

iv) Demonstration of suitable seeding devices (animal drawn and tractor drawn) forsimultaneously planting of main and intercrop components.

v) Seed-minikits of pulses may be given to farmers opting for intercropping only.

vi) KVKs at districts level should be involved in training of farmers and fielddemonstration of production technology.

4.1.5 Cultivation of pigeonpea on rice-bunds

An area of 20-30 thousand ha can be brought under pigeonpea in Chhattisgarh, MadhyaPradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Jharkhand by utilizing rice-bunds. Farmers of Chhattisgarhtraditionally use rice bunds for pigeonpea cultivation.

4.1.6 Promotion of utera cultivation of lentil and field pea in rice fields

Utera cultivation is a practice commonly and traditionally followed in tribal regions ofMadhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand and can contribute to pulse productionensuring additional income to tribal rice growers.

4.1.7 Rainfed areas developed as watersheds

Multiple ministries/departments and agencies have been involved in the growth anddevelopment of watersheds with an array of watershed schemes. Three schemes of DroughtProne Area programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP) and IntegratedWasteland Development Programme (IWDP) of Ministry of Rural Development have nowbeen merged into Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). National WatershedDevelopment Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), River Valley Projects (RVPs),Catchment Area Programme in Flood Prone Rivers, Shifting cultivation scheme of Ministry ofAgriculture, Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) and Western Ghats DevelopmentProgramme (WGDP) of Planning Commission; various afforestation programmes and othernational and externally aided projects (EAPs) are other programmes being implemented fordeveloping land and water resources in rainfed areas.

Annexures-V & VI contain the extent of area treated and the districts covered underNWDPRA. More than 1.2 million ha area has already been treated and developed in 28 Statesduring the period 2007-08 to September, 2010. Further, 1736 projects (Annexure-VII) aimedto cover 8.42 million ha land have also been cleared for implementation during 2010-11.States can be asked to include pulses as a major crop component for watershed areas. Whilekharif pulses can be purely rainfed, rabi pulses can be provided supplementary irrigation for


sustaining remunerative productivity levels. It should be possible to cover 30-40% of cultivatedwatershed area under pulses.

4.2 Increasing Crop ProductivityOpportunities for increase in crop productivity exist in the form of new varieties of seeds

developed for recording higher yields and through better crop management practices that makethe pulses cultivates of more efficient. Strategies and approaches relating to the two aspects:promotion of quality seed varieties and promotion of efficient package of practices are discussedas under.

4.2.1 Promotion of quality seeds

Main issue relating to promotion of quality seeds is the availability of seed of promisingvarieties to the farmers in adequate quantities and in time. To increase supply of quality seeds,following measures are recommended.

a) Seed replacement/multiplication strategy

Use of good quality/certified seed in pulses has generally been low. Seed replacementRate (SRR) estimated for the year 2006-07 was only 10.41% (Table 2). Efforts made throughvarious Government Sponsored Programmes such as Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses,Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM), National Food Security Mission, (NFSM), Seed VillageProgramme etc have been successful in raising SRR of pulses to 22.5% by the year 2010-11.

Relatively slow progress in the SRR has been attained because of inadequate availabilityof certified seed and its timely delivery to farmers. There is an urgent need to address themajor impediments to seed production and its delivery. These are

i) Lack of practicable seed plan in most of the pulse growing states.

ii) Generally low seed multiplication ratio (Smo).

Table 2 : SRR of pulses in India

Crop Ave. area Seed 2006-2007 2010-11

(2003-08) Requirement Distribution of SRR Distribution of SRR

(Lakh ha) (Lakh Qtls.) Certified / Quality (%) Certified / Quality (%)

Seeds (lakh qtls.) Seeds (lakh qtls.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gram 71.45 53.59 5.08 9.48 12.50 23.33

Lentil 14.30 3.57 0.54 15.10 0.74 20.70

Peas 7.37 1.47 0.93 15.78 1.47 24.94

Urd 31.46 6.29 0.80 12.71 1.96 31.15

Moong 33.86 6.77 0.23 3.40 1.76 26.01

Arhar 35.80 7.16 0.85 11.87 1.52 21.23

Total 230.87 92.53 9.63 10.41 20.83 22.51


iii) Varietal mismatch between demand and supply.

iv) Lack of storage facilities often leading to high storage losses in quality and quantity.

v) Virtually non-participation of private sector in production and distribution of seed of pulses.

b) Development of seed plan and production of breeder, foundation & certifiedseed

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has come out with a breeder seed planfor 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12. The plan is based 25-30% seed replacement rate to beachieved by 2011-12. The quantity of breeder seed to be produced and corresponding quantityof foundation and certified seed required in 2011-12 is depicted in Table 3.

It is quite likely that ICAR and its cooperating centres will be able to produce requiredquantity of breeder seed but the quantity of foundation seed and certified seed produced mayfall short of the targeted quantity unless concerted efforts are made.

The following suggestions are made with a view to stream-line the production of breederseed and its multiplication to foundation seed and certified seed.

i) SAUs located in each state should come out with crop and variety-wise requirementof certified seed in consultation with State Seed Corporation and State Director ofAgriculture.

ii) Based on achievable seed multiplication rates the requirement of breeder seed ofeach variety should be worked out.

iii) Provision for phasing out old varieties and inclusion of new but promising varietiesshould find place in the breeder seed production plan.

iv) SAU and State Department of Agriculture/State Seed Cooperation should enter intoa written agreement which holds SAU accountable for production of breeder seedand State Department of Agriculture/State Seed Corporation for lifting the seed.

v) Multiplication of expensive breeder seed to foundation (F1, F

2 categories) should be

planned following prescribed guidelines so as to maximize SMR and cut down oncost of production.

Table 3 : Quantity of breeder, foundation and certified seed of major pulses crops to be produced in 2011-12 for achieving SRR of 25-30%.

Crop Quantity of Quantity of Quantity ofbreeder seed foundation seed certified seed

(quintals) (quintals) (quintals)Mungbean 473.85 12922.81 352440.00Urdbean 426.51 11631.74 317229.00Lentil 1839.89 25089.36 3421275.00Fieldpea 1474.15 20102.12 274120.00Chickpea 17157.49 233965.60 3190440.00Pigeonpea 303.57 11039.47 401434.00Total 21675.46 314751.10 7956938.00


vi) ICAR should coordinate production of nucleus seed and breeder seed by SAUs.

vii) Agriculture farms available with SAUs, KVKs, State Seed Corporation, NationalSeed Corporation, State Farm Corporation of India and with private sector equippedwith basic facilities (approach road, irrigation, storage, farm machines etc.) shouldbe used for seed multiplication of pulses.

viii) Private sector companies should be involved in production and marketing of certifiedseed of improved pulses varieties by extending advantage of production anddistribution subsidy.

ix) Some promising hybrids of pigeonpea have been developed and released by ICRISATand SAUs. Multi -location testing of these hybrids for their suitability and yieldadvantage has also been carried out. ICAR in consultation with ICRISAT and SAUsshould endeavor to generate data on performance of such hybrids through theirnetwork of cooperating centres and initiate action for production of seed of promisinghybrids of pigeonpea for large scale demonstrations and subsequent distribution inpotential areas.

x) Public and private seed companies should be encouraged through appropriate MOUsto take up production of pigeonpea hybrids whose performance has been consistentlyand significantly better than ruling varieties.

xi) Quality of hybrid seed of pigeonpea produced needs rigorous monitoring by SeedCertification agency of the State concerned need to be equipped in terms of welltrained technical personnel and DNA finger printing facilities.

xii) Provision for training of hybrid seed producers should be taken up by ICRISAT andSAUs/ICAR institutes located in the state concerned.

xiii) There is an urgent need to develop and implement a seed system model at villagelevel for improving production and ensuring sustained availability of certifiedseed to farmers. ICRISAT has come out with a seed system model that involvespromotion of Farmers’ seed cooperatives, farmers’ participatory varietal selection,provision of seed procurement, processing and storage at village cluster level by thesocieties and making the same available to the farmers in the next season. Suchsocieties are functional in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa(Annexure-VIII)

c) Strategy for improving Seed multiplication rates (SMR) of pulses

Seed multiplication rates in pulses are low and unstable. Seasonal and regional variationsboth in quality and productivity of seed are not uncommon. There is a considerable scope forraising SMR on a sustainable basis. The following measures are as under suggested.

Identification of regions climatically suitable for seed production of various pulses cropsis necessary not only for improving yield but also off-season production of seed.


Guidelines prescribed by seed technologists for seed production need to be followed.

i) They include criteria for site selection, inter row spacing, seed rate, plant protectionmeasures, roguing operation, isolation distance, harvesting method, seed processing,packing and storage etc.

ii) Kharif seed production plots should be well drained and conveniently accessible sothat inspection and monitoring of the crop is possible on regular intervals.

iii) Rabi pulse seed production should be planned on irrigated farms only.

iv) Conjunctive use of organic manures and fertilizers based on soil test values is essentialfor optimum yield levels and ensuring seed quality.

v) IPM practices prescribed for pulse crops should be followed. This calls for intensivetraining of seed producers in IPM practices.

vi) Seed lots should be processed at a well equipped plant such that it meets prescribedseed-quality standards.

vii) Processed seed should be stored in scientifically designed bins so as to protect itfrom high humidity and stored grain pests.

viii) Involvement of progressive farmers and private companies in seed production willsignificantly improve SMR.

4.2.2 Identification of best agronomic practices

Agronomic practices that have major impact on productivity of pulses include tillage,crop geometry, plant population, planting method and time, nutrient and water (rainwater andirrigation) management, seed treatment (with fungicides) and crop-specific bacterial cultures,weed management and plant protection.

Crop-specific recommendations based on applied and adaptive research findings generatedin different agro-climatic regions are developed by Zonal Agricultural Research Stations. Thesame are usually presented and finalized during Research-Extension Interface held betweenSAUs/ICAR Institutes and State Department of Agriculture and allied departments/agenciestwice in a year. The recommendations that emerge are passed on to farmers for adoption. Thusavailability of sound region, and crop-specific agronomic practices is adequate however, low

Crop-wise regions for seed production with enhanced SMR and quality are indicated below.

Crop Region / State

Mungbean Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan

Urdbean Uttar Pradesh (Kharif), Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (Rabi)

Lentil Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, (Bundel- khand region)

Chickpea Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan

Pigeonpea Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,Maharashtra

Field pea Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand


rate of adoption of improved agronomic practices has been a major constraint. Promisingagronomic practices applicable across pulse growing regions are suggested as below:

a) Agronomic Practices

Wide spread deficiency of zinc and sulphur in major pulse growing states and borondeficiency in acid soils of eastern and north eastern states has necessitated use of sulphurcontaining fertilizers and zinc sulphate as a source of zinc. Sulphur application @ 20-40 kg/ha(through gypsum, SSP) at sowing and zinc sulphate @25-50 kg/ha once in two years effectivelyaddress the problem and tend to maximize crop productivity.

Correction of Soil pH has a major role in nutrient and water use efficiency and consequentlyon crop yield. Use of gypsum in western states and liming in eastern and parts of southernstates at the rates prescribed by SAUs/ICAR research centres located in the region is stronglyrecommended.

Ridge-planting of kharif pulses in black soil region (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) improves crop productivity and sustainability ofproduction as it ensure drainage of the root zone during intense rains and facilitates in-situconservation of rain-water to be used by rabi crops.

Nitrogen requirement of pulses is much higher than that of cereals. However, most of therequirement is met through biological N-fixation. It is, therefore important that farmers areencouraged to adopt agronomic practices that facilitate N-fixation. These include seed treatmentwith crop specific rhizobium strain, integrated nutrient management, ridge-planting of kharif(rainy season) pulses, balanced use of plant nutrients (including micro-nutrients) andminimization of magnitude and duration of moisture stress.

Weed infestation of pulses has been observed to cause heavy yield losses in kharif andrabi pluses. Use of chemical herbicides particularly during kharif season needs to be promotedthrough incentives and appropriate extension strategy as frequent rains and too wet soilconditions do not allow mechanical/manual weeding. A number of cost-effective herbicidesare available in the market. L ocal research stations can provide accurate recommendation inthis regard. Technologically advanced private sector companies with a wide distribution networkmust be involved in pesticide and herbicide propagation for yield expansion.

b) Pest Surveillance mechanism and pest management practices

It is important that region specific advisories are issued for guiding pulse growers on pestcontrol. This calls for an effective pest surveillance mechanism to be put in place at districtlevel. National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) has come out with a modelfor pest surveillance in cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea and other crops and tested the same inMaharashtra state. The model is being demonstrated in some selected (7) NFSM-pulses states.The model has met with notable success. As a consequence, other states such as Orissa, Gujaratare keen to adopt. The key features of the mechanism followed are as below:


i) Demonstration of IPM module in farmers’ participatory mode.

ii) Capacity building of farmers, Subject Matter Specialists and Extension functionaries.

iii) Conduction of roving as well as fixed plot surveys on weekly basis so as to providereal time data base for use by National Pest Reporting and Alert System establishedat NCIPM.

iv) Periodic release of pest advisories using electronic media.

v) Ensuring that the advices are complied with through provisioning of the neededbiological or chemical pesticides.

It is therefore suggested to adopt the model with defined priorities.

c) Innovative method of better dissemination and adoption of agronomicpractices

Agronomic practices to be disseminated have to be not only region/agro-climaticzone-specific but should also match the resource-base of the farming community. Similarly,extension strategy to be followed should take into account the prevailing socio-economic statusof farmers. It is however widely observed that training of farmers and field demonstrations ofimproved production practices are effective extension methods. Timely availability of creditand critical inputs facilitates adoption of a practice which has been popularized. Innovativeways of institution building that aggregates the produce of scattered pulse farmers and linksthem up with the businesses for better quality of inputs and for efficient marketing of theproduce need to be found. Building farmer-producer organization discussed separately is anexample of this approach. More such approaches using Non-Government Organizations andprivate sector should be tried. Producer Companies and other strategic PPP models need to befollowed with priority.

d) Mechanization in pulses

Pulses are grown in different agro climatic regimes and soil conditions can vary. In manysoils mechanisation is essential to raise productivity. Adoption of many scientifically soundand economically viable agronomic practices requires use of certain farm machines/implements.Very good examples are deep ploughing, ridge planting, line sowing, inter-culture operationsetc. Besides, mechanization contributes to timeliness of operations, reduces cost of productionand improves resource (water, energy and inputs) use efficiency.

Another important aspect on farm mechanization is that it needs to be promoted on ‘service’approach. Considering small holding of the farmers, custom hiring of the machines is the onlyviable option for increasing the reach. In this context, example of ‘Haldhar’ program of MadhyaPradesh Government is a good practice that subsidizes the farmers to the extent of Rs. 2000/-per hectare for deep ploughing of their lands. Government can facilitate farmers’ access to therecommended machines by empanelment of the vendors for the services against a fixed fee/charges. This way instead of subsidizing capital of individual farmers, the subsidy amount onservice charges would generate demand for capital creation that could be served frominstitutional finance and ensure more optimal utilization of assets.


The following suggestions are worth consideration for promotion of farm mechanization.

i) Make an assessment of operations that if mechanized will contribute to cropproductivity, resource use efficiency and reduction in cost of cultivation in eachagro-climatic region.

ii) Make an assessment of availability of farm power.

iii) Identify farm implements/machines based on the above.

iv) Organize demonstrations of identified farm implements/machines to pulse growers.

v) Involve prominent manufacturers of farm implements/machines for manufacturing,establishing supply outlets of identified machines/implements and providing aftersales service.

vi) Provide financial assistance for purchase of implements/machines.

e) Post harvest handling of grains for reducing losses

i) Mechanical threshing needs to be promoted by providing incentives for purchase ofthreshers.

ii) Procurement of pulses grains by Govt. authorized organizations will considerablyreduce the need for storage at farmers level.

iii) Small Dal-mills should be popularized and promoted through various incentives.

iv) Private sector should be encouraged to establish’ Dal Mill’s in rural areas/districtswith large acreage under pulses on the pattern of sugar mills. Private companiesneed to be involved in processing, packing and marketing of pulses. The public sectorprocurement agencies are severely handicapped for funds and expertise in this area.

f) Expansion of irrigation using resource conservation technologies

Pulses crops are invariably grown under moisture stress which leads to sub-optimalproductivity levels. Scientific scheduling of irrigation, an estimate of quantity of water to beapplied and deployment of water saving irrigation methods can lead to enhanced yield, higherwater and nutrient use efficiency and larger area coverage under irrigation. Use of sprinklerirrigation has enormous potential for saving irrigation water and expanding area under irrigation.The method has gained popularity in many districts with limited water resources. Drip irrigationand fertigation hold promise for widely spaced crops like pigeonpea. These devices can expandirrigation area by 30-50%.

g) Control of damage by blue bull

The damage caused to pulses crops by blue bull has been on the rise in the extent andmagnitude. The problem has become so acute that area of pulses in general and summermungbean in particular has witnessed drastic reduction in the states of Punjab, Haryana,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Although, the problem has been in existence for decades,no socio-economically viable control measures have been evolved and implemented. Pulsegrowers continue to suffer heavy economic losses. The issue is very serious and warrants


attention of the policy makers, administrators, social workers, as it has assumed social, economicand ecological dimensions. The problem was discussed at length in a Brain Storming Sessionchaired by Agriculture Commissioner and some useful recommendations emerged. It issuggested that a committee consisting of senior officers from Department of Agriculture,Department of Forestry and wild Life, and Department of Animal Husbandry may be constitutedwith a mandate to come out with practicable recommendations including policy interventionsin a time bound manner as the issue is too serious to be ignored or left unattended for long.

5. Prices, tariff and trade policies

Assurance of remunerative and stable price environment is essential for ensuring farmersinterest in pulse crops cultivation. This will also encourage and facilitate adoption of improvedproduction technology through higher investments and consequently contribute to overall pulseproduction. Remunerative price, of course, depends largely on cost of cultivation which offlate has registered a phenomenal increase. Rise in cost of inputs (seed, fertilizer, power, labour),risk involved in pulse production due to climate change and change in pest complex etc shouldalso reflect in remunerative prices. The existing mechanism for addressing price issue involvesfixing annually Minimum Support Price (MSP) for pulses after taking into accountrecommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices. While MSP of pulseshas registered more than 100% increase in 2010-11 over 2004-05 but increasing cost ofproduction and marketing related problems have significantly offset the profitability.

Procurement of pulses has remained a deficit area thereby depriving pulse growers ofgetting full advantage of MSP. Post harvest losses and high marketing cost further erodeprofitability. Import and export policy of Government of India has been based on prevailingdemand and supply situation with a view to control domestic prices and possibly insulatedomestic prices from international prices. But the policy has done little to minimize vast gapbetween farm-gate and prevailing market price. This calls for review of the policy. The followingsuggestions are made to address these and associated issues.

i) Criteria for fixing MSP of pulses should be sensitive to prevailing market prices andthe risk associated with pulse production.

ii) Each state should designate appropriate agencies for procurement operations.

iii) Procurement centre with adequate storage facilities need to be established at districtand block level in major pulse growing zones.

iv) There is an urgent need to blend domestic price policy with tariff policy such thatdomestic price of pulses stabilize and attractive returns to pulse producers are ensured.

v) Import duties on pulses need to be calibrated in response to the demand and supplysituation.

vi) Detailed analysis of cost of cultivation and marketing for each pulse crop in pulsegrowing states is required so as to explore scope of reducing losses and productioncost through innovative interventions such as farm mechanization, deployment ofwater and power saving gadgets/devices etc.


vii) Post harvest losses in various pulse crops need to be quantified and affordable waysto minimize such losses should be popularized through financial incentives.

viii) Policy interventions are required to minimize gap between farm-gate and marketprice of pulses.

5.1 Pricing policyThere is need to radically change in the methodology followed by Commisison on

Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) for fixing minimum support price so as to make pulsescrops more competitive. Alagh Committee on WTO Impacts on Price Policies (2003) hadproposed integration of price policy with tariff policy. It introduced the concept to efficiencyshifter with the price computed on the opportunity costs at the margin rather than on historicalcosts. Such a computation could incentivize infusion of capital for adoption of new technologicalinputs at the farm level resulting in lower per unit of current output cost and thus making thepulse crops competitive.

On the basis of the recommendation of the Alagh Committee, the terms of reference ofCACP have been revised with the addition of the words ‘competitiveness of agriculture andagro-based commodities’ in ToR n.2 (iii). A new ToR entry ‘ To effectively integrate therecommended non-price measures with price recommendations and to ensure competitiveagriculture’. It is necessary for the CACP to draw up a road map for each crop to assess initialcapital requirements of progressive farming, which could lead to additional costs around a sixthhigher as compared to the `average` procurement prices. Integrated policy to give incentives fora competitive agriculture could be followed in tandem with the Tariff, Tax and Monetary Policies.

Alagh Committee report has illustrated the new price policy with several simulated exercisesfor different crops. By using Venugopal Reddy simulation, it demonstrated that within tariffbounds with some monetary policy built in, it was possible to hold the farmer’s hand for thetransitional period in which he moves over to a lower cost per unit of output.

With low productivity level of pulse crops and reluctance of the farmers to invest adequateresources to modernize farming of pulses, it is strongly recommended that revised pricingpolicy as worked out by Alagh Committee should be introduced immediately.

5.2 License requirement in pulsesThese are again bottlenecks to an economic regime favoring pulse economy revival. To

begin business operations to market pulses, any purchaser/dealer/trader needs to take twolicenses –

1. License under the respective state APMC Act to deal in agricultural produce.

2. License to stock pulses under the Essential Commodity Act - Pulses Control Order.

5.2.1 APMC License

The Agricultural Marketing is state subject and Agricultural Produce Market Commettee(APMCs) are operated under different State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Acts.


Traders, commission agents, purchasers and other market functionaries are required totake license under the respective state APMR Act for business operations. Further, in someStates, the traders / commission agents seeking license are required to have physicalestablishment for such business in the APMC market area. There is no one clear guideline andthe interpretation of the act is different in different states.

For direct procurement as per present APMC Act, purchaser has to take license from eachAPMC for trading / procurement operations in the notified area of such market committee.

In some states where amendment for direct marketing / contract farming has been made,the concerned Director (Marketing) / MD Marketing Board can issue unified license. In manystates like Karnataka there is lack of clarity on the license and the right guidance by thegovernment officials.(Table 4)

Table 4: The status of license requirements under APMC across the country

S.No. State APMC District Supply Office Stock Others - APMC Practices

EC Act Limits Physical Licenses Cess for

Shop for multiple

Channel transactions

1 Maharashtra Individual Mandi/ Pulses Dealer 100 tons Yes for Yes YesUnified License License given in Individual

every district N.A forunified

2 Karnataka Individual Mandi/ The APMC only 200 tons Yes Yes NoUnified License (but controls this and it isprocess for this is unclear whether aunclear) separate license is

required3 Andhra pradesh Individual Mandi Pulses Dealer License 200 tons N.A Yes No

(controlled by Civil given in every districtSupplies) RationingOfficer

4 Gujrat Unified License Not Required 100 tons N.A Yes No

5 Tamilnadu No license required N.A (but still to confirm) N.A

6 Delhi Individual Mandi Pulses Dealer License 100 tons N.A N.A No

7 Kerala No License required Holding License for N.A N.A Yes Nothe trader

8 Madhya Pradesh N.A (but still to confirm) N.A (but still to confirm) No N.A N.A No(Gazette Notification to (Gazette Notification to No N.A N.A Nobe got out) be got out)

9 Uttar Pradesh Individual Mandi Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes No

10 Punjab Individual Mandi/Unified Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes NoLicense (but process for

11 Haryana Individual Mandi/Unified Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes NoLicense (but process for

12 Rajasthan Individual Mandi/Unified Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes NoLicense (but process for


Table 5: State-wise Stock Limits/ restrictions imposed by State Governments/Union Territories on movement of food and agricultural produce

5.2.2 Pulses Control Order

Regarding stock limits, the concerned Food and Supply Department of State Governmentwho is implementing pulses control order need to be approached. Different states have differentlicense requirements and stock limits imposed on pulses. Only Madhya Pradesh does not havea stock limit imposed on domestic pulses. Gujarat has done away with control order licensebut has a stock limit. Due to these reasons, none of the big trading companies deal in domesticpulses.

Applying through the right department in every state for EC license as well as obtainingthe EC license is a complex and time consuming exercise. States like Delhi are not issuingPulses Dealer license for over one year. All channel partners have to also apply for licenses.Generally, the official time limits vary from 1-2 months, while the actual time taken is muchlonger (Table 5).

13 West Bengal Individual Mandi Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes No

14 Orissa Individual Mandi/Unified Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes NoLicense (but process for

15 Himachal Individual Mandi/Unified Pulses Dealer License Yes N.A Yes NoPradesh License (but process for

16 Chattisgarh N.A (but still to confirm) N.A (but still to confirm) No N.A N.A No(Gazett Notification to (Gazett Notification tobe got out) be got out)

S.No. State APMC District Supply Office Stock Others - APMC Practices

EC Act Limits Physical Licenses Cess forShop for multiple

Channel transactions

State Status

Andhra Pradesh A.P Storage Control Order: Stock limits on pulse

Assam Stocking of food and agricultural produce is regulated through: Assam TradeArticles (Licensing and Control) Order, 1982.

Bihar Stock limits on food and agricultural produce have been imposed with priorconcurrence of the Central Government.

Chandigarh Chandigarh Food Articles (Licensing and Control) Order: Stock limitsimposed for wheat, rice and pulses.

Delhi Delhi Pulses (Licensing of Dealers) Order, 1974: Stock limits imposed onpulses. But these do not provide for any restriction on movement.

Gujarat Gujarat Pulses Order 2007: effective till September 2011 – wholesaler doesnot a license but needs to maintain a stock limit of 100 tons.


New methods for marketing should be Devised to supplement some of the shortfalls inspecific pulses crops. For example, Yellow Dal is being aggressively promoted by Ministry ofConsumer Affairs through publicity campaign that not only succeeded in introducing the splitfield pea for consumption as dal but also promoted its nutritive and culinary benefits inpreference to the gram dal or toor dal.

New avenues need to be explored to manufacture dal from other vegetative nutritive basethat meets the culinary and nutritive requirement of vast majority of Indians. A brief descriptionof such an initiative is given below

6. Manufactured Dal

With a view to augment the availability of low cost protein in the country, the NationalDairy Development Board (NDDB) developed technology to produce analogue to natural dalfrom defatted Soya flour and wheat flour to utilize the protein in the Soya meal. The Soyaprotein which otherwise would have been mostly exported for feeding cattle is thus convertedinto nutritious and easily digestible value added food as Dal Analogue. Technology Missionon Oilseeds and Pulses (TMOP) had approved the project with an initial outlay of ` 11.50crores. Of which ` 2.56 crores was grant from TMOP and ` 8.94 crores funded by NDDB

State Status

Jammu & Kashmir Ban on movement outside the state of food grains (except Basmati rice),pulses, singharas, oil seeds, cheese & butter and vegetables of all kinds.

Himachal Pradesh H.P Trade Articles (Licensing and Control) Order, 1981: Traders possessingfood grains and other food articles more than the specified limits are requiredto obtain a license.

Karnataka Karnataka Essential Commodities (Licensing) Order, 1999: Stock limitsimposed on wholesalers, dealers, commission agents and retailers.

Madhya Pradesh Pulses, Edible Oilseeds and Edible Oils (Storage Control) Order, 1977:Under which stock limits imposed on pulses. (We are looking for the latestnotification where MP does not have stock limits)

Maharashtra Maharashtra Scheduled Commodities Wholesale Dealers Licensing Order,1998: Stock limits have been fixed.

Punjab Stock limits imposed on pulses.

Rajasthan Central Pulses, Edible Oilseeds and Edible Oils (Storage and Control Order,1977: Stock limits imposed on pulses.

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Essential Trade Articles (Regulation of Trade) Order, 1984:Stock limits fixed paddy/rice, sugar and pulses.

Uttar Pradesh Stock limits fixed on edible oilseeds, pulses and edible oils (includinghydrogenated Vanaspati).

West Bengal West Bengal Rationing Order, 1964: It delineates ‘Rationed areas’, which isan area where a rationed article is sold. The movement of food grains inthese areas is restricted to those appointed by the State authorities.


under Oil Project. Actual expenditure on the Dal Analogue plant was ` 9.10 crores (` 2.56crores grant from TMOP and ` 6.54 crores from NDDB Oil Project).

The state of art automated plant with an installed capacity of 1200 kg/hr dal analogue(6000MT/annum) was commissioned in 1999 and is located at Anand. The plant equipmentinclude raw material batching system, pre-conditioner, twin screw extruder, drying and coolingsystem and packing section. Dal analogue is prepared from edible grade defatted Soya flourand wheat flour along with turmeric using extrusion technology. The product is a high proteinproprietary product specially developed in the form of pellets which resembles TUR/ARHARDAL in appearance. It has mininum of 30% protein when compared to 22-24% in natural daland calorific value similar to natural dal i.e. around 350 Kcal. The dal analogue takes less timeto cook than natural dal and have all functional cooking properties and palatable taste.

While the plant supplied this product to CARE for their nutritional programme andIntegrated Child Development Scheme in the state of Madhya Pradesh, the product could notbe commercialized as the extruded food was a new concept replacing a natural food.

Based on the current price of raw materials, the ex-factory basic cost of dal analogue isapprox ` 42500/- per MT.

Details of Costing are as under:

The dal analogue has high protein content, which could be an ideal food for variousnutrition programme run by the state governments, discussions have also been held withAmerican Soybean Association, International Marketing (ASA-IM), who are promoting Soyabased products in the country. In order to position the product on health platform, ASA –IM

Whole sale price of Tur Dal is assumed around 65000

Over and above 12.50% VAT and 2% CST would be applicable.

Raw Material ` / MT

Soya floor 16200

Wheat floor 9275

Turmeric 750

Pacakaging material 716

Manufacturing expenses 11550

Other Misc. Expenses 1000

Fixed over heads 1000

Margin assumed 2000

Basic Price ex- Plant 42491

Approximate 42500

Transportation

Delhi 2000

Hyderabad 3000

Gujrat 1000


with the assistance of M/s Wenger, USA have taken pilot trial run to improve the productcolour and texture so as to enhance the product appeal and consumer acceptability. The planthas also approached M/s Andhra Pradesh Foods, Hyderabad (A Govt. of A.P. Enterprise)to introduce dal analogue for their various nutrition programme. During 2009-10, 50 Metrictons of dal analogue was supplied to M/s AP Foods, a government undertaking for mid-daymeal scheme. Currently AP Foods has placed an order for supply of 330 Metric tons dal analogueunder mid-day scheme.

In the similar manner, Mother Dairy has attempted to supply sale of dal analogue throughmother Dairy booth in NCR in 1 kg packing and around 14 Metric tons dal analogue wassupplied during 2010-11 under the brand name I-Dal.

If dal analogue product has to be competitive in the market, GOI may consider issuingdirectives to respective state government & central authority for exempting the product fromstate sale tax in case of local sales and central sale tax (in case of inter-state sales).

7. National Pulses Development Board

Sustainable availability of the pulses in general and kharif pulses like Red Gram, BlackGram and Green Gram in particular in the context of limited global marketable surplus andincreasing demand makes it important to ensure that these crops get special attention.

It is necessary to view various functions under the pulses supply chain from the farmers’field to the consumers’ plate under a single integrating umbrella to bring in more efficiencyand develop a holistic approach to pulses development. For production, marketing, processing,retailing and consumption, information relating to the specialized functions performed bydifferent departments, agencies and private sector could be collected, collated and analysed bya central institution for knowledge exchange to bring about efficiency gains in the supplychain and for timely policy and programmatic responses so as to improve the availability ofpulses in the market.

It is proposed that on the lines of Coconut Development Board, National PulsesDevelopment Board may be constituted as a Central knowledge bank on pulses. This one stopadministrative structure on pulses would encompass knowledge exchange on production,markets, trade, processing, manufacturing and consumption. It could be an autonomous bodyof expertise covering all aspects of pulses. Mandate and the functions of the Board could beworked out separately. Board can be given an initial corpus for performing the mandatedfunctions. A revenue model would need to be evolved for sustaining its efforts.

8. Communication strategy for reaching out to farmers

One of the major constraints in improving production and productivity of pulses continuesto be low rate of adoption of improved practices generated and refined by National AgriculturalResearch System (NARS) unlike rice and wheat crops as demonstration by a vast gap in yieldbetween farmers practice and field demonstrations of improved practices. Low rate of adoptionof improved practices may be attributed to:


i) Higher risk associated with rainfed production systems in general and pulses inparticular.

ii) High cost and inadequate availability of inputs recommended under improved packageof practices i.e. seed.

iii) Technologies generated and recommended lack regional specificity and are beyondthe reach of resource poor farmers.

iv) Farmers are ignorant about the practice and its economics/advantages or not convincedabout merits of its adoption.

In majority of the cases, however, lack of effective communication has been a majorimpediment in adoption of improved practices. Enhancement of productivity of pulses onsustainable basis is not possible without narrowing existing communication gap betweenresearch centres and farmers. The responsibility of bridging the gap primarily rests with StateDepartment of Agriculture which has a vast network of extension functionaries at district,block, panchayat and even village cluster level in most of the states. The extension networkhas a technical back up from SAUs/ICAR institutes/ Zonal Research Stations and KVKs locatedin the region. In addition ATMA and many NGOs are engaged in agricultural extension activities.

Following strategy is suggested to fully harness the potential of the available infrastructureand vast human resource.

i) Existing research and extension interface at State, Zone and District level needs tobe made more effective so as to take policy and administrative decisions for facilitatingtransfer and adoption of improved practices by pulse growers.

ii) Extension functionaries are engaged in many other activities not related to technologytransfer. As a consequence the very purpose of being technical is either defeated orpartially achieved. This takes a big task on technology dissemination. It is thereforenecessary to accord priority to agricultural extension programmes by ensuringdeployment of a dedicated team of extension personnel for each district.

iii) There is a need to revisit extension strategy adopted by states as it lacks relevance tosocio-economic and existing knowledge base of small, marginal and sub-marginalfarmers.

iv) The strategy and approach for effective and faster dissemination of improved practicesto farmers should include:

� Capacity building for extension workers with emphasis on major regionalconstraints holding productivity of pulses in the district. This task should beentrusted to the KVK located in the district. Training modules developed byKVKs should be regularly updated so as to accommodate emerging fieldproblems/innovations and most recent technological developments in pulses.

� Scientists manning Agricultural Technology Information centres (ATIC) locatedat SAU/ICAR Institute head quarters and those attending Kisan Call centresshould be well conversant and up-to-date with pulse production technology


and sources of quality inputs and ongoing schemes for the benefit of pulsegrowers.

� Sensitization of private input supplying agencies, cooperative bodies and dealerslocated in each district about likely demand of various inputs, quality standardsof inputs fixed by regulatory departments and on-going Government sponsoredprogramme/provisions by ATMA/District Agriculture prior to onset of a croppingseason should be arranged in each district.

� District/Block level programmes for Gram Panchayats, SHGs and NGO forseeking their active participation in popularizing pulses technology should beorganized by ATMA/KVKs.

� Capacity building of pulse growers will go a long way in promoting pulseproduction. Extension staff trained by KVKs/ATMA should be used as resourcepersons for farmers training to be organized at Gram Panchayat Level.Progressive farmers from each Gram Panchayat can also be identified and trainedto act as resource persons.

� Famers should be made aware of on-going credit and crop insurance schemes,agencies to be approached and procedures to be followed through Panchayats,AIR, Doordarshan, Grain Mandis etc.

� Forewarning against imminent pest attack, occurrence of frost, rains, hail stormetc should be an integral part of district level extension programme.

9. Long Term Research Plan for Raising Productivity to Global levels

It is important to identify emerging challenges in pulse production along with existingtechnological gaps for each agro-climatic region for setting up short, medium and long-termresearch goals. ICAR at National and SAUs and their Zonal Research Stations at regionallevel have been vested with this responsibility. IIPR and their cooperating centres (SAUs)spread across the country has come out with a document “Vision 2020” containing long termresearch goals and activity milestones. It is hoped that the strategy developed is amenable tomid-course corrections being necessitated by climatic change and associated changes in diseaseand pest complex, income-induced increase in demand of pulses and global production andmarket scenario.

9.1 GM crops: Current StatusEfforts are being made in Indian Public Research Institutions since early eighties to develop

transgenic crops. The Government of India has been very supportive of the efforts to developtransgenic crops and invested liberally through the Department of Biotechnology, Departmentof Science, Department of Technology and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. As aresult many transgenic crops have been developed and are being tested by various public andprivate institutions. A list of such efforts is given in the Tables 6 and 7. There are howeversome recent developments on approval process for conducting trials which have made thesystem more complex. A gist of the revised process is given below.


Table 6: A list of Field Trials of GM Food Crops being conducted by Public Research Institutions

Sl. No. Crops Year Institute Traits

1 Brinjal 2006 IARI, New Delhi Insect resistance

2 Castor 2006 Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyd Insect resistance

3 Groundnut 2006 ICRISAT, Hyderabad Virus resistance

4 Potato 2006 Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla Fungal resistance

5 Rice 2006 IARI, New Delhi Insect resistance

6 Rice 2006 TNAU, Coimbatore Disease resistance

7 Tomato 2006 IARI, New Delhi Virus resistance

8 Brinjal 2007 UAS, Bangalore Insect resistance

9 Brinjal 2007 TNAU, Coimbatore Insect resistance

10 Potato 2009 Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla Tuber sweetening

11 Chickpea 2009 ICRISAT, Hyderabad Abiotic stress tolerance


Sl. No. Crops Year Institute Traits

12 Sorghum 2009 National Research Centre for Sorghum, Insect resistanceHyderabad

13 Watermelon 2010 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Virus resistance

14 Tomato 2010 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Virus resistance

15 Tomato 2010 IIVR, Varanasi Insect resistance

16 Tomato 2010 NRCPB, New Delhi Fruit ripening

17 Papaya 2010 Indian Institute of Horticulture Research Virus resistance

18 Sugarcane 2010 Sugarcane Breeding Institute Insect resistance

19 Sorghum 2010 Central Research Institute for Dryland Abiotic stress toleranceAgriculture

20 Groundnut 2010 University of Agricultural Sciences, Abiotic stress toleranceBangalore

21 Mustard 2010 NRCPB, New Delhi Abiotic stress tolerance

22 Mustard 2010 University of Delhi South Campus, Delhi Heterosis

23 Brinjal 2006 IARI, New Delhi Insect resistance

24 Castor 2006 Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyd Insect resistance

25 Groundnut 2006 ICRISAT, Hyderabad Virus resistance

26 Potato 2006 Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla Fungal resistance

27 Rice 2006 IARI, New Delhi Insect resistance

28 Rice 2006 TNAU, Coimbatore Disease resistance

29 Tomato 2006 IARI, New Delhi Virus resistance

30 Brinjal 2007 UAS, Bangalore Insect resistance

31 Brinjal 2007 TNAU, Coimbatore Insect resistance

32 Potato 2009 Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla Tuber sweetening

33 Chickpea 2009 ICRISAT, Hyderabad Abiotic stress tolerance

34 Sorghum 2009 National Research Centre for Sorghum, Insect resistanceHyderabad

35 Watermelon 2010 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Virus resistance

36 Tomato 2010 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Virus resistance

37 Tomato 2010 IIVR, Varanasi Insect resistance

38 Tomato 2010 NRCPB, New Delhi Fruit ripening

39 Papaya 2010 Indian Institute of Horticulture Research Virus resistance

40 Sugarcane 2010 Sugarcane Breeding Institute Insect resistance

41 Sorghum 2010 Central Research Institute for Dryland Abiotic stress toleranceAgriculture

42 Groundnut 2010 University of Agricultural Sciences, Abiotic stress toleranceBangalore

43 Mustard 2010 NRCPB, New Delhi Abiotic stress tolerance

44 Mustard 2010 University of Delhi South Campus, Delhi Heterosis


Table 7: A list of Field Trials of GM Food Crops being conducted by Private companies.

S.No Crops Year Institute Traits

1 Brinjal 2006 Sungro Seeds, New Delhi Insect resistance

2 Brinjal 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance

3 Cabbage 2006 M/s Nunhems, Gurgaon Insect resistance

4 Cauliflower 2006 Sungro Seeds, New Delhi Insect resistance

5 Cauliflower 2006 M/s Nunhems, Gurgaon Insect resistance

6 Corn 2006 Monsanto, Mumbai Insect resistance

7 Okra 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance

8 Rice 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance

9 Tomato 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance


11 Rice 2008 Bayer Bioscience Pvt. Ltd. Insect resistance

12 Tomato 2008 Avesthagen Ltd. Nutritional quality

13 Corn 2008 Monsanto India Ltd. Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

14 Brinjal 2009 Bejo Sheetal Seeds, Jalna Insect resistance

15 Corn 2009 Pioneer Overseas Corporation Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

16 Corn 2009 Dow Agro. Insect resistance

17 Rice 2009 Bayer Bioscience. Insect resistance

18 Rice 2009 Mahyco, Jalna Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

19 Rice 2010 E.I. DuPont Heterosis

20 Rice 2010 Bayer Bioscience Insect resistance

21 Rice 2010 Metahelix Life Sciences Insect resistance

22 Rice 2010 BASF India Ltd. Insect resistance

23 Maize 2010 Pioneer Overseas Corporation Insect resistance andHerbicide tolerance

24 Corn 2010 Dow AgroSciences Insect resistance

25 Corn 2010 Syngenta Biosciences Insect resistance

26 Brinjal 2006 Sungro Seeds, New Delhi Insect resistance

27 Brinjal 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance

28 Cabbage 2006 M/s Nunhems, Gurgaon Insect resistance

29 Cauliflower 2006 Sungro Seeds, New Delhi Insect resistance

30 Cauliflower 2006 M/s Nunhems, Gurgaon Insect resistance

31 Corn 2006 Monsanto, Mumbai Insect resistance


33 Rice 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance

34 Tomato 2006 Mahyco, Mumbai Insect resistance


9.2 ICAR InitiativesICAR initiated a network programme aimed at the development of transgenics in major

crops for introduction of traits such as pest resistance, disease tolerance and abiotic stresstolerance. Some of the transgenics such as cotton, potato, castor and tomato are being field-tested. A list of the crops and traits being handled in ICAR Network programme is given inTable 8.

Table 8: Crops, traits and institutes identified for Network Project on Transgenicdevelopment

S.No Crops Year Institute Traits


36 Rice 2008 Bayer Bioscience Pvt. Ltd. Insect resistance

37 Tomato 2008 Avesthagen Ltd. Nutritional quality

38 Corn 2008 Monsanto India Ltd. Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

39 Brinjal 2009 Bejo Sheetal Seeds, Jalna Insect resistance

40 Corn 2009 Pioneer Overseas Corporation Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

41 Corn 2009 Dow Agro. Insect resistance

42 Rice 2009 Bayer Bioscience. Insect resistance

43 Rice 2009 Mahyco, Jalna Insect resistance,Herbicide tolerance

44 Rice 2010 E.I. DuPont Heterosis

45 Rice 2010 Bayer Bioscience Insect resistance

46 Rice 2010 Metahelix Life Sciences Insect resistance

47 Rice 2010 BASF India Ltd. Insect resistance

48 Maize 2010 Pioneer Overseas Corporation Insect resistance andHerbicide tolerance

49 Corn 2010 Dow AgroSciences Insect resistance

50 Corn 2010 Syngenta Biosciences Insect resistance

S.No. Crops Traits Institutions

1 Rice Resistance to yellow stemborer NRCPB; DRR;CRRI;

Sheath blight resistance ICAR-NEH; VPKAS

2 Sorghum Resistance to stem borer NRC Sorghum; NRCPB

3 Maize Resistance to stem borers VPKAS; IARI; DMR;NRCPB

4 Chickpea Resistance to pod borer NRCPB; IIPR

5 Pigeonpea Resistance to pod borer NRCPB; IIPR

6 Soybean Resistance to viruses IARI; NRCSoy


Transgenic events in cotton, sorghum, brassica, tomato, potato and papaya that emanated out of theNetwork Project are undergoing field/glasshouse tests.

There are, however, a few technological issues of general importance which need to beaddressed on priority.

a. Development of early maturing pigeonpea varieties so that productivity per unittime could be enhanced and they may fit well in pigeonpea-wheat cropping sequencein the north and could be grown as sole crop in peninsular India during winter season.

b. Development of chickpea varieties tolerant to terminal heat for north India and alsobreeding of chickpea, fieldpea and lentil for tolerance to cold/frost.

c. Development of bold seeded desi and kabuli chickpea varieties tolerant to biotic andabiotic stresses.

d. Pigeonpea suffers a heavy loss due to water inundation in the states of Bihar,Jharkhand, West Bengal, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Therefore, developmentof pigeonpea varieties suitable for post-rainy season (Pre-rabi season) planting isrequired.

e. Zero-till seed drill suitable to different soil types need to be designed. This devicewill ensure timely planting of rabi pulses and facilitate conservation of residual soilmoisture after kharif crops harvest.

S.No. Crops Traits Institutions

7 Cotton Resistance to boll worm CICR; NRCPB; IARI

Resistance to leaf curl virus

8 Brassica Resistance to aphids NRCPB; NRCRM

Tolerance to drought

9 Banana Bunchy top virus resistance

Banana streak virus resistance

Fusarium wilt resistance NRCB; IARI; IIHR

10 Papaya Ring spot virus resistance

Leaf curl virus resistance CISH; IARI

11 Tomato Leaf curl virus resistance IIVR; IIHR; IARI; NRCPB

Extended shelf life

Resistance to fruit borer

12 Brinjal Resistance to fruit Borer IIVR; NRCPB

13 Potato Resistance to viruses CPRI; IARI

(PVY; PALCV)

14 Cassava Mosaic virus resistance CTCRI; IARI

15 Groundnut Resistance to Insect/pests NRCG;NRCPB

Tolerance to drought and salinity

16 Castor Resistance to Insect/pests DOR, NRCPB


f. Kharif pulses suffer heavy loss due to stagnation of water in the root zone, particularlyat seedling stage. Therefore, designing of ridge-cum-planter for kharif pulses suitablefor major soil types is required.

g. There are heavy post-harvest losses in pulses, more so during storage. Therefore,development of eco-friendly and affordable grain storage technology for differentregions is urgently required.

h. Systematic studies for validation of benefits of dibbling/transplanting/nipping/ dripirrigation practices in pigeonpea innovated in Maharashtra and Karnataka are required

i. Pigeonpea hybrids based on genetic male sterility were developed in the country.These hybrids could not be popularized due to problems in seed production. Recentlycytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines have been isolated and some promising hybridsusing this trait have been developed by ICRISAT in collaboration with stateAgricultural Universities of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Practicalfeasible production technology for seed of these hybrids should be developed so thatthey can be popularised.

j. Helicoverpa (gram pod borer) is a major pest of chickpea and pigeonpea. Sources ofresistance against this pest in the germplasm though being studied, are yet to beestablished. Therefore, development of transgenic varieties of these two pulsespossessing resistance to pod borer is need of the day. The work in this direction is inprogress in CCSHAU, Hisar, IARI and IIPR. This work needs to be strengthened.

k. Vigna group of pulses (mungbean, urdbean, mothbean, cowpea and horse gram) arevulnerable to yellow mosaic virus disease and powdery mildew. Suitable sources ofresistance against these diseases are not available in the germplasm. Therefore, thebiotechnological approach should be exploited to develop varieties of these pulsesresistant to these two diseases.

l. Fusarium wilt in chickpea, lentil and pigeonpea is a devastating disease that drasticallyreduces plant population. Both conventional and biotechnological tools should beapplied for breeding wilt resistant varieties of these crops.(Some Plans for j,k and lare outlined below)

m. Development of pulse crop varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting andintercropping need to should be a part of pulse breeding strategy.

n. Development of mechanical harvester for kharif and rabi pulses is urgently required.

9.3 Technological Priorities for Medium and long Term Planning for aDynamic Pulses EconomyTechnological issues have been listed above. But the Expert Group believe that while

with the available technologies given policy support as outlined pulse productivity can rise byaround a quarter, if a long term plan is not there, there can be no question of achieving pulsedemands, towards the end of the decade. If these plans are not set in place now, their outcomeswill not be achieved. To develop the next generation germplasm, we need at least five to seven


9.3.1 Research Component 1 : Hybrids in pigeonpea

Development � Identification of heteroticof heterotic combinations in early andpool medium maturity group

Diversification � Diversification of CGMS lines inand molecular diverse backgrounds withcharacteriza- resistance to diseases andtion of CGMS pests.lines � Identification and differentiation

of available cytoplasm(mitochondrial DNA) fromstable A lines possessingdifferent cytoplasm

Identification � Crossing between diverse linesand and CGMS linesdiversification � Identification of fertile F1’s andof restorers restorers

Molecular � Marker assay for parentalmapping and polymorphism.tagging of � Generation of mappingrestorer genes population·

� Tagging of gene(s) for fertilityrestoration

Development � Crossing between CGMS linesand multi and fertility restorers·locational � Identification and developmentevaluation of of heterotic F1sCGMS basedhybrids

Organisation � Training will be given to farmers,of trainings for personnels of private and publicseed seed companies, extensionproduction of workers of different state deptt.parental lines of Agriculture, scientists of

KVKs etc.

years and so long-term planning and action is needed. It therefore repeats the available plansin a tabular form at the risk of some duplication. It also notes with considerable regret thatinspite of repeated requests the Research Establishment has not given a detailed road map andthe bare outlines below will need to be flushed out detailed, costed, milestones laid down andimplemented in the next six months. It still feels a preliminary listing is useful, if not for anyother reason just to outline the seriousness of the task.

100

200

100

200

150

200

Activity Milestone 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- Estima-13 14 15 16 17 ted

Budget(` Lakh)

Total Budget 950


9.3.2 Research Component 2: Transgenics for pod borer resistance in pigeonpeaand chickpea

Activity and 2012- 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- Collaborators Expected Budgetmilestone 13 14 15 16 17 Output (` In

lakh)

Procurement ofappropriate geneconstructs forHelicoverparesistance and theirefficacy studies

Genetictransformation ofchickpea andpigeonpea withgenes of provenefficacy (includingcapacity buildingand infrastructuredevelopment)

Selection of putativetransformants onstringent selectionconditions andgenerationadvancement

Eventcharacterization forsingle copyinsertions withstable inheritancein advancedgenerations

Insect Bioassay andother assays

Generation ofbiosafety dataincluding limited fieldtrials

NRCPB,ICGEB,University ofOttawa,CanadaMAHYCO-MONSANTO

CSIRO PlantIndustry,Australia, AAU,ICRISAT

NRCPB,ICRISAT

NRCPB,ICRISAT

IARI, ICRISAT

IARI, ICRISAT,SRIRAMInstitute

Gene withproven efficacyidentified

Generation ofat least 100putativechickpea andpigeonpeaevents

Proven, stabletransgenic lines

Characterizationof transgeniclines

Lines with >90% mortality

10.0

800.00

200.0

500.0

50.0

40.0

Total Budget 1600.00


9.3.3 Research component 3: Efficient plant architecture in major pulse crops

a) Chickpea

Activity & Time Frame Collaboration BudgetMilestone (` In lakh)

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Development andevaluation of talland erect planttypes formechanicalharvesting andshort durationvarieties for rainfedand late sownconditions

Pre-breeding tobroaden geneticbase and creationof new variability

Tailoring of planttypes for variouscropping systemsusing identifieddonors

Generation ofbreeding materialand utilization of off-season nursery forgenerationadvancement

Phenotypicselection, utilizationof MAS andprogeny testing

Evaluation ofpromising materialin preliminary yieldtrials.

Multi-locationevaluation foridentification ofvarieties

300ICRISAT,ICARDA, IARI,SAUs


b) Pigeonpea


2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Development ofplant types withsemi-spreadinggrowth habit,medium height (1-1.5 m) with longfruiting branches inearly and latepigeonpea


Tailoring of planttypes usingidentified donors

Generation ofbreeding materialthroughhybridization


Evaluation ofpromising materialin station trials

Multilocationevaluation ofpromising lines fortheir possiblerelease

ICRISAT, IARI,SAUs

350


c) Urdbean and Mungbean


2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Development ofshort duration photothermo-insensitiveplant types forcoastal area andrice fallow inurdbean andmungbean


Tailoring of planttypes for variouscropping systemsusing identifieddonors



Evaluation ofpromising materialand identification ofsuitable varieties

Multilocationevaluation ofpromisinggenotypes possiblerelease

AVDRC, IARI,SAUs

350


d) Lentil


2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Development ofhigh biomass andearly maturing planttypes for rice fellowand, semi-erect andtall for mechanicalharvesting







ICARDA, IARI,VIPKAS, andSAUs

250


e) Field pea


2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Development ofdwarf plant typesfor high input andtall types for rainfedconditions


Generation ofbreeding materialand utilization ofoff-season nurseryfor generationadvancement




IIVR and

SAUs

175

Expert Group notes that a detailed plan for achieving experimental yields of two and ahalf tonnes per hectare as in some countries like Canada is not available in India and it couldnot be prepared even though it was requested by it. The existing somewhat rudimentary stageof the art is given in some recent discussions reported. The research establishment is not onlyto blame since highly negative signals have been given to the scientists working in the field.

f) An Example Chickpea: Insect resistance technologies

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the premier pulse crop of Indian subcontinent. India isthe largest chickpea producer as well as consumer in the world. India grows chickpea on about6.67 million ha area producing 5.3 million tonnes which represents 30% and 38% of the nationalpulse acreage and production, respectively. Productivity stands at 844 kg/ha. Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh together contribute91% of the production and 90% of the chickpea area of the country.


The pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, is the major economic insect pest of chickpea.Yield losses from Helicoverpa damage were found to vary from 10 to 33% depending on thechickpea type and the growing environment. Spreading types are more susceptible toHelicoverpa damage than erect types, as are kabuli types compared to desi types. Yield lossesdue to Helicoverpa infestation are found to be greater in the irrigated than in the rainfed crop.Sap-sucking pests such as aphids are also a constraint on chickpea productivity, to a lesserextent than pod borer.

f.1 Pod-borer tolerant chickpeaAssam Agricultural University (AAU) Jorhat, has developed transgenic chickpea lines

expressing cry2Aa, a gene obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis, the same soil bacterium fromwhich Bt genes used in Bt cotton are derived. cry2Aa is effective against Helicoverpa armigera.Under the Indo-Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology (ISCB) program, Sungro Seeds ResearchLtd, New Delhi, received three chickpea cry2Aa-expressing lines which were planted in thegreenhouse in mid-2010 and then harvested on maturity.

The objective of the initiative at Sungro is to evaluate the efficacy of the transgenic linesagainst the pest, and once this is established, to introgress the cry2Aa event into widely grownchickpea varieties, in order to make available Helicoverpa resistant varieties.

As of now progress has been achieved as outlined below:

� The three cry2Aa-expressing lines were advanced by selfing to bulk up seed numbersand plants were selected on the basis of on protein expression

� Eight leading chickpea varieties chosen for conducting outcrossing using the 3 donorlines, and introgression of the trait has commenced

� F1 and BC1 seeds were successfully obtained from the above crosses and have beenharvested

� Expression of Cry2Aa was confirmed in F1 plants derived from the 3 events

� Insect bioassays will be carried out on F1 and BC1 material

� Final line selection will be carried out based on greenhouse experiments, andmolecular characterization of the events.

f.2 Sucking pest tolerant chickpeaTransgenic chickpea material containing the ASAL gene which showed improved tolerance

to the sucking pest damage was received from Bose Institute, Kolkata. The seeds receivedhave been sown for bulking and further analysis.

g) Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea also sustains a high level of economic loss due to Helicoverpa, which at timescan cause complete crop loss. A number of labs including ICRISAT have worked on developingBt pigeonpea. Several years ago, Mahyco developed pigeonpea lines expressing cry1Ac, whichshowed high levels of resistance to the pest. However, it was found that these lines were not


suitable for breeding due to a number of reasons including poor fertility. Recently AAU hasbeen awarded funding by DBT for pigeonpea transformation with Mahyco as a collaborator,and work to establish a reliable transformation system has been initiated.

h) Recent Discussion

The Committee was also informed that Shri Nitish Kumar, Chief Minister, Bihar hasindicated that he is opposed to Bt. Maize field trials in the State and permission given for thisactivity should be withdrawn immediately.

To accelerate work on research on transgenics varieties in Pulses, following steps as wayforward have been recently taken by ICAR.

a. On a general agreement that reliable transformation protocols for chickpea andpigeonpea appear now to be achievable there is consensus that need now was for anincrease in the volume of the transformation work so that a reasonable number ofsuccessful transgenic events are available in about an year.

b. For this purpose a large number of skilled man power is required to do the tissueculture work in an assembly mode. Two possible ways to get this man power wereplanned. One was to engage Ph.D. students for doing work on pigeonpea/chickpeatransformations as a part of their thesis work. Another way was to hire on a strictlycontractual basis, a number of graduates through walk in interviews.

c. IIPR should attempt to develop and maintain a line of Helicoverpa armigera whichis susceptible to most of the pesticides and one which is resistant to as many pesticidesas possible.

d. All transgenics of chickpea available with the Assam Agricultural University (AAU)and those of pigeonpea available with the University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad(UAS, Dharwad) should immediately be transferred to IIPR Kanpur. The Director,IIPR should take up the matter of any MTA or MOU required for these transfersimmediately. The required testing of these lines and further breeding work may beinitiated by IIPR at the earliest. Both UAS, Dharwad and AAU, Assam should takeup event characterisation of their respective transgenics at the earliest. Dr. AnandaKumar of NRCPB will help them in this work. They should also attempt to register/patent their material with appropriate authorities at the earliest.

e. Each core group will try to meet regularly at the different partner institutions. TheNational Coordinator should attempt to attend these meetings. In general there shouldbe attempts to have inter partner mobility in the project.

9.3.4 PPP in Research and Development

This is a more general issue needing discussion. It is obvious that the needs are so highthat both for resources and management of details a PPP mode will be necessary. The Publicsector ICAR system will need to take the strategic initiatives. India is too big for the world tofeed its growth and we can only use trade to adjust at the margin.


The Department of Agriculture has on its website and pulses portal given some details ofan excellent pulses development program, to raise yield to, say, 12 to 15 quintals per hectare isstrongly endorsed by the Expert Group we chair on pulses. William Dar, the director-generalof the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), has recentlyannounced that in different agro-climatic regions where pulses are grown, seeds with the highestyields in the world have been developed, which are above two tonnes per hectare.

If we get on the drawing board now, it would take four to five years. We need suchstrategies for many crops, in the PPP mode (GOI, 2010). To meet such needs, both money andmobilization of scarce technical talent are required. We also need great management andorganizational abilities to cover the last mile in a long-haul problem. Sometimes we despairbut we have to constantly remind ourselves that when we set clear goals, commit resourcesand persevere, our systems perform. Since entry costs are high, this is probably not a highlycompetitive industry. Since product obsolescence too is high, the public-private partnership(PPP) mould is probably very effective.

The hybrid paddy project was being developed two decades ago, but it failed because oflack of perseverance once the technology was jointly developed by public-sector groups likethe seed corporations and companies like Indo American Hybrid Seeds, Lever and so on.Recently, the Sadguru Foundation has reported that tribal farmers are taking to hybrid maizethat gives yields up to two and a half tones per hectare. Under Project Sunshine in Gujarat,seeds developed by an MNC were distributed at subsidized rates to tribal farmers. This plan isalso under difficulty.

Given the long-term nature of the problem and the fact that large investment is needed todevelop new molecules, a degree of regulation will be needed. Investors need a reasonableassurance of returns or they will not commit financial and, more importantly, experiencedmanagerial and technical resources. For pulses itself for example the research plan will costhundreds of crores of rupees, if the experience of hybrid paddy is any indication. Such PPPprojects will need public resource commitments in terms of meeting the so-called viabilitygaps.

Also, public-sector involvement is essential for sustainability and environmental-safetyaspects. A Central organization working on what are called long-range, marginal cost principles,which have been advocated for power projects, for example, could work out fair pricingsolutions. Anybody doing better than the average efficiency cost estimates, giving a fair rate ofreturn, would keep the profits.

It has been demonstrated time and again that the nation gains in such strategies. Forexample, pricing strategies which rely on group efficiency cost norms have given very powerfulreturns in terms of energy savings in the nitrogenous fertilizer industry and after eight years ofdiscussion, it is reported that a committee under a planning commission member is suggestingthis approach, which was the basis of pricing which Alagh committee had recommended manyyears ago. It is important that the approach of a national regulator suggested in the proposedSeeds Bill is properly designed and implemented by law. Instead, we are going through an


extremely destructive regulation of states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, throughState Price Control Acts is short-sighted. By cutting down normal profits in the industry afterR&D has been done, this will discourage investment in the sector. In April 2011 the Gujarat.High Court has struck down the right of the State Government to regulate seed prices.

10. Role of Farmers’ Institutions in anchoring technology, mitigating riskand increasing productivity

Given the highly fragmented state of landholdings, it is a continuing challenge to use thelatest technology to improve the productivity of smallholder agriculture, especially in rainfedregions. According to a recent NCAP study, 83% of all holdings in 2005-06 were either smallor marginal, having increased from 70% in 1970-71. However, the silver lining to thisdevelopment is a higher cropping intensity of small farms compared to large ones and higheruse of irrigation and application of fertilizers. This suggests that farmers with small holdingsare highly efficient and are most likely to respond to targeted interventions to improveproductivity, which in turn raises incomes.

At the same time, it must be recognized that smallholder agriculture suffers from seriousconstraints, which restrict the penetration of modern technology and prevent these farmersfrom accessing the real benefits of their labour and inputs. In particular, they are unable tobenefit from subsidized crop credit from institutional sources, suffer from uncertain inputsupplies, depend on unreliable technical advice, mostly from private agents, and are finallyforce to surrender their produce in opaque marketing arrangements. In their individualfragmented state, these millions of small and marginal farmers are unable to leverage theirmembers to enter into equitable relationship with market players.

However, experience shows that wherever farm producers, especially smallholders, haveleveraged collective bargaining power they are not only able to gain better conditions withprivate agents but also able to reduce the risk of farming to a large extent. The success of dairycooperatives in India is widely acknowledged to be the result of collective integration of thevalue chain by producers. Similar examples exist for several other farm commodities.

There is a strong case for taking steps for setting up farmer institutions that help them toget better quality and assured supply of inputs and also links them up with the pulse processorsand marketers for value addition and timely marketing support. There are a number of advantagesfor setting up farmer institutions, some of which are given below.

i) It will target the intervention in the most efficient manner among the farmingcommunity i.e. small and marginal farmers.

ii) It will allow for collective dissemination of technology which is more likely to impactthe larger producer base. It also helps to tap the inherent knowledge of farmers andprovides a platform for sharing that knowledge.

iii) Farmer’s institutions are able to bargain for bulk credit with financial institutionsand significantly reduce input cost, leading to lowering of the overall risk associatedwith pulses production.


iv) Finally, farmers’ institutions will be able to market the produce of their members onbetter terms than individual producers.

One of the important institutions to facilitate a dynamic rural urban continuum transition oflarge populations is Producer Companies. These are sponsored by NGOs, cooperatives and nowcorporate.The Expert Group noted the problems rising out of the treatment of Producers’Companies in the proposed Companies Bill legislation. Apparently the present position is thatthe second amendment to the Companies Act in 2002 which emerged from a Committee theChiarman of this Group had chaired which introduced Producers’ Companies is relegated to aposition that the existing legislation will continue until a fresh one is brought into the position.

A few years ago based on recommendations of the Irani Committee, the Chambers ofCommerce had suggested that the provision for Producers’ Companies be dropped. A numberof industrial and non-governmental organizations which had set up were disturbed at thoseand had approached me. The chairman of this Group had written to the Prime Minister and hewas kind enough to send a letter saying that the legislation would not be dropped and that hewas writing to the then Minister of Corporate Affairs to that effect. Subsequently, that Ministryhad also confirmed this position.

Pradan and other NGOs organized a meeting to discuss this issue. The letter from thePrime Minister was tabled to give them the assurance that it contained. That meeting set up aCivil Society Committee under Shri Nitin Desai, Former Under-Secretary General of the UNto monitor this aspect and submit a report on the legislation. The Committee did submit areport which made a number of useful suggestions on the different groups which are supportersof this legislation had called a meeting which strengthening the Producers’ Companies,particularly streamlining the process of registration by the Registrar of Companies at theState level.

A number of corporate entities have now used this model. These include the HaryaliProject of DCM which is a Harvard Business School case and the strategic business plans ofCompanies in agro-based industries, like Rallis and Tata Chemicals. It is also the preferredmode of the National Dairy Development Plan. If Companies Act legislation gives a secondaryrole to producer companies that would be unfortunate.

The initial sunk cost of institution building is major investment in building the capacity ofthe farming community, especially small and marginal farmers, to adopt new technology andraise productivity in a time bound manner.

11. Development of comprehensive business model based on the studyof successful agro-business models and consultation with CII

Pulse growers across the country are faced with many issues related to seed availability atreasonable price, credit delivery for purchasing inputs and its lonely repayment, coverage ofproduction related risk and means for its aversion, procurement and marketing of produce atremunerative price. Dependence on public institution may not always yield results for variousreasons. It is therefore imperative that a business model that contributes to the confidence of


farmers in cultivation of pulses, by facilitating availability of high quality inputs at reasonablecost, technical support as and when necessary credit at affordable cost, ensures procurement ofhis produce, minimizes marketing cost while serving legitimate business interest of the agenciesinvolved is put in place. The Expert Group thought it appropriate to study a few operationalmodels and their strength and weaknesses and recommend a model that employs best featuresof the models studied.

The models studied involve private-public partnership (PPP) and are listed below:

i) Rallis India – Tamil Nadu Govt. and partnership for enhancing black gram cultivationin 3 blocks of Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu.

ii) Tata Chemicals Ltd.- Punjab state Govt. partnership for promotion of summer moongin Punjab.

iii) Agriculture Consultancy Management Foundation (ACMF)- Rallis India Ltd.partnership at Somangalam (Chennai) in Tamil Nadu for promotion of black gramcultivation.

A public private partnership model involving the agencies and activities listed above isrecommended.

It may be noted that the expert group has suggested these models, both for integration ofgroups of farmers with backward linkages on technology and input support and forward linkageswith markets and proper prices. These models are essential for achieving targets.

a) Public Partners:

i) Public research organizations for development of varieties production of nucleusand breeder seed.

ii) SAUs/ KVKs for improved package of practices.

iii) Departments of Agriculture for proving policy and administrative support.

b) Private partners: One or more

i) Organizations/ Companies can participate in the following activities.

ii) Seed production with active involvement for farmers/ farmer groups.

iii) Extension of improved package of production practices to farmers.

iv) Skill upgradation of farmers.

v) Delivery of inputs and services to farmers.

vi) Technological interventions based on recommendations of SAUs/ICAR institutes.

vii) Crop-insurance and credit delivery.

viii) Procurement of produce from farmer at market rate + incentive.

ix) Promotion of resource relevant farm mechanization

x) Development of natural resources (land, water and vegetation) for augmentingpulse production on sustainable basis.


12. Recommendations and Action Points

Recommendations made by the group call for short term, medium term and long termaction plans. They have been categorized accordingly.

Short-term plan Medium-term plan Long-term plan

1. Identification of additional area

Areas bestowed with irrigationfacility in the states of UttarPradesh, Punjab, Haryana,Bihar, Gujarat and WestBengal should be used forgrowing summer moong afterthe harvest of a timely plantedwheat/potato/ sugar cane crop.Depending on availability ofirrigation and inputs an areaupto 16.5 lakh ha can be putunder moong crop. States likeUttar Pradesh, Haryana havelarge area with poor qualityunderground water. There is astrong case for correcting soilPH and water quality with useof gypsum. The states mustensure easy availability of thematerial at subsidized cost.States need to be encouragedto initiate action in this regardby providing support for seedand other inputs.

Inter-cropping of pulses withsoybean, sorghum, sugar cane,groundnut, cotton should bepromoted in the states withmajor area under these crops.Promising intercropping systemand associated cultivationpractices have been developedby zonal research centres.States concerned shouldidentify potential districts,provide incentive for seed andmulti-crop planters to farmersfor expanding area underintercropping. Even a modesttarget of bringing 10% of thearea covered by the crops listedabove under pulses asintercrops can contribute 2-3 mha of additional area.

Rainfed rice fallow lands to theextent of 3-4 m ha spread in thestates of Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,Orissa, West Bengal and Assamshould be brought under pulsescultivation in phased but targettedmanner. These states need todevelop action plans fordelineation of potential areas andcultivation of pulses crops.

Indo gangetic plain spread acrossthe States of Punjab, Haryanaand western Uttar Pradesh hasbecome an ecologically fragileregion due to continued depletionof under-ground water resourcesfor cultivation of rice-wheatcropping sequence. The situationwarrants urgent technological andpolicy interventions aimed atpromoting less water and energyintensive cropping systems.Replacement of rice with kharifpulses particularly in upland (welldrained) areas can drasticallyreduce, if not eliminate, depletionof underground water andcontribute to restoration of soilhealth and fertility. Pulse-basedcropping systems would also cut-

Replacement of low productivitycrops such as upland rice,rainfed wheat, barley andmustard with more remunerativepulses should be planned inBihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, andJharkhand. States should identifydistricts, estimate area anddevelop action plan inconsultation with GramPanchayats. About 9.5 lakh haarea can be brought under pulsesin this manner.

Feasibility study should becommissioned to look at thepossibility of outsourcing pulsesproduction in land surpluscountries of Africa and SouthAmerica, particularly for the kharifpulses like Pigeon pea, BlackGram and Greengram.



down on nitrogen fertilizer usewhich tends to pollute ground-water as indicated by rising nitratecontent in ground waters in someintensive by cropped areas.

2. Seed replacement/multiplication strategy

Progressive farmer should beencouraged and involved inproduction of certified seed ofimproved pulses varieties.

Well equipped farms availablewith SAUs/KVKs/State SeedCorporations should be usedfor multiplication of breederseed to foundation seed.

States should come out with atime bound strategy for upscalingseed multiplication ratio of pulsesin consultation with SAUs, IIPR.

‘Seed Village’ concept linkingKharif-rabi-kharif seasons seedproduction and promoting localseed enterprises through seedgrowers associations withsupportive role of public sectorseed agencies.

Multi-location testing of promisinghybrids of pigeonpea to bereleased/proposed to bereleased.

Short duration varieties of blackgram and green gram need to bedeveloped for promoting pulsesas catch crops

Major pulse growing states shoulddevelop a 5 year rolling plan forseed production of each pulsecrop in consultation with SAU andIIPR. The plan should includepopular varieties with provision ofreplacing old varieties with newbut promising ones.

3. Identification of best agronomic practices

Nutrient use recommendationshould include secondarynutrient such as sulphur andmicronutrients such as zinc,boron, iron, manganese aswell. States should ensuretimely availability of gypsumand micronutrients.

Planting of kharif pulses on ridges,particularly in black soil region hasbeen observed to improve yieldof pulses. The practice has seenonly limited adoption because ofnon-availability of a ridger-cum-planter for pulses. CentralAgricultural Engineering researchInstitute at Bhopal and SAUsconcerned should develop ridgeplanters (animal drawn and tractordriven) and carry out fielddemonstrations.

Pest surveillance and manage-ment model developed by ICAR

Appropriate and sociallyacceptable policy interventions forcontrolling population of blue bullfor minimising damage caused topulses crops are required.



Manual weeding in pulses is notonly expensive but also oftennot feasible during rainyseason. SAUs shouldrecommend effective post-emergence weedicides fordifferent pulse crops. The stateshould extend subsidy tofarmers to make their usepopular.

Special Programs fordevelopment of Pulses in theRainfed areas should beinitiated to promote technologiesin a focused manner. Theprogram should includedevelopment of infrastructuresuch as farm ponds, borewells,etc. for providing life savingirrigation to pulses crops as alsofarm mechanization and use ofdisease resistant seed varieties.

(NCIPM) and successfully testedas a pilot project in Maharashtra,Karnataka should be adopted bypulse growing states. ICAR/SAUsshould provide technical supportand training to the staff engagedin surveillance and processing ofdata.

Sates should endeavour topopularize farm implements forridge planting, interculture, zero-till-planting, and threshingoperations in addition to water-saving micro-irrigation systems,water pumps and insecticidessprayers. Mechanical harvestersof dependable quality are alsorequired as they will save time andminimize losses.

4. Researchable issues

Kharif pulses suffer heavy lossdue to stagnation of water in theroot zone, particularly atseedling stage. Therefore,designing of ridge-cum-planter for kharif pulsessuitable for major soil types isrequired.

There are heavy post harvestlosses in pulses, more soduring storage. Therefore,development of eco-friendlyand affordable grain storagetechnology for different regionsis urgently required.

Development of mechanicalharvesters for kharif and rabipulses is urgently required.

Zero-till seed drill suitable todifferent soil types need to bedesigned. This device will ensuretimely planting of rabi pulses andfacilitate conservation of soilmoisture.

Systematic studies for validationof benefits of dibbling/transplanting/nipping/ dripirrigation practices in pigeonpeainnovated in Maharashtra andKarnataka are required

Pigeonpea hybrids based ongenetic male sterility weredeveloped in the country. Thesehybrids could not be popularizeddue to problems in seedproduction. Recently cytoplasmicgenetic male sterile lines havebeen isolated and somepromising hybrids using this trait

Development of mechanicalharvesters for major pulse cropsi.e. urid/mungbeans, pigeonpeaand chickpea should be a part ofresearch agenda of CentralAgricultural EngineeringResearch Institute, Bhopal.

Development of cold/heattolerant varieties of lentil andchickpea has become necessaryin view of climate change.

Development of short durationpigeonpea varieties which fit intoa cropping sequence such aspigeonpea-wheat/gram willsubstantially contribute to areaexpansion under pulses.



have been developed byICRISAT in collaboration withstate Agricultural Universities ofMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtraand Karnataka. Practicallyfeasible production technology forseed of these hybrids should bedeveloped so that they can bepopularised.

Development of pulse cropvarieties suitable for mechanicalharvesting and intercroppingshould be a part of pulse breedingstrategy.

Development of pigeonpeavarieties for cultivation during rabiseason in peninsular region willenable the region to expand areaunder the crop.

As per the felt needs pest resistantvarieties need to be developed

Development of bold seededdesi and kabuli chickpea varietiestolerant to biotic and abioticstresses.

Pigeonpea suffers a heavy lossdue to water inundation in thestates of Bihar, Jharkhand, WestBengal, eastern Uttar Pradeshand Gujarat. Therefore,development of pigeonpeavarieties suitable for post-rainyseason (Pre-rabi season) plantingis required.

Helicoverpa (gram pod borer) isa major pest of chickpea andpigeonpea. Sources of resistanceagainst this pest in the germplasmhave not yet been identified.Therefore, development oftransgenic varieties of these twopulses possessing resistance topod borer is need of the day. Thework in this direction is in progressin CCSHAU, Hisar, IARI and IIPR.This work needs to bestrengthened.

Vigna group of pulses(mungbean, urdbean, mothbean,cowpea and horse gram) arevulnerable to yellow mosaicvirus disease and powderymildew. Suitable sources of



resistance against these diseasesare not available in thegermplasm. Therefore, thebiotechnological approach shouldbe exploited to develop varietiesof these pulses resistant to yellowmasaic virus and powdery mildew.

Fusarium wilt in chickpea, lentiland pigeonpea is a devastatingdisease that drastically reducesplant population. Both conventionaland biotechnological tools shouldbe applied for breeding wilt resistantvarieties of these crops

5. Communication strategy for effective technology dissemination

Capacity building of farmers byinvolving Private Sector, NGOsand progressive famers should beorganized at the beginning ofeach cropping season. The subjectmatter should cover newerproduction technologies, on-goingcredit and insurance schemes,sources of inputs, names ofagencies and centres responsiblefor procurement of produce.

District level extensionprogramme should be up- scaledso as to be able to issueadvisories on imminent pestattack, occurrence of frost, heavyrains, long dry-spells and hailstorms etc.

6. Development of comprehensive business model and policy interventions

Criteria for fixing MSP of pulsesshould be revisited inaccordance with AlaghCommittee report (2003) so asto include efficiency shifters inthe cost computations toincentivize technology infusionfor achieving higher productionat lower cost per unit.

Public-private partnership modelsemployed by some states (TamilNadu, Punjab) have met withoverwhelming success. Statesshould be encouraged to adoptsuch model for effectivedissemination of newer practices,timely supply of quality inputs,processing/marketing of produce,arranging credit for needy farmersand facilitating risk mitigationthrough crop insurance.

Dal Manufacturing units need tobe encouraged to ensure thatnutrient equivalent of thepreferred pulse crop is madeavailable through otheralternatives like Soybean

A multipronged approachincluding policy interventions,administrative steps, involvementof NGOs, Gram Panchayats,social workers etc. is required formanagement and control of bluebulls. Initiative taken by DAC,MOA should be taken forward toa logical conclusion.

Appropriate policy intervention isneeded for minimizing a vast gapbetween farm gate and wholesale/market prices of pulses.Establishment of small ‘dal’ millsin districts with major area underpulses can significantly contributeto this end.


Short term plan Medium term plan Long term plan

National Pulse DevelopmentBoard may be constituted as aone stop administrative structurewhich should be a repository ofinformation and knowledge onpulses and deal with policyissuesrelated to production,markets, trade, processing,manufacturing andconsumption /demand. Promotion of Farmers’organisations for improvingmarket chain.

Establishment of a PulsesDevelopment Board on lines ofTea, Coffee, and Spices boardsfor overseeing and coordinatingall developmental issues relatedto pulses is likely to providemomentum to on-going pulsepromotion programmes,contribute to better utilization ofavailable fiscal, infrastructural andnatural resources leading tosustainable growth in productionof pulses in the country.

The actions suggested above are aimed at eliminating the gap between projected demandand availability of pulses by 2025 or earlier through (a) productivity enhancement, (b) areaexpansion and (c) reduction of post harvest losses. As projected by Indian Institute of PulsesResearch, Kanpur, the demand for pulses in India will be about 25 mt by 2025. In order tomeet the demand, a time frame for productivity enhancement, area expansion and reduction inpost harvest losses in targetted manner has been suggested (Table 9)

Table 9 : Time frames for targetted productivity enhancement, area expansion andreduction in post harvest losses.

Approach Time Target Drivers TargetedFrame Production

ProductivityEnhancement

HorizontalExpansion

2011-2015

2015-2020

2020-2025

2011-15

2015-20

Increase in productivity from637 kg/ha to 737 kg/ha.



Increase in area from 23mha to 24mha (Additionalarea 1.0 mha)

Increase in area from 24mha to 25.5 m ha(Additional area 1.5 mha)

Existing technologiesand institutionalsupport

Policy Support

New Technology*

Cropping systemmanipulation, cropdiversification andmultiple croppingsystem.

New Niches (Ricefallows, Kharif fallowsof bundelkhand, foothills of tarai etc.)

17.69 m t (2015)

19.78 m t (2020)

21.06 m t (2025)

Additionalproduction 0.8 m t(2015)

Additionalproduction 0.9 m t(2020)


Approach Time Target Drivers TargetedFrame Production

MinimizingPost harvestlosses

2020-25

2011-15

2015-20

2020-25

Increase in area from 25.5mha to 26m ha (Additionalarea 0.5 mha)

6% reduction in existinglevel of post harvest losses.



Promotion of pulses inhigh productivity zone.

Custom hiring ofmachines forharvesting andthreshing

Ensuring availability ofmachines atPanchayat level

Infrastructure supportfor processing andstorage.

Additionalproduction 0.8 m t(2025)Total additionalproduction 2.5m t

0.2 m t reductionin existing level ofpost-harvestlosses.



IIPR has also come out with a list of drivers (interventions), plan of action and agencies tobe involved in various programmes/activities (Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12)

Table 10 : Action plan for productivity enhancement

Adoption of existingtechnology forbridging the yieldgap

Institutional SupportImproving SeedReplacement Rate(SRR)

Demonstration on farmer’s fields

Advance seed planning for each state rollingseed plan with appropriate emphasis to thenewly released varieties.

Conversion of breeder seed to foundation seedand certified seed.

Maintenance of seed buffer of improved varietiesat State Seed Corporation level.Public-Privatepartnership inSeed business.

Farmer’s Participatory Seed Production forfarmer to farmer seed spread (Bihar Model)*

Extension agencies ofICAR, SAUs, KVKs

DAC

DAC, NSC, SFCI, SSCI

SSCI

Appropriate MechanismSAUs

Drivers Action plan Agencies


Provision for lifesaving irrigation inpulse growingdistricts

Ensuring availabilityof critical inputs

Mechanization forpulse production

Policy support forvalue chain

New Technologies(through researchcomponents)

Micro-irrigation through sprinklers for drip Rain-water harvesting in farm ponds and communityreservoirs

Availability of critical inputs like bio-fertilizers,sulphur, zinc, bio-pesticides etc, at state level

Machines for essential agricultural operationslike planting, harvesting, inter-cultivation,threshing, processing etc. through cooperativesor custom hiring.

Credit, insurance, attractive MSP withprocurement, incentives (subsidies) Processingand value additionInnovative institutional modelsof marketing like Amul, Parag, Dhara etc.

Improved varieties/Hybrids/TransgenciesResource conservation and utilizationGoodAgronomic PracticesIntegrated Disease andPest ManagementImproved machines forharvesting, threshing, processing andtransportation. Value addition

Appropriate mechanism byDAC



Appropriate arrangementsby Government Public-Private InstitutionsNAFED, Cooperatives

ICAR, SAUs NRA, ICAR,National WastelandDevelpoment Board ICAR,SAUs ICAR, SAUs ICAR,SAUs & PrivateEntrepreneurs NIN, Pvt.Entrepreneurs

Table 11 : Action plan for Horizontal Expansion

Popularizationof pulses indifferentcroppingsystems

Mungbean Sugarcane(irrigated)

Cotton and millets(rainfed uplands)

Spring/summer ascatch crop(irrigated)

Soybean, Sorghum,Cotton, millets andgroundnuts (rainfedupland)

Western U.P.,Central U.P.,Eastern U.P., Bihar

Maharashtra, A.P.and Tamil Nadu

Western U.P.,Central U.P., Bihar,Punjab, Haryana,West Bengal

Andhra Pradesh,Malwa Plateau ofM.P., Vidarbha ofMaharashtra,North Karnataka,Tamil nadu

0.20

0.50

0.30

0.50

0.10

0.30

0.20

0.30

Develop-mentalAgenciesKVKs

Pigeonpea

Drivers Action plan Agencies

Action 1 Crop Intercropping Specific area Potential Target AgenciesWith Area area

(mha) (2011-25)

mha


Barley, Mustardand safflower(rainfed upland)

South EastRajasthan,Punjab Haryana,Bihar, UttarPradesh,Vidharbha ofMaharashtra

0.50Chickpea

Chickpea

Urdbean/mungbean

Lentil

Lentil/fieldpea

Major KharifPulses

Lentil

Pigeonpea

Eastern U.P., Bihar,Orissa, Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh,West Bengal

Andhra PradeshTamilNadu, Karnataka,Orissa

Eastern U.P., Bihar,West Bengal

North-East

Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

Uttarakhand,North Bihar

Ricefallows

Promotionof Pulses inNew Niches

Develop-mentalAgencies,KVKs

0.20

Action 1 Crop Intercropping Specific area Potential Target AgenciesWith Area area

(mha) (2011-25)

mha

Total 2.00 1.00

Action 2 Potential Crop States Additional Target Agenciesareas Area area

(mha) (2011-25)

mha

0.4

0.5

0.1

0.1

1.2

0.05

0.05

2.4

0.3

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.6

0.03

0.03

1.46

Khariffallow ofBundel-khand area

Diara land

Foot hillsof Tarai

Total


Promotion ofPulses in highproductivityzones throughPilot Projects

Chickpea

Pigeonpea

Lentil

MadhyaPradesh

Maharashtra

Rajashtan

AndhraPradesh

Uttar Pradesh

MadhyaPradesh

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Uttar Pradesh

MadhyaPradesh

Bihar

Rajashtan

West Bengal

Uttar Pradesh

Tikamgarh, Gwalior,Chhindwara, Kalan Sheopur,

Jalgaon, Kolhapur,Nandurbar, Amravati

Udaipur, Baran, Kota,Banswara

Prakasam, Mahbubnagar,Kaddapa, Guntur

Jalaun, Kanpur (Dehat),Etawah, Firozabad

Jabalpur, Narsingpur,Chhindwara, Burhanpur

Wardha, Washim, Amravati,Hingoli

Kheda, Dahod,Panchamahal, Vadodara

Fatehpur, Banda, Chitrakut,Kanpur (Nagar)

Ashoknagar, Sehore, Guna,Vidisha, Bhind

Bhabhua, Nalanda, Patna,Champaran,Aurangabad

Dholpur, Bharatpur,Baran,Bhilwara

Howrah, Malda, Bankura, 24Pargana (s)

Balia, Lalitpur,Jalaun,Chitrakut, Barabanki

1405

803

1215

1858

1285

1582

1009

1083

2021

616

1256

1232

823

1150

Develop-mentalAgenciesKVKs

Table 12 : Action plan for Minimizing Post Harvest losses

Safe storage Mass awareness Programmeto educatefarmers on scientificstorage along with distributionof seed storage bins

0.21 million tons DevelopmentAgencies

Action 3 Crop State District Yield Agencies (Kg/ha)

Action Programme Reduction in Agenciesextent of losses


Efficient harvestingand threshing

Easy transportation

Processing andmilling

Fabrication and popularizationof efficient harvesters andthreshers

Good mechanismoftransportation

Installation of efficient andmodern Dal mills in theproduction hubs for increasingDal recovery by 11%.

0.24 million tons

0.15 million tons

0.90 million tons

ICAR and Privateentrepreneurs

Developmentalagencies

ICAR and Privateentrepreneurs

The data generated through large scale demonstrations conducted by ICAR and throughAccelerated Pulse Production Programme implemented by NFSM, Ministry of Agricultureindicate that the productivity targets are achievable provided interventions as suggested in theaction plan are implemented in true spirit. There are reasons to believe that available improvedpulse production technology, if disseminated on large scale to cover majority of the pulsegrowers, is capable of raising productivity of pulses to the targetted level. Generation of newtechnologies to meet immerging challenges is however required for sustaining productivity ofpulses at high level.

Short term programs are under way and medium term programs are being experimentedwith. The Expert Group was coordinating its thinking with the Action Plans and there is adefinite momentum to the efforts underway. These efforts need systemic support, like thePulses Development Board to plan and monitor them and the PPP models discussed below. Inthe area of long term planning even the beginnings are weak. Some suggestions are made toremedy these shortcomings.

Action Programme Reduction in Agenciesextent of losses

Total 1.5 million tons


ANNEXURES

Annexure I: Issues and TOR assigned to subgroups

1. Group I 1. Identification of new areas for pulsescultivation-hills, tea gardens,sugarcane, etc.

2. Utilization of rice fallows in Indo-Gangetic Plain (Punjab, U.P., Bihar,W.B.), NE states, Orissa, Chhattisgarhand Jharkhand.

3. Replacement of crops having low yieldby kharif pulses in rainfed uplands ofM.P., Chhattisgarh Jharkhand and partof Bihar.

4. Areas vacated by winter crops havingpotent irrigation sources for cultivationin Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Bihar,W.B., Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

1. Technical, administrative and otherimpediments to seed planimplementation in the states.

2. Ensuring adequate quantity of qualityseeds through efficient seed productionprogrammes and distribution andsuggesting contingent Plans foraddressing scarcity caused by aberrantweather conditions.

3. Strategy for increasing the seedquantity of recently released varieties.Strategy for ensuring adequate seedmultiplication from nucleus seed to B.S.,F.S. and C.S.

4. Identification of areas/zones havingproduction potential and free fromdiseases and insect pests for ensuringhigh SMR

5. Potential role of private seed companiesin certified seed production.

6. Assessment of storageinfrastructurerequirement for storage of seeds.

2. Group II

Sub Group Sub-Group Leader Issues Terms of Reference

CEO, NRAR,New Delhi

Identification ofadditional areahaving potentialfor pulse crops

Seedreplacement/multiplicationstrategy/programmes

Dr R.B. Deshmukh,Ex. V.C., MPKV,Rahuri andDr. K.B. Saxena,ICRI SAT


3. Group III 1. Identification of best agronomicpractices followed in different states forexploiting full genetic yield potential ofpulses.

2. Identifying critical nutrients and ensuringtheir timely availability to the farmers.

3. Indentifying pest surveillancemechanism and pest managementpractices for easy understanding andadoption by farmers.

4. Innovative methods for betterdissemination and faster adoption ofappropriate agronomic practices.

5. Ways and means of promotingmechanization in pulses, specially forridge and raised bed planting, weedingand threshing operations.

6. Measures required for improving postharvest handling of pulses by grading,bagging, transportation and storage forreducing losses and improving qualityof the produce.

7. Expansion of irrigation using resourceconservation technologies.

8. Control of damage by blue bulls.

1. Linking MSP to market price for bridgingthe gap between demand and supply.

2. Reviewing the MSP for pulses to makeit attractive for the farmers to take upintensive cultivation or give pulsescomparative advantage over othercompeting crops.

3. Reviewing the present procurementpolicy for assured and smoothprocurement operations on the lines ofcereals.

4. Suggesting mechanism for facilitatingintegration of the farmers to the marketsthrough creation of producerscompanies or through transparent ,fairand enforceable contract farming withthe private retailers or processors.

4. Group IV

Dr. Gurbachan Singh,Agri. Commissioner,GOI

Identification ofbest agronomicpractices

Review of Prices,tariff and tradepolicies.

Dr. S. Mahendradev,Chairman, CACP andDr. Ashok Gulati



5. Feasibility of setting up of a NationalPulses Development Board in the linesof Tur Development Board set up byKarnataka, Government.

1. Development of training/capacitybuilding strategies for extensionworkers and farmers.

2. Role of KVKs, Kisan Call Centers,Private Agro-agencies, etc. inpopularizing pulses productionstrategies among farmers.

3. Harnessing the avenues of All IndiaRadio, Door Darshan, Print Media,DAVP for reaching the pulses farmers.

4. Role of Panchayataj institutions, SHGin propagating the pulses productiontechnology.

5. Mechanism for organizing the Pulsesfarmers groups for availing credit andinsurance facilities for sustained riskfree investments in pulses cultivation.Involvement of NBARD/ othercooperative agencies should be studied

1. Under medium term PlanningDevelopment of suitable new HYVs/hybrids for location specific sole as wellas for intercropping patterns.

2. Latest package of technology for postharvest management including storage

3. Under long term planning.(i) Pre-breeding of pulse against

abiotic stresses.(ii) Resistance breeding against biotic

stresses like major diseases andpests.

(iii) Development of transgenic pulses.

1. Study of successful business models inthe past.

2. Development of comprehensivebusiness model (PPP model) fromproduction of seeds of new varieties toprocurement and marketing of pulses.

5. Group V DDG (Extn) ICAR/IIPR

Communicationstrategy to reachout to morefarmers.

6.Group VI Dr. J. S. Sandhu,ADG (seeds), ICAR

Researchableissues withmedium and longterm planning.

Dialogues/Consultationswith Chamber ofCommercebusiness model.

Dr. Gopalkrishana,V.C., Tata Chemicals,Mumbai.

7.Group VII



Annexure II : Names of the States and Districts recording >=8q/ha yield ofkharif pulses.

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 KRISHNA

2 BIHAR 1 GOPALGANJ

2 KATIHAR

3 ROHTAS

4 SIWAN

3 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 BHAVNAGAR

3 JAMNAGAR

4 KHEDA

5 VADODARA

4 KARNATAKA 1 BANGALORE (RURAL)

2 BANGALORE (URBAN)

3 BIDAR

4 CHIKMAGALUR

5 CHITRADURGA

6 DAVANGERE

7 KOLAR

5 RAJASTHAN 1 BAREN

2 BARMER

3 BUNDI

4 JAISALMER

5 KARAULI

6 KOTA

7 SIROHI

6 UTTAR PRADESH 1 BIJNOR

2 J.B.PHULE NGR.

3 LALITPUR

4 MORADABAD

5 RAMPUR

Sl.No. Name of the State Sl.No. Name of the District


1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 CHITTOOR

2 KARIMNAGAR

3 MEDAK

4 NIZAMABAD

5 VISAKHAPATNAM

2 BIHAR 1 AURANGABAD

2 BAGHALPUR

3 DARBHANGA

4 GOPALGANJ

5 MADHUBANI

6 SAMASTIPUR

7 SARAN

8 SIWAN

9 VAISHALI

3 CHHATTISGARH 1 DHAMTARI

2 KANKER

3 RAIPUR

4 RAJ NANDGAON

4 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 ANAND

3 BROACH

4 DANGS

5 JAMNAGAR

6 JUNAGARH

7 KHEDA

8 KUTCH

9 MEHSANA

10 NARMADA

11 NAVSARI

12 PANCH MAHALS

13 PATAN

Names of the States and Districts recording >=8q/ha yield of rabi pulses.



14 RAJKOT

15 SURAT

16 VADODARA

17 VALSAD

5 MAHARASHTRA 1 SATARA

2 YAVATMAL

6 ORISSA 1 BALASORE

2 KEDRAPARA

3 KEONJHAR

7 RAJASTHAN 1 BHARATPUR

2 BUNDI

3 CHITTOR GARH

4 DAUSA

5 DUNGARPUR

6 GANGANAGAR

7 JAIPUR

8 JALORE

9 JHALAWAR

10 KARAULI

11 SIROHI

12 TONK

13 UDAIPUR

8 UTTAR PRADESH 1 AGRA

2 ALIGARH

3 ALLAHABAD

4 AMBEDKAR NGR.

5 AURAIYA

6 AZAMGARH

7 BADAUN

8 BAGPAT

9 BAHRAICH

10 BALLIA



UTTAR PRADESH 11 BALRAMPUR

12 BARABANKI

13 BAREILLY

14 BASTI

15 BIJNOR

16 BULLANDSHAHR

17 CHANDAULI

18 DEORIA

19 ETAH

20 ETAWAH

21 FAIZABAD

22 FARRUKHABAD

23 FATEHPUR

24 FIROZABAD

25 G.BUDDHA NGR.

26 GHAZIABAD

27 GHAZIPUR

28 GONDA

29 GORAKHPUR

30 HARDOI

31 HATHARAS

32 J.B.PHULE NGR.

33 JALAUN

34 JAUNPUR

35 JHANSI

36 KANNAUJ

37 KANPUR CITY

38 KANPUR DEHAT

39 KAUSHAMBI

40 KHERI

41 KUSHI NGR.

42 LALITPUR



43 LUCKNOW

44 MAHARAHGANJ

45 MAINPURI

46 MATHURA

47 MAU

48 MEERUT

49 MIRZAPUR

50 MORADABAD

51 MUZAFFARNAGAR

52 PILIBHIT

53 PRATAPGARH

54 RAEBARELI

55 RAMPUR

56 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

57 SAHARANPUR

58 SANT KABIR NGR.

59 SHAHJAHANPUR

60 SHIVASTI

61 SIDDHARTH NGR.

62 SITAPUR

63 SULTANPUR

64 UNNAO

65 VARANASI

Names of the States and Districts recording >=8q/ha yield of gram.

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 ADILABAD

2 ANANTPUR

3 CHITTOOR

4 CUDDAPAH

5 EAST GODAVARI

6 GUNTUR




7 KARIMNAGAR

8 KHAMMAM

9 KRISHNA

10 KURNOOL

11 MAHABOOBNAGAR

12 MEDAK

13 NALGONDA

14 NELLORE

15 NIZAMABAD

16 PRAKASAM

17 RANGAREDDY

18 SRIKAKULAM

19 VISAKHAPATNAM

20 VIZIANAGARM

21 WARANGAL

2 BIHAR 1 ARARIA

2 ARHASIA

3 ARVAL

4 AURANGABAD

5 BAGHALPUR

6 BANKA

7 BEGUSARAI

8 BHABHA

9 BHOJPUR

10 BUXAR

11 CHAMPARAN(EAST)

12 CHAMPARAN(WEST)

13 DARBHANGA

14 GAYA

15 GOPALGANJ

16 JAHANABAD

17 KATIHAR




18 KHAGARIA

19 KISHANGANJ

20 LAKHISARIA

21 MADHUBANI

22 MADHUPURA

23 MONGHYR

24 MUZAFFARPUR

25 NALANDA

26 NAWADA

27 PATNA

28 PURNIA

29 ROHTAS

30 SAHARSA

31 SAMASTIPUR

32 SARAN

33 SHKHPURA

34 SITAMARHI

35 SIWAN

36 SUMAL

37 SUPAUL

38 VAISHALI

39 ZAMUI

3 CHHATTISGARH 1 BASTAR

2 BILASPUR

3 DHAMTARI

4 DURG

5 JANJGIR-CHAMPA

6 JASHPUR

7 KANKER

8 KAWARDHA (KABIRDHAM)

9 KORBA

10 MAHASMUND



11 RAIGARH

12 RAIPUR

13 RAJ NANDGAON

14 SARGUJA

4 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 BANAS KANTHA

3 BHAVNAGAR

4 BROACH

5 DANGS

6 DOHAD

7 GANDHINAGAR

8 JAMNAGAR

9 JUNAGARH

10 KHEDA

11 KUTCH

12 MEHSANA

13 NARMADA

14 NAVSARI

15 PANCH MAHALS

16 PATAN

17 PORBANDAR

18 RAJKOT

19 SABARKANTHA

20 SURAT

21 SURENDRANAGAR

22 VADODARA

23 VALSAD

5 KARNATAKA 1 CHAMARAJANNAGAR

2 KODAGU(COORG)

3 KOPPAL

4 TUMKUR

6 MADHYA PRADESH 1 ASHOK NAGAR

2 BALAGHAT


3 BHIND

4 BHOPAL

5 BURHANPUR

6 CHHATARPUR

7 CHINDWARA

8 DAMOH

9 DATIA

10 DEWAS

11 DHAR

12 GUNA

13 GWALIOR

14 HARDA

15 HOSHANGABAD

16 INDORE

17 JABALPUR

18 KATNI

19 KHANDWA

20 MORENA

21 NARSIMPUR

22 NEEMACH

23 RAISEN

24 RAJGARH

25 REWA

26 SAGAR

27 SEHORE

28 SHAJAPUR

29 SHEOPUR KALAN

30 SHIVPURI

31 TIKAMGARH

32 UJJAIN

33 VIDISHA

7 MAHARASHTRA 1 AKOLA



2 AMRAVATI

3 AURANGABAD

4 BULDHANA

5 DHULE

6 HINGOLI

7 JALANA

8 JALGAON

9 KOLHAPUR

10 MANDURBAR

11 NANDED

12 SANGLI

13 SATARA

14 THANE

15 YAVATMAL

8 ORISSA 1 ANGUL

2 JAGATSINGPUR

3 KALAHANDI

4 KEDRAPARA

5 KEONJHAR

9 RAJASTHAN 1 ALWAR

2 BANSWARA

3 BAREN

4 BARMER

5 BHARATPUR

6 BHILWARA

7 BIKANER

8 BUNDI

9 CHITTOR GARH

10 DAUSA

11 DHOLPUR

12 DUNGARPUR

13 GANGANAGAR




14 JAIPUR

15 JAISALMER

16 JALORE

17 JHALAWAR

18 JHUNJHUNU

19 JODHPUR

20 KARAULI

21 KOTA

22 NAGAUR

23 PALI

24 RAJSAMAND

25 SAWAI MADHOPUR

26 SIKAR

27 SIROHI

28 UDAIPUR


2 ALIGARH

3 ALLAHABAD

4 AMBEDKAR NGR.

5 AURAIYA

6 AZAMGARH

7 BADAUN

8 BAGPAT

9 BAHRAICH

10 BALLIA

11 BALRAMPUR

12 BANDA

13 BARABANKI

14 BAREILLY

15 BASTI

16 BIJNOR

17 BULLANDSHAHR


18 CHANDAULI

19 CHITRAKUT

20 DEORIA

21 ETAH

22 ETAWAH

23 FAIZABAD

24 FARRUKHABAD

25 FATEHPUR

26 FIROZABAD

27 G.BUDDHA NGR.

28 GHAZIABAD

29 GHAZIPUR

30 GONDA

31 GORAKHPUR

32 HAMIRPUR

33 HARDOI

34 HATHARAS

35 J.B.PHULE NGR.

36 JALAUN

37 JAUNPUR

38 JHANSI

39 KANNAUJ

40 KANPUR CITY

41 KANPUR DEHAT

42 KAUSHAMBI

43 KHERI

44 KUSHI NGR.

45 LALITPUR

46 LUCKNOW

47 MAHARAHGANJ

48 MAHOBA

49 MAINPURI



50 MATHURA

51 MAU

52 MEERUT

53 MIRZAPUR

54 MORADABAD

55 MUZAFFARNAGAR

56 PILIBHIT

57 PRATAPGARH

58 RAEBARELI

59 RAMPUR

60 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

61 SAHARANPUR

62 SANT KABIR NGR.

63 SHAHJAHANPUR

64 SHIVASTI

65 SIDDHARTH NGR.

66 SITAPUR

67 SONBHADRA

68 SULTANPUR

69 UNNAO

70 VARANASI


Names of the States and Districts recording >=8q/ha yield of pigeonpea

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 EAST GODAVARI

2 GUNTUR

3 NIZAMABAD

4 RANGAREDDY

2 BIHAR 1 ARARIA

2 ARHASIA



3 ARVAL

4 AURANGABAD

5 BAGHALPUR

6 BANKA

7 BEGUSARAI

8 BHABHA

9 BHANKA

10 BHOJPUR

11 BUXAR

12 CHAMPARAN(EAST)

13 CHAMPARAN(WEST)

14 DARBHANGA

15 GAYA

16 GOPALGANJ

17 JAHANABAD

18 KATIHAR

19 KHAGARIA

20 KISHANGANJ

21 LAKHISARIA

22 MADHUBANI

23 MADHUPURA

24 MONGHYR

25 MUZAFFARPUR

26 NALANDA

27 NAWADA

28 PATNA

29 PURNIA

30 ROHTAS

31 SAHARSA

32 SAMASTIPUR

33 SARAN

34 SHIVHAR



35 SHKHPURA

36 SITAMARHI

37 SIWAN

38 SUMAL

39 SUPAUL

40 VAISHALI

41 ZAMUI

3 GUJARAT 1 AHMEDABAD

2 AMRELI

3 ANAND

4 BANAS KANTHA

5 BHAVNAGAR

6 DANGS

7 DOHAD

8 GANDHINAGAR

9 JAMNAGAR

10 JUNAGARH

11 KHEDA

12 MEHSANA

13 NARMADA

14 NAVSARI

15 PANCH MAHALS

16 PATAN

17 PORBANDAR

18 RAJKOT

19 SABARKANTHA

20 SURAT

21 SURENDRANAGAR

22 VADODARA

23 VALSAD


2 DAVANGERE



3 HAVERI

4 KOLAR

5 MYSORE

5 MADHYA PRADESH 1 BALAGHAT

2 BURHANPUR

3 CHINDWARA

4 DINDORI

5 GWALIOR

6 HARDA

7 HOSHANGABAD

8 JABALPUR

9 KATNI

10 KHANDWA

11 MANDLA

12 NARSIMPUR

13 RATLAM

14 SEHORE

15 SEONI

6 MAHARASHTRA 1 AURANGABAD

2 AKOLA

3 AMRAVATI

4 BEED

5 BHANDARA

6 BULDHANA

7 GADCHIROLI

8 GONDIA

9 HINGOLI

10 JALANA

11 LATUR

12 NANDED

13 OSMANABAD

14 PUNE

15 RATNAGIRI



16 WARDHA

17 WASHIM

18 YAVATMAL

7 ORISSA 1 ANGUL

2 BHADRAK

3 BURAGARH

4 CUTTACK

5 DEOGARH

6 DHENKANAL

7 GAJAPATTI

8 JAGATSINGPUR

9 JHARSUGDA

10 KEDRAPARA

11 KEONJHAR

12 MAYURBHANJ

13 NAWAPARA

14 NAWORANGPUR

15 PHULBANI

16 RAYAGADA

17 SAMBALPUR

8 RAJASTHAN 1 AJMER

2 ALWAR

3 BHARATPUR

4 BIKANER

5 BUNDI

6 CHITTOR GARH

7 DHOLPUR

8 DUNGARPUR

9 GANGANAGAR

10 HANUMANGARH

11 JAIPUR

12 JHALAWAR

13 KARAULI



14 PALI

15 RAJSAMAND

16 SAWAI MADHOPUR

17 SIKAR

18 SIROHI

19 UDAIPUR


2 ALIGARH

3 ALLAHABAD

4 AMBEDKAR NGR.

5 AURAIYA

6 AZAMGARH

7 BADAUN

8 BAGPAT

9 BANDA

10 BARABANKI

11 BAREILLY

12 BIJNOR

13 BULLANDSHAHR

14 CHANDAULI

15 CHITRAKUT

16 ETAH

17 ETAWAH

18 FAIZABAD

19 FARRUKHABAD

20 FATEHPUR

21 FIROZABAD

22 G.BUDDHA NGR.

23 GHAZIABAD

24 GHAZIPUR

25 HAMIRPUR

26 HARDOI



27 HATHARAS

28 J.B.PHULE NGR.

29 JALAUN

30 JAUNPUR

31 JHANSI

32 KANNAUJ

33 KANPUR CITY

34 KANPUR DEHAT

35 KAUSHAMBI

36 KHERI

37 LALITPUR

38 LUCKNOW

39 MAHOBA

40 MAINPURI

41 MATHURA

42 MAU

43 MEERUT

44 MIRZAPUR

45 MORADABAD

46 MUZAFFARNAGAR

47 PILIBHIT

48 PRATAPGARH

49 RAEBARELI

50 RAMPUR

51 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

53 SHAHJAHANPUR

54 SITAPUR

55 SONBHADRA

56 SULTANPUR

57 UNNAO

58 VARANASI



Names of the States and Districts showing yield >=10 q/ha of other rabi pulses.

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 CHITTOOR

2 NIZAMABAD

3 VISAKHAPATNAM

2 BIHAR 1 AURANGABAD

2 DARBHANGA

3 MADHUBANI

4 SAMASTIPUR

5 SIWAN

6 VAISHALI

3 CHHATTISGARH 1 DHAMTARI

2 KANKER

3 RAIPUR

4 RAJ NANDGAON

4 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 ANAND

3 DANGS

4 JAMNAGAR

5 JUNAGARH

6 KHEDA

7 KUTCH

8 MEHSANA

9 NARMADA

10 NAVSARI

11 PANCH MAHALS

12 PATAN

13 RAJKOT

14 SURAT

15 VADODARA

16 VALSAD

5 MAHARASHTRA 1 YAVATMAL

6 ORISSA 1 KEDRAPARA



7 RAJASTHAN 1 BHARATPUR

2 DAUSA

3 DUNGARPUR

4 GANGANAGAR

5 JAIPUR

6 JALORE

7 JHALAWAR

8 KARAULI

9 SIROHI

10 TONK

11 UDAIPUR

8 UTTAR PRADESH 1 ALLAHABAD

2 AURAIYA

3 AZAMGARH

4 BALLIA

5 CHANDAULI

6 ETAWAH

7 FARRUKHABAD

8 FATEHPUR

9 GHAZIPUR

10 JALAUN

11 JAUNPUR

12 JHANSI

13 KANNAUJ

14 KANPUR CITY

15 KANPUR DEHAT

16 KAUSHAMBI

17 LALITPUR

18 MAU

19 MIRZAPUR

20 PRATAPGARH

21 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

22 VARANASI



Names of the States and Districts showing yield >=10 q/ha of other Kharif pulses.

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 KRISHNA

2 BIHAR 1 KATIHAR

2 ROHTAS

3 SIWAN

3 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 BHAVNAGAR

3 JAMNAGAR

4 KHEDA

5 VADODARA


2 BANGALORE (URBAN)

3 BIDAR

4 CHITRADURGA

5 DAVANGERE

6 KOLAR

5 RAJASTHAN 1 BAREN

2 BARMER

3 BUNDI

4 JAISALMER

5 KARAULI

6 KOTA

Names of the States and Districts showing yield>=10 q/ha of Tur

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 EAST GODAVARI

2 GUNTUR

3 NIZAMABAD

2 BIHAR 1 ARARIA

2 ARHASIA

3 ARVAL




4 AURANGABAD

5 BAGHALPUR

6 BANKA

7 BEGUSARAI

8 BHABHA

9 BHANKA

10 BHOJPUR

11 BUXAR

12 CHAMPARAN(EAST)

13 CHAMPARAN(WEST)

14 DARBHANGA

15 GAYA

16 GOPALGANJ

17 JAHANABAD

18 KATIHAR

19 KHAGARIA

20 KISHANGANJ

21 LAKHISARIA

22 MADHUBANI

23 MADHUPURA

24 MONGHYR

25 MUZAFFARPUR

26 NALANDA

27 NAWADA

28 PATNA

29 PURNIA

30 ROHTAS

31 SAHARSA

32 SAMASTIPUR

33 SARAN

34 SHIVHAR

35 SHKHPURA

36 SITAMARHI



37 SIWAN

38 SUMAL

39 SUPAUL

40 ZAMUI

3 GUJARAT 1 AHMEDABAD

2 AMRELI

3 ANAND

4 BANAS KANTHA

5 BHAVNAGAR

6 DANGS

7 DOHAD

8 GANDHINAGAR

9 JAMNAGAR

10 JUNAGARH

11 KHEDA

12 MEHSANA

13 PANCH MAHALS

14 PATAN

15 PORBANDAR

16 RAJKOT

17 SABARKANTHA

18 SURAT

19 SURENDRANAGAR

20 VADODARA

21 VALSAD

4 KARNATAKA 1 DAVANGERE

5 MADHYA PRADESH 1 BALAGHAT

2 BURHANPUR

3 CHINDWARA

4 HARDA

5 HOSHANGABAD

6 JABALPUR

7 KATNI



8 NARSIMPUR

9 SEONI

6 MAHARASHTRA 1 AKOLA

2 AMRAVATI

3 HINGOLI

4 LATUR

5 OSMANABAD

6 WARDHA

7 WASHIM

8 YAVATMAL

7 ORISSA 1 BHADRAK

2 BURAGARH

3 GAJAPATTI

4 KEDRAPARA

8 RAJASTHAN 1 AJMER

2 ALWAR

3 BIKANER

4 BUNDI

5 CHITTOR GARH

6 DHOLPUR

7 GANGANAGAR

8 JAIPUR

9 KARAULI

10 RAJSAMAND

11 SAWAI MADHOPUR

12 SIKAR

13 SIROHI

14 UDAIPUR


2 ALLAHABAD

3 AMBEDKAR NGR.

4 AURAIYA

5 BADAUN



6 BANDA

7 BARABANKI

8 BAREILLY

9 CHITRAKUT

10 ETAH

11 ETAWAH

12 FAIZABAD

13 FARRUKHABAD

14 FATEHPUR

15 G.BUDDHA NGR.

16 GHAZIPUR

17 HAMIRPUR

18 HARDOI

19 HATHARAS

20 JALAUN

21 KANNAUJ

22 KANPUR CITY

23 KANPUR DEHAT

24 KAUSHAMBI

25 KHERI

26 LALITPUR

27 LUCKNOW

28 MAHOBA

29 MAU

30 MIRZAPUR

31 PILIBHIT

32 PRATAPGARH

33 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

34 SAHARANPUR

35 SHAHJAHANPUR

36 SITAPUR

37 SULTANPUR

38 UNNAO



Names of the States and Districts showing yield >=10q/ha of Gram

1 ANDHRA PRADESH 1 ADILABAD

2 ANANTPUR

3 CHITTOOR

4 CUDDAPAH

5 EAST GODAVARI

6 GUNTUR

7 KARIMNAGAR

8 KHAMMAM

9 KRISHNA

10 KURNOOL

11 MAHABOOBNAGAR

12 MEDAK

13 NALGONDA

14 NELLORE

15 NIZAMABAD

16 PRAKASAM

17 RANGAREDDY

18 SRIKAKULAM

19 VISAKHAPATNAM

20 VIZIANAGARM

21 WARANGAL

2 BIHAR 1 ARVAL

2 AURANGABAD

3 BHABHA

4 BHOJPUR

5 BUXAR

6 CHAMPARAN(WEST)

7 GAYA

8 JAHANABAD

9 LAKHISARIA

10 PATNA



11 ROHTAS

12 SAHARSA

13 SHKHPURA

3 CHHATTISGARH 1 BASTAR

2 DHAMTARI

3 DURG

4 JASHPUR

4 GUJARAT 1 AMRELI

2 BANAS KANTHA

3 BHAVNAGAR

4 DANGS

5 GANDHINAGAR

6 JAMNAGAR

7 JUNAGARH

8 KHEDA

9 KUTCH

10 MEHSANA

11 NARMADA

12 NAVSARI

13 PATAN

14 PORBANDAR

15 RAJKOT

16 SURAT

17 SURENDRANAGAR

18 VADODARA

19 VALSAD

5 MADHYA PRADESH 1 BHIND

2 BHOPAL

3 BURHANPUR

4 CHHATARPUR

5 CHINDWARA

6 DATIA

7 DEWAS



8 GWALIOR

9 HARDA

10 HOSHANGABAD

11 JABALPUR

12 MORENA

13 NARSIMPUR

14 NEEMACH

15 RAISEN

16 RAJGARH

17 REWA

18 SEHORE

19 SHEOPUR KALAN

20 SHIVPURI

21 TIKAMGARH

22 VIDISHA

6 MAHARASHTRA 1 AMRAVATI

2 DHULE

3 JALGAON

4 MANDURBAR

7 ORISSA 1 ANGUL

8 RAJASTHAN 1 ALWAR

2 BANSWARA

3 BAREN

4 BHARATPUR

5 BHILWARA

6 BIKANER

7 BUNDI

8 CHITTOR GARH

9 DAUSA

10 DHOLPUR

11 DUNGARPUR

12 JAIPUR

13 JALORE



14 JHALAWAR

15 JHUNJHUNU

16 KARAULI

17 KOTA

18 NAGAUR

19 SAWAI MADHOPUR

20 SIKAR

21 UDAIPUR


2 ALIGARH

3 ALLAHABAD

4 AMBEDKAR NGR.

5 AURAIYA

6 AZAMGARH

7 BADAUN

8 BAGPAT

9 BALLIA

10 BARABANKI

11 BAREILLY

12 BIJNOR

13 BULLANDSHAHR

14 CHANDAULI

15 ETAH

16 ETAWAH

17 FAIZABAD

18 FARRUKHABAD

19 FATEHPUR

20 FIROZABAD

21 G.BUDDHA NGR.

22 GHAZIABAD

23 GHAZIPUR

24 HARDOI

25 HATHARAS



26 J.B.PHULE NGR.

27 JALAUN

28 JAUNPUR

29 JHANSI

30 KANNAUJ

31 KANPUR CITY

32 KANPUR DEHAT

33 KAUSHAMBI

34 KHERI

35 KUSHI NGR.

36 LALITPUR

37 LUCKNOW

38 MAHOBA

39 MAINPURI

40 MATHURA

41 MAU

42 MEERUT

43 MIRZAPUR

44 MORADABAD

45 MUZAFFARNAGAR

46 PILIBHIT

47 RAEBARELI

48 RAMPUR

49 S.RAVI DAS NGR.

50 SAHARANPUR

51 SHAHJAHANPUR

52 SHIVASTI

53 SITAPUR

54 SONBHADRA

55 SULTANPUR

56 UNNAO

57 VARANASI



Annexure III : Recommendations of Brain Storming Session on Pulses

S.No Issues Strategy recommended

1 Inadequate • Advanced seed planning at state level with rolling seed planavailability of • Improving conversion of breeder to foundation toquality seeds certified seedsof improved • The Seed Multiplication Ratio should be improved throughvarieties proper crop management

• States need to be sensitized for giving enhanced andrealistic indents for breeder seed of new varieties

• Seed treatment with fungicide should be made mandatoryfor all classes of seeds

• Seed buffer of improved varieties may be maintained atState Seed Corporation level

2 Inadequate and • Ensuring timely availability of S and Zn along with phosphaticimbalanced use fertilizers in the districts deficient to these nutrientsof nutrients • Promoting use of bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium, PSB etc.)

• Popularization of 2% foliar spray of urea/ DAP in rainfedareas

• Introducing the system of soil health card to ensurebalance use of nutrients

3 Pulses suffer • Rain water harvesting through farm ponds and communityheavily from soil reservoirsmoisture stress/ • Promoting short duration varieties in drought prone areasdrought • Promoting micro-irrigation system

• Adoption of moisture conservation practices

4 Heavy yield losses • Advanced forewarning and forecastingdue to insect-pests • Promotion of IPM technologies against Helicoverpaand diseases • Ensuring timely availability of biopesticides like HaNPV,

Trichoderma and herbicides such as Pendimethalin• Seed dressing of fungicides for controlling diseases• Providing safe storage structures like Pusa Bin and

warehouse facility

5 Lack of • Promoting designing and development of efficient farmmechanization machineries like ridge planter, raised bed planter, weeder,

pulse harvester, threshers, and zero-till drill• Promoting custom hiring of farm machineries

6 Trade policy and • Lifting ban on exportMSP do not fully • Supply and demand should be taken into account for fixingsupport pulse of MSPgrowers • Provision of procurement of Pulses

7 Area Expansion: • Promoting cultivation of lentil and peas in rice fallows withUnutilized potential incentive packagesof rice fallows • Appropriate measures to contain blue bull menace

8 New Initiatives • Pilot project on chickpea and pigeonpea covering 10% areaProposed in major pulse producing states such as Maharashtra, M.P.,

Karnataka, A.P., Rajasthan, Bihar• Creation of National Pulse Development Board


ANDHRAPRADESH ADILABAD 0.73 0.96 0.8 2.94 1.16

ANANTAPUR 0.09 0.13 0.72 0.39 0.39

CHITTOOR 0.64 0.26 1.28 0.49 0.55

CUDDAPAH 0.05 0 0.12 0 0.26

EAST GODAVARI 0 0.46 0.4 0 0

GUNTUR 2.8 5.03 0.66 4.45 0.28

KARIMNAGAR 5.86 4.92 0.93 0 0

KHAMMAM 1.01 0.16 0.23 0.51 0.08

KRISHNA 0 0 0 0 0

KURNOOL 0.64 1.52 0.84 1.24 0.91

MAHABUBNAGAR 0 0 0 0 0

MEDAK 0 0 0 0 0

NALGONDA 1.81 1.18 1.07 1.45 0.74

NELLORE 9.83 0.2 0 0 0

NIZAMABAD 0 0 0 0.09 0

PRAKASAM 0.49 0.44 0 0 0

RANGAREDDY 0 0 0 0 0

SRIKAKULAM 0 0 0 0 0

VISAKHAPATNAM 0 0 0 0 0

VIZIANAGRAM 0 0 0 0 0

WARANGAL 1.43 0.16 0.32 0.64 0.7

WEST GODAVARI 7.04 6.01 0.49 0 0

BIHAR ARARIA 87.69 0 0 0 0

ARVAL 0 0 0 0 0

AURANGABAD 0 0 0 0 0

BANKA 0 2.47 2.14 7.38 0.31

BEGUSARAI 0 2.64 0 0.29 21.57

BHABHUA 0 0 0 0 0

BHAGALPUR 0.5 0 0 0 0

BHOJPUR 0 0 0 0 0

Annexure IV : Net irrigated area in pulse crops growing districts

(a) Pigeonpea (Tur)

Name of the State Name of the district 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007


BUXAR 0 0 0 0 0

CHAMPARAN(EAST) 0 0 0 0 0

CHAMPARAN(WEST) 0 0 0 0 0

DARBHANGA 1.19 0 0 0 0

GAYA 1.01 1.32 0 0.91 4.75

GOPALGANJ 0.2 0 0 0 0.15

JAHANABAD 0.73 0 0 0 0

JAMUI 0 0 0 0 0

KATIHAR 0 0 0 0 0

KHAGARIA 0 0 0 0 0

KISHANGANJ 0 0 0 0 0

LAKHISARAI 0 0 0 0 0

MADHUBANI 2.07 4.08 3.7 0 0

MADHUPURA 0 0 0 0 0

MONGHYR 0 0 0 0 0

MUZAFARPUR 0 2.22 11.3 0 0

NALANDA 0 0 17.91 0 0

NAWADHA 0 6.51 6.43 0 4.53

PATNA 0 0 0 0 0

PURNEA 0 0 0 0 0

ROHTAS 0 0 8.62 0 0

SAHARSA 0 0 . 0 0

SAMASTIPUR 0 0 0 0 0

SARAN 0 12.59 0.81 0 0

SHEIKHPURA 0 0 0 0 0

SITAMARHI 5.11 2.81 0 1.62 0

SIVHAR 0 0 0 0 0

SIWAN 0 0 0 0 0

SUPAUL 0 0 0 0 .

VAISHALI 1.71 0 7.26 4.6 1.81

CHATTISGARH BASTAR 0 0 0 0 .

BIJAPUR . . . 0 .



BILASPUR 0 0 0 0 .

DANTEWARA 0 0 0 0 .

DHAMTARI 0.21 0 0 0 .

DURG 0.07 0 0.04 0.29 .

JANJGIR-CHAMP 0 0 0 0 .

JASHPUR 0 0 0 0 .

KANKER 0 0 0 0 .

KAWARDHA (KAB 0 0 0 0 .

KORBA 0 0 0 0 .

KORIYA 0 0 0 0 .

MAHASMUND 0 0 0 0.12 .

NARAYANPUR . . . 0 .

RAIGARH 0 0 0 0 .

RAIPUR 0 0 0.16 0.03 .

RAJNANDGAON 0 0 0 0 .

SURGUJA 0 0 0 0 .

GUJARAT AHMEDABAD 0 0 0 0 .

AMRELI 100 61.54 20 0 .

ANAND 23.08 29.41 18.18 40 .

BANAS KANTHA 0 3.7 0 0 .

BARODA 17.18 . . . .

BHARUCH 9.26 2.91 2.93 1.84 .

BHAVNAGAR 57.14 0 0 0 .

DAHOD 0 10.81 0 0 .

DANGS 0 0 0 0 .

GANDHINAGAR 0 0 0 7.69 .

JAMNAGAR 52.38 0 0 72.73 .

JUNAGARH 91.67 85.71 68.18 58.82 .

KHEDA 0 1.1 42.17 7.23 .

MAHESANA 0 0 0 0 .

NARMADA 0 0.45 9.17 1.59 .

NAVSARI 5.13 9.52 0 34.62 .

PANCH MAHALS 0 0 0 0 .



PATAN 8.7 6.67 0 0 .

PORBANDER 0 . . . .

RAJKOT 66.67 50 20 20 .

SABARKANTHA 0.28 0 0 0.39 .

SURAT 7.12 0 0 0 .

SURENDRANAGAR . 0 . 0 .

VADORA . 18.03 11 21.38 .

VALSAD 0 0 1.35 1.49 .

KARNATAKA BAGALKOT 6.66 2.96 3.72 3.5 2.42

BANGALORE (RURAL) 5.82 4.56 16.72 10.07 32.79

BANGALORE (URBAN) 0 1.69 1.77 32.08 43.49

BELGAUM 2.73 2.76 3.56 3.66 3.91

BELLARY 31.05 29.26 30.19 35.07 32.39

BIDAR 0 0 0 0 0

BIJAPUR 18.39 13.28 18.95 24.4 18.63

CHAMRAJNAGAR 2.88 2.16 2.92 2.35 9.62

CHICKABALLAPU . . . . 1.41

CHIKMAGALUR 0 0 0 0 0

CHITRADURGA 0 0.04 0 0.22 0.35

DEVANAGRRE 1.27 0.91 2.55 4.54 3.7

DHARWAD 0 0.31 0 0 0.37

GAGAD 1.35 2.16 1.02 1.33 0

GULBARGA 1.03 1.28 1.51 1.68 2.13

HASSAN 0 3.79 0 0 0

HAVERI 0 0 0.05 0 0

KODAGU(COORG) . . 0 0 .

KOLAR 1.99 4.06 3.14 2.68 2.03

KOPAL 0.48 3.57 7.77 4.57 1.78

MANDYA 0 4.26 1.58 16.67 2.88

MYSORE 0 0 0 0 0

RAICHUR 0.01 0.48 0.84 0.46 0.95

RAMANGARA . . . . 0

SHIMOGA 138.57 1.89 6.42 6.6 0



TUMKUR 0 2.76 3.99 3.55 1.94

UTTARAKANNADA 0 0 0 0 0

MADHYA PRADESH ANUPPUR 0 0 0 0 .

ASHOK NAGAR 0 0 0 0 .

BADWANI 7.18 8.35 6.03 6.04 .

BALAGHAT 0 0 0 0 .

BETUL 0 0 0 0 .

BHIND 0 0.01 0 0 .

BHOPAL 0 0 0 0 .

BURHANPUR 9.57 11.4 10.02 11.75 .

CHHATARPUR 0 0 0 0 .

CHINDWARA 0.56 0.5 1.19 0.74 .

DAMOH 0 0 0 0 .

DATIA 0.03 0.14 0 0 .

DEWAS 0.57 0.92 0.91 1.25 .

DHAR 0.07 0.37 0.36 0.12 .

DINDORI 0 0 0 0 .

EAST NIMAR (K 14.59 18.97 17.96 20.92 .

GUNA 0 0 0 0 .

GWALIOR 0 0 0 0 .

HARDA 0.14 0.07 2.01 1.08 .

HOSHANGABAD 0 0 0 0.57 .

INDORE 0 0 0 0 .

JABALPUR 0 0 0 0 .

JHABUA 0.21 0.08 0.04 0.36 .

KATANI 0 0 0 0 .

MANDLA 0 0 0 0 .

MANDSAUR 0 0 0 0 .

MORENA 0 0 0 0.22 .

NARSIMPUR 0 0 0.39 0.04 .

NIMACH 0 0 0 0 .

PANNA 0 0.17 0 0 .

RAISEN 0 0 0 0 .



RAJGARH 0 0 0 0 .

RATLAM 0.08 0.1 0 0 .

REWA 0 0 0 0 .

SAGAR 0 0 0 0 .

SATNA 0 0 0 0 .

SEHORE 0 0 0 0 .

SEONI 0 0 0 0 .

SHAHDOL 0 0 0 0 .

SHAJAPUR 0 0 0 0 .

SHEOPUR 0 0 0 0 .

SHIVPURI 0 0 0 0 .

SIDHI 0 0 0 0 .

TIKAMGARH 0 0 0 0 .

UJJAIN 0 0 0 0 .

UMARIYA 0 0 0 0 .

VIDISHA 0 0 0 0 .

WEST NIMAR (KHA) 6.49 6.71 5.82 7.41 .

MAHARASHTRA AHMEDNAGAR 0 0 0 . .

AKOLA 0 0 0 . .

AMRAVATI 0 0 0 . .

AURAGABAD 0 0 0 . .

BEED 0 0 0 . .

BHANDARA 0 0 0 . .

BULDHANA 0 0 0 . .

CHANDRAPUR 0 0 0 . .

DHULE 0 0 0 . .

GADCHIROLI 0 0 0 . .

GONDIYA 0 0 0 . .

HINGOLI 0 0 0 . .

JALGAON 0 0 0 . .

JALNA 0 0 0 . .

KOLHAPUR 0 0 0 . .

LATUR 0 0 0 . .



NAGPUR 0 0 0 . .

NANDED 0 0 0 . .

NANDURBAR 0 0 0 . .

NASIK 0 0 0 . .

OSMANABAD 0 0 0 . .

PARBHANI 0 0 0 . .

PUNE 0 0 0 . .

RAIGAD 0 0 0 . .

RATNAGIRI 0 0 0 . .

SANGLI 0 0 0 . .

SATARA 0 0 0 . .

SOLAPUR 0 0 0 . .

THANE 0 0 0 . .

WARDHA 0 0 0 . .

WASHIM 0 0 0 . .

YEVATMAL 0 0 0 . .

ORISSA ANGUL 0 0 0 0 0

BALASORE 0 0 0 0 0

BHADRAK 0 0 0 0 0

BOLANGIR 0 0 0 0 0

BOUDH 0 0 0 0 0

BURAGARH 0 0 0 0 0

CUTTACK 0 0 0 0 0

DEOGARH 0 0 0 0 0

DHENKANAL 0 0 0 0 0

GAJAPATTI 0 0 0 0 0

GANJAM 0 0 0 0 0

JAGATSINGPUR 0 0 0 0 0

JAJPUR 0 0 0 0 0

JHARSUGDA 0 0 0 0 0

KALAHANDI 3.07 0 0 0 0

KEDRAPARA 0 0 0 0 0

KEONJHAR 0 0 0 0 0



KHURDA 0 0 0 0 0

KORAPUT 4.48 0 0 0 0

MALKANGIRI 0 0 0 0 0

MAYURBHANJ 0 0 0 0 0

NAWAPARA 0 0 0 0 0

NAWORANGPUR 0 0 0 0 0

NAYAGARH 0 0 0 0 0

PHULBANI 0 0 0 0 0

RAYAGADA 0 0 0 0 0

SAMBALPUR 0 0 0 0 0

SONEPUR 13.46 0 0 0 0

SUNDARGARH 0 0 0 0 0

RAJASTHAN AJMER 0 0 . . .

ALWAR 7.97 50.16 37.36 36.87 .

BANSWARA 0 0 0.22 0 .

BARAN 0 0 0.93 1.75 .

BHARATPUR 2.21 9.29 3.76 5.95 .

BHILWARA 0.3 . 0 0 .

BIKANER 100 . . 100 .

BUNDI 0 0 0 0 .

CHITTORGARH 0 0 0 0 .

DAUSA 0 1.79 5.48 0 .

DHOLPUR 0 0 0.35 0 .

DUNGARPUR 0.13 0 0 0 .

GANGANAGAR 100 71.43 100 100 .

HANUMANGARH 67.86 37.5 100 100 .

JAIPUR 0 60.27 58.88 61.61 .

JAISALMER 100 100 . . .

JHALAWAR 0 0 0 0 .

JHUNJHUNU . 100 . . .

KARULI 0 0 0 0 .

KOTA 0 0 0 10.81 .

NAGAUR 0 0 100 . .



PALI 0 0 0 0 .

RAJSAMAND . 0 0 0 .

SAWAI MADHOPU 0 0 0 0 .

SIKAR 0 . 16.67 . .

SIROHI 0 0 0 0 .

TONK 0 0 0 0 .

UDAIPUR 0 0 0 0 .

UTTAR PRADESH AGRA 20.82 16.1 . 24.77 .

ALIGARH 96.46 97.38 . 97.31 .

ALLAHABAD 0.04 0.03 . 0 .

AMBEDKAR NAGA 0.05 0 . 0 .

AURAIYA . 3.47 . 5.68 .

AZAMGARH 1.67 0.11 . 0.11 .

BADAUN 1.08 2.06 . 1.77 .

BAGPAT 100 100 . 100 .

BAHRAICH 0 0.04 . 0 .

BALLIA 0.23 0.02 . 0.02 .

BALRAMPUR 0 0 . 0.09 .

BANDA 0 0 . 0 .

BARABANKI 0 0.02 . 0 .

BAREILLY 0 0 . 1.28 .

BASTI 0.63 0 . 0 .

BIJNOR 6.77 18.8 . 22.86 .

BULLANDSHAHR 100 100 . 100 .

CHANDAULI 0 0 . 0 .

CHITRAKUT 0 0 . 0 .

DEORIA 0 0 . 0.03 .

ETAH 63.49 74.59 . 83.97 .

ETAWAH 2.95 1.38 . 1.02 .

FAIZABAD 0 0 . 0.04 .

FARRUKHABAD 2.3 4.44 . 5.04 .

FATEHPUR 0.27 0.13 . 0.08 .

FEROZABAD 27.11 24.81 . 26.14 .



GAUTAM BUDDHA 100 100 . 100 .

GHAZIABAD 100 100 . 100 .

GHAZIPUR 0.34 0.51 . 0 .

GONDA 0 0 . 0 .

GORAKHPUR 0 0 . 0 .

HAMIRPUR 0 0.02 . 0 .

HARDOI 0.03 0.04 . 0.41 .

HATHARAS 96.95 95.65 . 99.94 .

JALAUN 0 0 . 0 .

JAUNPUR 0 0.03 . 0 .

JBFLUE NAGAR 12.78 18.77 . 16.63 .

JHANSI 0 0 . 0 .

KANNAUJ 2.26 6.28 . 6.4 .

KANPUR (D) 2.62 1.37 . 0.89 .

KANPUR (S) 1.19 3.28 . 5.2 .

KHERI 0 0.07 . 0.08 .

KOSHAMBHI 0 0 . 0.07 .

KUSHINAGAR 1.03 0.82 . 0.1 .

LALITPUR 0 0 . 0 .

LUCKNOW 0 0.1 . 0 .

MAHARAJ GANJ 0 0.24 . 0 .

MAHOBA 0 0 . 0 .

MAINPURI 47.07 44.53 . 64.29 .

MATHURA 71.72 72.28 . 83.81 .

MAU 0 0 . 0.37 .

MEERUT 100 99.89 . 100 .

MIRZAPUR 0.04 0 . 0 .

MORADABAD 11.51 9.24 . 2.59 .

MUZAFFARNAGAR 98.39 100 . 100 .

PILIBHIT 0 0 . 0 .

PRATAPGARH 0 0.01 . 0 .

RAEBARELI 0 0 . 0 .

RAMPUR 0 2.33 . 3.7 .



S.RAVI DAS NG 0 0 . 0 .

SAHARANPUR 28.57 50 . 100 .

SANT KABIR NG 0 0.03 . 0.03 .

SHAHJAHANPUR 0.6 0 . 0.35 .

SHRAVASTI 0.47 0.43 . 0 .

SIDHARTHA NAG 0 0 . 0 .

SITAPUR 0 0.02 . 0.15 .

SONBHADRA 0 0 . 0 .

SULTANPUR 0 0 . 0 .

UNNAO 0.12 0.02 . 0 .

VARANASI 0 0 . 0 .

(b) Gram

ANDHRAPRADESH ADILABAD 3.14 1.37 2.22 0 35.06

ANANTAPUR 3.99 4.5 5.66 2.28 1.46

CHITTOOR . 18.18 . . 57.14

CUDDAPAH 0.96 0.68 0.05 0.04 0.04

EAST GODAVARI 0 0 0 0 0

GUNTUR 0 0 0 0 0

KARIMNAGAR 10.31 0 8.83 6.38 19.86

KHAMMAM 0 3 1.77 1.36 0

KRISHNA 0 0 0 0 0

KURNOOL 0.53 0.28 0.3 0.2 0.28

MAHABUBNAGAR 0 3.43 0.62 1.47 1.49

MEDAK 0.02 0.12 0.74 0.08 0

NALGONDA 1.36 4.53 0 5.73 0

NELLORE 0 0 0 0 0

NIZAMABAD 1.72 5.81 0 0.39 2.19

PRAKASAM 0 0 0 0.04 0

RANGAREDDY 0 0 0 0 0




SRIKAKULAM . . . 0 0

VISAKHAPATNAM 0 0 0 0 0

VIZIANAGRAM 0 0 0 0 5.61

WARANGAL 14.13 24.94 31.85 15.33 11.63

BIHAR ARARIA 88.26 28.58 19.59 0 1.97

ARVAL 0 21.52 0 2.61 2.88

AURANGABAD 4.71 0.02 1.25 2 0.97

BANKA 0 10.4 5.17 3.44 4.13

BEGUSARAI 15.71 14.93 7.14 0 0

BHABHUA 0 1.92 0 0 0

BHAGALPUR 9.54 8.91 4.28 3.96 8.43

BHOJPUR 1.55 0.03 0.6 2.18 0

BUXAR 0 0.32 0.05 0 0

CHAMPARAN(EAST) 97.41 84.29 0 83.46 83.85

CHAMPARAN(WEST) 0 . 0 0 0

DARBHANGA 80.87 26.43 28.78 32.26 35.46

GAYA 21.73 2.22 1.84 11.91 0.36

GOPALGANJ 98.03 59.46 0 . 4.65

JAHANABAD 13.41 2.68 6.48 0 0

JAMUI 0 10.46 3.01 2.49 0.67

KATIHAR 0.33 94.6 55.4 5.6 0.65

KHAGARIA 58.54 0 24.11 7.6 0

KISHANGANJ 0 0 41.14 12.84 0

LAKHISARAI 3.57 0 0 0 0

MADHUBANI 57.17 0 12.82 0 0

MADHUPURA . 55.38 . . 5

MONGHYR 0 4.77 1.01 0 0

MUZAFARPUR 98.89 95.24 92.31 84.22 .

NALANDA 0 0 3.58 8.04 27.53

NAWADHA 2.09 0.39 10.79 1.36 0.64

PATNA 4.14 7.65 31.66 21.13 1.06

PURNEA 7.17 51.87 77.95 64.34 70.13

ROHTAS 0.12 37.33 6.16 1.08 1.02



SAHARSA 0 0 0 . .

SAMASTIPUR 90.3 90.48 90.16 89.08 59.17

SARAN 44.62 92.72 45.77 87.88 88.84

SHEIKHPURA 0 0 0 0 0

SITAMARHI 83.99 100 0 . .

SIWAN 35.65 20 23.81 35.59 69.01

SUPAUL 0 0 0 0 65.63

VAISHALI 55.25 92.51 78.44 81.97 0

CHATTISGARH BASTAR 4.35 4.43 3.29 2.52 .

BIJAPUR . . . 50 .

BILASPUR 1.55 3.23 2.69 4.92 .

DANTEWARA 12.5 9.09 12.5 20 .

DHAMTARI 28.37 11.61 19.43 30.64 .

DURG 13.45 18.74 23.23 27.55 .

JANJGIR-CHAMP 63.32 66.86 61.54 68.06 .

JASHPUR 0.3 0.47 0.4 1.33 .

KANKER 4.72 4.28 3.26 2.14 .

KAWARDHA (KAB 7.08 13.5 15.4 20.82 .

KORBA 3.15 3.1 4.68 4.82 .

KORIYA 1 2.16 2.83 2.56 .

MAHASMUND 22.11 28.57 41.82 25.34 .


RAIGARH 35.25 23.87 23.6 22.38 .

RAIPUR 27.86 28.96 27.77 29.71 .

RAJNANDGAON 2.02 3.86 4.66 8.84 .

SURGUJA 0.44 0.37 0.8 0.4 .

GUJARAT AHMEDABAD 0 4.76 27.08 10.62 .

AMRELI 100 92 100 100 .

ANAND 10 24 12 15.38 .

BANAS KANTHA 33.33 75 85.71 33.33 .

BARODA 20 . . . .

BHARUCH 5 8.11 4 14.71 .

BHAVNAGAR 92.31 100 90 85.71 .



DAHOD 13.26 29.44 33.79 7.01 .

DANGS 0 0 0 0 .

GANDHINAGAR 100 100 100 . .

JAMNAGAR 73.89 69.03 95.63 96.2 .

JUNAGARH 72.34 88.64 66.67 70.87 .

KACHCHH 100 100 100 100 .

KHEDA 8.33 100 88.24 58.33 .

MAHESANA 33.33 100 100 83.33 .

NARMADA 57.14 100 84.62 62.5 .

NAVSARI 0 0 54.55 16.67 .

PANCH MAHALS 54.05 50 49.02 49.02 .

PATAN 4.35 0 0 0 .

PORBANDER 5.71 1.67 31.5 6.25 .

RAJKOT 78.75 70.69 100 100 .

SABARKANTHA 16 39.13 22.58 25.64 .

SURAT 3.85 3.45 0 0 .

SURENDRANAGAR 6.9 20 36.27 17.91 .

VADORA . 5 10 4.76 .

VALSAD 0 0 0 0 .

KARNATAKA BAGALKOT 27.37 35.73 27.75 29.58 18.73

BANGALORE (RURAL) 0 0 1 100 10.64

BANGALORE (URBAN) 100 0 . . .

BELGAUM 31.81 45.78 44.66 32.98 37.94

BELLARY 36.44 27.12 37.2 31.59 40.59

BIDAR 2.79 3.13 4.12 5.25 8.23

BIJAPUR 8.93 30.83 23.95 20.75 23.72

CHAMRAJNAGAR 0 3.57 0 0 0

CHIKMAGALUR 0 0 0 0 0

CHITRADURGA 2.63 0.73 0.5 0.43 0.35

DEVANAGRRE 0 0.29 2.48 2.25 2.54

DHARWAD 15.85 22.57 21.54 21.22 20.02

GAGAD 15.51 24.72 23.9 15.75 23.76

GULBARGA 2.6 2.67 2.92 3.17 4.75



HASSAN 14.66 0 1.53 0 0

HAVERI 7.92 4.69 9.99 8.96 7.04

KODAGU (COORG) 43.75 0 0 100 0

KOLAR . 100 100 . .

KOPAL 6.84 4.94 3.91 2.42 1.87

MANDYA 0.84 97.96 66.67 100 100

MYSORE 0 0 0 0.21 3.23

RAICHUR 14.22 10.24 6.44 7.25 8.7

RAMANGARA . . . . 100

SHIMOGA 0 0 14.66 19.44 0

TUMKUR 0 0 0 0 0

UDIPPI . . 0 0 .

UTTARA KANNADA 0 0 0 8.33 0

MADHYA PRADESH ANUPPUR 1.48 1.92 1.96 1.51 .

ASHOK NAGAR 31.97 36.19 39.15 41.26 .

BADWANI 62.64 60.52 62.81 63.32 .

BALAGHAT 1.15 3.06 1.14 1.25 .

BETUL 33.64 32.65 52.51 36.52 .

BHIND 6.09 6.48 5.78 5.65 .

BHOPAL 56.08 53.93 55.98 57 .

BURHANPUR 84.54 82.69 86.37 85.52 .

CHHATARPUR 46.18 49.28 49.61 45.97 .

CHINDWARA 49.19 43.06 40.26 40.92 .

DAMOH 31.26 33.99 35.94 37.17 .

DATIA 26.98 29.07 36.2 45.74 .

DEWAS 50.94 53.55 55.55 55.24 .

DHAR 25.2 23.56 25.45 38.89 .

DINDORI 0.51 0.11 0.18 0.2 .

EAST NIMAR (K 87.59 88.17 89.67 88.61 .

GUNA 38.43 41.62 43.72 44.5 .

GWALIOR 23.15 27.09 26.21 28.63 .

HARDA 97.31 97.41 97.29 97.67 .

HOSHANGABAD 80.4 78.08 77.71 79.19 .



INDORE 43.88 52.25 45.98 66.86 .

JABALPUR 47.86 49.04 51.9 54.62 .

JHABUA 44.45 46.53 55.79 48.48 .

KATANI 22.66 23.53 24.4 21.5 .

MANDLA 1.76 1.19 1.33 1.29 .

MANDSAUR 15.41 21.48 25.35 27.95 .

MORENA 59.66 58.11 58.99 62.45 .

NARSIMPUR 57.26 57 56.67 56.04 .

NIMACH 13.59 20.83 13.45 18.49 .

PANNA 35.74 35.02 36.41 38.36 .

RAISEN 49.41 50.15 52.78 55.5 .

RAJGARH 90.44 88.94 90.91 94.8 .

RATLAM 23.3 25.02 33.94 41.7 .

REWA 5.8 6.02 6.55 6.33 .

SAGAR 41.5 43.04 45.61 47.57 .

SATNA 35.5 37.89 40.02 37.28 .

SEHORE 70.21 70 71.93 74.9 .

SEONI 30.92 33.27 34.97 35 .

SHAHDOL 8.87 6.82 20.47 25.06 .

SHAJAPUR 71.81 75.39 81.55 83.25 .

SHEOPUR 49.41 48.59 48.73 58.23 .

SHIVPURI 60.73 57.48 53.35 56.53 .

SIDHI 1.64 1.81 2.01 2.09 .

TIKAMGARH 82.93 81.7 82.21 85.19 .

UJJAIN 44.27 51.75 57.45 58.74 .

UMARIYA 6.09 7.23 7.21 8.45 .

VIDISHA 46.75 49.19 51.83 53.72 .

WEST NIMAR (KHA) 83.09 84.51 88.59 93.09 .


AKOLA 0 0 0 . .

AMRAVATI 0 0 0 . .

AURAGABAD 0 0 0 . .

BEED 0 0 0 . .



BHANDARA 0 0 0 . .

BULDHANA 0 0 0 . .


DHULE 0 0 0 . .


GONDIYA 0 0 0 . .

HINGOLI 0 0 0 . .

JALGAON 0 0 0 . .

JALNA 0 0 0 . .

KOLHAPUR 0 0 0 . .

LATUR 0 0 0 . .

NAGPUR 0 0 0 . .

NANDED 0 0 0 . .

NANDURBAR 0 0 0 . .

NASIK 0 0 0 . .

OSMANABAD 0 0 0 . .

PARBHANI 0 0 0 . .

PUNE 0 0 0 . .

RAIGAD 0 0 0 . .

SANGLI 0 0 0 . .

SATARA 0 0 0 . .

SOLAPUR 0 0 0 . .

THANE 0 0 0 . .

WARDHA 0 0 0 . .

WASHIM 0 0 0 . .

YEVATMAL 0 0 0 . .

ORISSA ANGUL 0 0 0 0 0

BALASORE 0 0 0 0 0

BHADRAK 0 0 0 0 0

BOLANGIR 0 0 0 0 0

BOUDH 0 0 0 0 0

BURAGARH 0 0 0 0 0

CUTTACK 0 0 0 0 0



DEOGARH 0 0 0 0 0

DHENKANAL 0 0 0 0 0

GAJAPATTI 0 0 0 0 0

GANJAM 0 0 0 0 0

JAGATSINGPUR 0 0 0 0 0

JAJPUR 0 0 0 0 0

JHARSUGDA 0 0 0 0 0

KALAHANDI 0 0 0 0 0

KEDRAPARA 0 0 0 0 0

KEONJHAR 0 0 0 0 0

KHURDA 0 0 0 0 0

KORAPUT 0 0 0 0 0

MALKANGIRI 0 0 0 0 0

MAYURBHANJ 0 0 0 0 0

NAWAPARA 0 0 0 0 0

NAWORANGPUR 0 0 0 0 0

NAYAGARH 0 0 0 0 0

PHULBANI 0 0 0 0 0

PURI . 0 . 0 0

RAYAGADA 0 0 0 0 0

SAMBALPUR 0 0 0 0 0

SONEPUR 0 0 0 0 0

SUNDARGARH 0 0 0 0 0

RAJASTHAN AJMER 14.9 9.7 3.7 11.98 .

ALWAR 49.08 46.53 48.38 61.92 .

BANSWARA 44.51 41.09 42 40.2 .

BARAN 51.85 57.9 73.57 81.88 .

BARMER 5.36 6.25 100 2.09 .

BHARATPUR 19.43 13.65 14.49 19.96 .

BHILWARA 34.13 27.88 10.43 35.03 .

BIKANER 73.96 72.11 68.9 80.48 .

BUNDI 47.99 39.99 51.04 27.67 .

CHITTORGARH 18.7 26.74 34.37 33.79 .



CHURU 7 4.2 6.41 6.23 .

DAUSA 51.71 41.43 39.54 67.42 .

DHOLPUR 31.65 30.15 37.23 42.39 .

DUNGARPUR 4.79 5.84 6.11 4.13 .

GANGANAGAR 33.12 37.39 46.02 51.41 .

HANUMANGARH 4.7 11.27 6.85 14.47 .

JAIPUR 45.49 30.16 45.29 80.45 .

JAISALMER 91.42 93.95 98.27 90.7 .

JALORE 20.62 100 82.18 8.2 .

JHALAWAR 31.64 40.39 53.49 60.72 .

JHUNJHUNU 81.43 48.43 59.7 73.7 .

JODHPUR 5.65 3.88 22.66 56.67 .

KARULI 17.38 11.14 14.86 11.31 .

KOTA 45.63 37.07 35.64 39.65 .

NAGAUR 72.57 82.25 76.09 97.53 .

PALI 37.42 9.68 15.21 20.1 .

RAJSAMAND 10.14 11.66 17.68 39.09 .

SAWAI MADHOPU 32.16 23.99 29.12 28.66 .

SIKAR 90.63 71.45 78.05 94.29 .

SIROHI 51.81 25.69 63.32 35.63 .

TONK 20.7 20.84 18.23 28.83 .

UDAIPUR 38.53 33.25 32.13 27.43 .


ALIGARH 91.25 86.26 . 96.6 .

ALLAHABAD 1.33 0.46 . 0.58 .

AMBEDKAR NAGA 15.2 17.14 . 12.69 .

AURAIYA . 10.29 . 12.67 .

AZAMGARH 72.08 79.29 . 80.47 .

BADAUN 39.8 55.31 . 61.64 .

BAGPAT 100 100 . 100 .

BAHRAICH 2.5 12.31 . 28.43 .

BALLIA 15.6 15.41 . 23.38 .

BALRAMPUR 29.77 15.87 . 25.91 .



BANDA 1.76 1.21 . 1.31 .

BARABANKI 1.31 1.66 . 1.68 .

BAREILLY 7.5 18.75 . 50 .

BASTI 71.76 72.56 . 74.52 .

BIJNOR 46.72 60.32 . 50.96 .

BULLANDSHAHR 100 100 . 100 .

CHANDAULI 3.49 5.11 . 2.79 .

CHITRAKUT 1.11 0.7 . 1.81 .

DEORIA 89.56 90 . 98.33 .

ETAH 85.02 86.11 . 94.84 .

ETAWAH 12.42 20.45 . 19.76 .

FAIZABAD 22.82 9.19 . 41.27 .

FARRUKHABAD 29.81 35.59 . 46.5 .

FATEHPUR 0.3 0.26 . 0.47 .

FEROZABAD 88.06 92.37 . 93.64 .


GHAZIABAD 100 100 . 100 .

GHAZIPUR 42.54 39.4 . 40.5 .

GONDA 32.15 30.92 . 91.28 .

GORAKHPUR 87.92 88.4 . 94.95 .

HAMIRPUR 12.09 9.19 . 11.15 .

HARDOI 16.17 8.09 . 17.76 .

HATHARAS 90.69 87.76 . 96.92 .

JALAUN 3.48 3.47 . 5.52 .

JAUNPUR 1.55 3.67 . 3.41 .

JBFLUE NAGAR 100 100 . 100 .

JHANSI 36.34 28.83 . 31.71 .

KANNAUJ 50.08 59.42 . 69.92 .

KANPUR (D) 4.81 4.42 . 5.6 .

KANPUR (S) 3.69 3.75 . 5.18 .

KHERI 3.18 0.83 . 4.88 .

KOSHAMBHI 0.91 2.09 . 1.61 .

KUSHINAGAR 75 80 . 77.78 .



LALITPUR 86.85 89.24 . 92.94 .

LUCKNOW 3.32 3.57 . 1.9 .

MAHARAJ GANJ 77.11 71.88 . 30.77 .

MAHOBA 34.84 31.83 . 28.55 .

MAINPURI 90.37 90.34 . 92.83 .

MATHURA 66.42 69.05 . 96 .

MAU 83.11 85.73 . 90.57 .

MEERUT 100 100 . 100 .

MIRZAPUR 1.25 1.16 . 0.95 .

MORADABAD 55.56 72.5 . 100 .

MUZAFFARNAGAR 100 100 . 100 .

PILIBHIT 0 0 . 0 .

PRATAPGARH 8.46 5.42 . 8.41 .

RAEBARELI 5.19 4.88 . 6.34 .

RAMPUR 16 4 . 0 .

S.RAVI DAS NG 5.58 4.65 . 4.21 .

SAHARANPUR 51.28 61.54 . 68.18 .

SANT KABIR NG 70.57 79.08 . 89.34 .

SHAHJAHANPUR 13.97 21.3 . 30.56 .

SHRAVASTI 0.68 1.36 . 1.55 .

SIDHARTHA NAG 83.23 97.52 . 97.73 .

SITAPUR 1.21 35.34 . 0.92 .

SONBHADRA 1.44 0.46 . 0.49 .

SULTANPUR 1.38 2.31 . 2.3 .

UNNAO 11.65 10.28 . 17.02 .

VARANASI 7.45 5.88 . 4.99 .

(c) Other Pulses

ANDHRAPRADESH ADILABAD . 0.62 0.54 1.65 0

ANANTAPUR . 1.4 0.68 2.76 3.01

CHITTOOR . 4.23 1.36 4.74 6.45

CUDDAPAH . 14.34 19.71 15.76 9.25




EAST GODAVARI . 0.24 0.07 0.08 0

GUNTUR . 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.03

KARIMNAGAR . 26.34 22.88 31.63 36.91

KHAMMAM . 0.89 0.62 0.95 1.46

KRISHNA . 0 0 0 0

KURNOOL . 7.27 13.51 27.11 14.88

MAHABUBNAGAR . 0.03 0.08 0.53 0.49

MEDAK . 1.36 0.67 1.14 0.8

NALGONDA . 0.98 1.67 5.14 3.04

NELLORE . 2.34 0.71 0 0.04

NIZAMABAD . 1.19 1.56 1.92 3.55

PRAKASAM . 4.04 3.77 3.03 1.25

RANGAREDDY . 0 0 0.01 0

SRIKAKULAM . 0 0 0 0

VISAKHAPATNAM . 0 0 0 0

VIZIANAGRAM . 0 0 0 0

WARANGAL . 7.09 4.83 7.11 9.21

WEST GODAVARI . 17.53 2.5 0.14 0.24

BIHAR ARARIA 0.18 . 0.05 1.09 1.48

ARVAL 0 . 1.96 1.25 1.29

AURANGABAD 0 . 0 0.05 0.05

BANKA 0 . 17.37 15.93 16.72

BEGUSARAI 0 . 10.73 10.65 9.62

BHABHUA 0 . 1.14 0.1 0.02

BHAGALPUR 0.45 . 1.69 7.18 1.89

BHOJPUR 0 . 0.28 0.24 0.34

BUXAR 0 . 0.62 0 0

CHAMPARAN(EAST) 0 . 1.05 0.94 0.93

CHAMPARAN(WEST) 0 . 0 0.1 2.65

DARBHANGA 0 . 3.17 0.31 0.1

GAYA 0 . 12.73 12.07 11.26

GOPALGANJ 0 . 26.09 29.03 18.43

JAHANABAD 0 . 0.63 0.24 0.75



JAMUI 0 . 6.28 6.01 10.45

KATIHAR 0 . 1.01 0.98 2.06

KHAGARIA 0 . 0.77 0.4 0.38

KISHANGANJ 0 . 0 0.13 0.01

LAKHISARAI 4.74 . 0.01 0 0

MADHUBANI 0 . 2.1 0.72 1.21

MADHUPURA 0 . 0 0.19 0.26

MONGHYR 0 . 1.42 3.16 2.43

MUZAFARPUR 0 . 1.21 0.59 2.44

NALANDA 6.09 . 1.52 1.21 1.95

NAWADHA 0 . 24.85 25.88 17.92

PATNA 30.71 . 0.53 1.49 2.26

PURNEA 0 . 0.31 4.92 0.15

ROHTAS 0 . 2.83 0.33 0.32

SAHARSA 0 . 0.05 0 0

SAMASTIPUR 0 . 1.5 1.49 1.51

SARAN 0 . 2.72 4 7.35

SHEIKHPURA . . 0 0 0

SITAMARHI 0 . 2.03 1.05 2.47

SIVHAR . . 0 0 0

SIWAN 0 . 23.69 16.71 15.65

SUPAUL 0 . 0.04 1.66 0.37

VAISHALI 0 . 3.13 2.63 1.78

CHATTISGARH BASTAR 0.73 0.81 0.84 1 .

BIJAPUR . . . 0.04 .

BILASPUR 0.24 0.4 0.33 0.33 .

DANTEWARA 0.08 0.12 0.1 0.12 .

DHAMTARI 2.45 0.54 0.86 1.78 .

DURG 0.21 0.16 0.17 0.16 .

JANJGIR-CHAMP 1.44 1.18 1.12 1.48 .

JASHPUR 0.5 0.58 0.69 0.63 .

KANKER 0.53 0.42 0.38 0.39 .

KAWARDHA (KAB) 0.25 0.34 0.31 1.01 .



KORBA 0.46 0.29 0.28 0.41 .

KORIYA 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 .

MAHASMUND 2.03 1.62 1.67 1.48 .


RAIGARH 12.15 8.66 9.24 8.83 .

RAIPUR 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.6 .

RAJNANDGAON 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.34 .

SURGUJA 1 2.58 1.6 3.12 .

GUJARAT AHMEDABAD 8.62 6.67 1.98 0 .

AMRELI 0 1.3 1.05 1.43 .

ANAND 37.5 35.29 53.85 42.86 .

BANAS KANTHA 0.95 0.33 0.53 1.4 .

BARODA 7.33 . . . .

BHARUCH 4.46 16.96 17.28 12.2 .

BHAVNAGAR 2.38 0 5.71 13.04 .

DAHOD 2.17 3.05 2.2 3.05 .

DANGS 0 0 0 0 .

GANDHINAGAR 1.64 1.89 3.85 2.17 .

JAMNAGAR 3.31 1.96 1.19 7.81 .

JUNAGARH 1.25 5.33 14.1 38.89 .

KACHCHH 0.5 0.35 0.42 0.29 .

KHEDA 3.33 5.77 10.53 14.29 .

MAHESANA 0.41 1.38 0.94 0.81 .

NARMADA 29.63 23.33 21.05 19.05 .

NAVSARI 3.17 5.48 43.86 5.8 .

PANCH MAHALS 16.85 15.73 13.1 12.94 .

PATAN 0 0.39 0.38 0 .

PORBANDER 0 0 0 27.78 .

RAJKOT 0 0.86 3.28 1.41 .

SABARKANTHA 3.44 5.74 6.8 7.39 .

SURAT 7.61 11.11 14.68 29.59 .

SURENDRANAGAR 0 0 0 0 .

VADORA . 8.4 9.73 8.73 .



VALSAD 0 0 2.04 3.37 .

KARNATAKA BAGALKOT . . . 1.95 2.26

BANGALORE (RURAL) . . . 1.51 2.89

BANGALORE (URBAN) . . . 5.63 8.64

BELGAUM . . . 19.62 6.04

BELLARY . . . 19.82 19.28

BIDAR . . . 0.04 0.04

BIJAPUR . . . 0.55 0.4

CHAMRAJNAGAR . . . 0.17 0.95

CHICKABALLAPU . . . . 2.32

CHIKMAGALUR . . . 0.18 0.43

CHITRADURGA . . . 0.89 1.23

DAKSHINAKANNA . . . 0 0

DEVANAGRRE . . . 8.31 18.12

DHARWAD . . . 0.88 0.47

GAGAD . . . 1.99 0.66

GULBARGA . . . 0.18 0.53

HASSAN . . . 3.61 3.95

HAVERI . . . 9.22 7.81

KODAGU(COORG) . . . 36.73 29.46

KOLAR . . . 0.41 1.23

KOPAL . . . 7.43 4.01

MANDYA . . . 1.68 4.45

MYSORE . . . 2.16 2.2

RAICHUR . . . 2.69 0.89

RAMANGARA . . . . 0.06

SHIMOGA . . . 60.57 70.82

TUMKUR . . . 0.69 1.21

UDIPPI . . . 0 0

UTTARA KANNADA . . . 8.1 4.69

MADHYAPRADESH ANUPPUR 0 0 0 0 .

ASHOK NAGAR 0 0 0 0 .

BADWANI 0 0.06 0 0 .



BALAGHAT 0.6 0.03 0.36 0.33 .

BETUL 0 0 0 0 .

BHIND 0 0 0 0 .

BHOPAL 0 0 0 0 .

BURHANPUR 0 0 0 0 .

CHHATARPUR 0 0 0 0 .

CHINDWARA 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.11 .

DAMOH 0.02 0.03 0 0 .

DATIA 0 0.06 0.01 0.01 .

DEWAS 0 0 0 0 .

DHAR 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.04 .

DINDORI 0 0 0 0 .

EAST NIMAR (K) 0 0 0.08 0.03 .

GUNA 0 0 0 0 .

GWALIOR 0.71 0 0 0 .

HARDA 0 2.13 0 0 .

HOSHANGABAD 2.94 0 0.28 0.31 .

INDORE 0 0 0.33 0 .

JABALPUR 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.16 .

JHABUA 0 0 0 0 .

KATANI 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.14 .

MANDLA 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.22 .

MANDSAUR 0 0 0 0 .

MORENA 0 0 0.17 0 .

NARSIMPUR 0.02 0 0 0 .

NIMACH 0 0 0 0 .

PANNA 0 1.43 0.02 0 .

RAISEN 0 0.13 0 0 .

RAJGARH 0 0 0 0 .

RATLAM 0.03 0 0.04 0.02 .

REWA 0 0 0 0 .

SAGAR 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 .

SATNA 0 0 0 0 .



SEHORE 0 0 0 0 .

SEONI 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.09 .

SHAHDOL 0 0 0 0 .

SHAJAPUR 0 0 0 0 .

SHEOPUR 0 0.04 0 0 .

SHIVPURI 0 0.03 0 0.03 .

SIDHI 0.03 0 0 0 .

TIKAMGARH 0 0 0 0 .

UJJAIN 0 0.01 0 0 .

UMARIYA 0 0 0 0 .

VIDISHA 0 0 0 0 .

WESTNIMAR(KHA 0 0 0 0 .


AKOLA 0 0 0 . .

AMRAVATI 0 0 0 . .

AURAGABAD 0 0 0 . .

BEED 0 0 0 . .

BHANDARA 0 0 0 . .

BULDHANA 0 0 0 . .


DHULE 0 0 0 . .


GONDIYA 0 0 0 . .

HINGOLI 0 0 0 . .

JALGAON 0 0 0 . .

JALNA 0 0 0 . .

KOLHAPUR 0 0 0 . .

LATUR 0 0 0 . .

NAGPUR 0 0 0 . .

NANDED 0 0 0 . .

NANDURBAR 0 0 0 . .

NASIK 0 0 0 . .

OSMANABAD 0 0 0 . .



PARBHANI 0 0 0 . .

PUNE 0 0 0 . .

RAIGAD 0 0 0 . .

RATNAGIRI 0 0 0 . .

SANGLI 0 0 0 . .

SATARA 0 0 0 . .

SINDHUDURG 0 0 0 . .

SOLAPUR 0 0 0 . .

THANE 0 0 0 . .

WARDHA 0 0 0 . .

WASHIM 0 0 0 . .

YEVATMAL 0 0 0 . .

ORISSA ANGUL . . 0 2.09 4.05

BALASORE . . 0 52.68 55.57

BHADRAK . . 0 32.95 48

BOLANGIR . . 0 3.54 5.85

BOUDH . . 0 2.83 3.46

BURAGARH . . 0 13.63 4.99

CUTTACK . . 0 39.71 43.82

DEOGARH . . 0 7.57 10.79

DHENKANAL . . 0 5.13 8.1

GAJAPATTI . . 0 0.95 1

GANJAM . . 0 0.67 6.9

JAGATSINGPUR . . 0 25 27.07

JAJPUR . . 0 33.25 44.63

JHARSUGDA . . 0 2.22 3.22

KALAHANDI . . 0 14.54 13.45

KEDRAPARA . . 0 49.22 51.6

KEONJHAR . . 0 2.91 12.75

KHURDA . . 0 4.66 20.4

KORAPUT . . 0 23.46 25.97

MALKANGIRI . . 0 13.45 25.26

MAYURBHANJ . . 0 8.36 23.03



NAWAPARA . . 0 1.01 2.66

NAWORANGPUR . . 0 12.39 9.25

NAYAGARH . . 0 1.65 2.8

PHULBANI . . 0 3.01 0

PURI . . 0 0.43 15.03

RAYAGADA . . 0 10.23 9.33

SAMBALPUR . . 0 6.6 5.79

SONEPUR . . 0 4.21 7.11

SUNDARGARH . . 0 3.02 11.75

RAJASTHAN AJMER 0.25 . 0.33 0.56 .

ALWAR 79.97 . 27.33 48.41 .

BANSWARA 13.5 . 19.78 33.71 .

BARAN 10.45 . 23.18 38.85 .

BARMER 0.09 . 0.33 0.16 .

BHARATPUR 3 . 3.94 6.71 .

BHILWARA 6.42 . 5.04 5.9 .

BIKANER 1.85 . 0.48 0.93 .

BUNDI 11.66 . 40.76 39.97 .

CHITTORGARH 5.67 . 17.13 29.91 .

CHURU 0.05 . 0.06 0.06 .

DAUSA 21.89 . 6.04 5.18 .

DHOLPUR 26.95 . 17.01 13.41 .

DUNGARPUR 9.61 . 7.68 14.55 .

GANGANAGAR 52.68 . 73.66 85.81 .

HANUMANGARH 5.17 . 4.55 10.34 .

JAIPUR 9.85 . 10.49 8.68 .

JAISALMER 54.33 . 53.83 39.24 .

JALORE 0.01 . 0.26 0.1 .

JHALAWAR 6.99 . 26.1 33.38 .

JHUNJHUNU 0.28 . 2.83 2.76 .

JODHPUR 0.63 . 0.28 0.46 .

KARULI 1.84 . 7.14 5.79 .

KOTA 2.03 . 2.43 5.01 .



NAGAUR 1.27 . 1.38 1.81 .

PALI 0.06 . 0.07 0.3 .

RAJSAMAND 0.11 . 0.97 3.2 .

SAWAI MADHOPU 0.86 . 2.95 1.89 .

SIKAR 1.39 . 3.39 3.48 .

SIROHI 0.68 . 1 2.4 .

TONK 0.11 . 0.82 0.4 .

UDAIPUR 4.12 . 32.48 38.48 .


ALIGARH 65.87 60.94 . 66.49 .

ALLAHABAD 0.97 5.97 . 0 .

AMBEDKAR NAGA 4.86 1.74 . 3.31 .

AURAIYA . 1.39 . 1.59 .

AZAMGARH 14.84 7.94 . 1.53 .

BADAUN 1.5 1.59 . 0.55 .

BAGPAT 100 100 . 100 .

BAHRAICH 0 0.17 . 0 .

BALLIA 60 38.89 . 0 .

BALRAMPUR 0 0.54 . 0 .

BANDA 0 0 . 0 .

BARABANKI 0.78 0.43 . 0.23 .

BAREILLY 0.34 0.44 . 0.43 .

BASTI 0 0 . 0 .

BIJNOR 34.31 38.19 . 45.5 .

BULLANDSHAHR 100.57 100 . 100 .

CHANDAULI 0.91 0 . 0 .

CHITRAKUT 0 0 . 0 .

DEORIA 0 0 . 0 .

ETAH 24.89 39.81 . 48.62 .

ETAWAH 4.81 7.39 . 12.65 .

FAIZABAD 1.2 1.7 . 1.42 .

FARRUKHABAD 4.49 4 . 4.36 .

FATEHPUR 0.05 0.07 . 0.03 .



FEROZABAD 15.52 6.16 . 16.1 .


GHAZIABAD 97.65 100 . 100 .

GHAZIPUR 0.17 0.8 . 0 .

GONDA 0 0 . 0 .

GORAKHPUR 0 0 . 0 .

HAMIRPUR 0 0.01 . 0.01 .

HARDOI 0.07 0.13 . 0.12 .

HATHARAS 90.11 79.34 . 88.84 .

JALAUN 0.02 0.02 . 0.01 .

JAUNPUR 0.1 0 . 0.02 .

JBFLUE NAGAR 18.62 23.43 . 24.76 .

JHANSI 0 0.01 . 0 .

KANNAUJ 10.67 11.89 . 16.75 .

KANPUR (D) 0.04 0.03 . 0.01 .

KANPUR (S) 0.22 0.32 . 11.77 .

KHERI 0.37 0.23 . 0.74 .

KOSHAMBHI 0.28 0.27 . 0.15 .

KUSHINAGAR 3.33 64 . 2.22 .

LALITPUR 0 0 . 0 .

LUCKNOW 0.47 0.45 . 0.33 .

MAHARAJ GANJ 0 0 . 0 .

MAHOBA 0 0 . 0 .

MAINPURI 66.9 77.18 . 84.95 .

MATHURA 12.53 21.48 . 19.23 .

MAU 0 0 . 5.88 .

MEERUT 100 100 . 100 .

MIRZAPUR 0.57 0 . 0 .

MORADABAD 1.79 1.55 . 2.11 .

MUZAFFARNAGAR 99.93 100 . 100 .

PILIBHIT 0 0.92 . 3.67 .

PRATAPGARH 0 0 . 0.02 .

RAEBARELI 0 0.01 . 0.01 .



RAMPUR 0.83 0.98 . 2.19 .

S.RAVI DAS NG 0 0 . 0 .

SAHARANPUR 83.09 80.89 . 88.29 .

SANT KABIR NG 0 0 . 0 .

SHAHJAHANPUR 0.63 0.47 . 4.59 .

SHRAVASTI 0 0 . 0 .

SIDHARTHA NAG 0 0 . 0 .

SITAPUR 0.26 0.13 . 0.25 .

SONBHADRA 0 0 . 0 .

SULTANPUR 0.54 0.58 . 0.39 .

UNNAO 0.12 0.02 . 0.04 .

VARANASI 0.04 0 . 0 .



Annexure V : Progress of National Watershed Development Project forRainfed Area Programme (NWDPRA) (Area in ha)

AP 2970 5400 1334 11797

Arunachal Pradesh 4250 4350 15045 28660

Assam 2400 5525 0 7925

Bihar 2180 52 4020 8778

Jharkhand 0 7258 6860 15634

Goa 4665 587 6164 11416

Gujarat 23561 4253 37377 69039

Haryana 5505 2654 5004 13163

Himachal Pradesh 1262 5270 3286 11226

J&K 3222 9056 4165 17224

Karnataka 44771 24227 64878 137258

Kerala 11080 1570 13905 27798

MP 39094 26062 23920 96477

Chhattisgarh 7483 12287 7125 30858

Maharashtra 31006 15561 30423 86531

Manipur 10189 3798 3826 21036

Mizoram 4975 10581 11012 36132

Meghalaya 5320 5000 8635 25476

Nagaland 14695 9000 9500 40495

Orissa 28816 8225 27144 67844

Punjab 5192 4785 819 13494

Rajasthan 34091 0 47071 93373

Sikkim 2936 3324 4950 11210

Tamilnadu 29227 9192 44111 84726

Tripura 2255 3410 4406 13861

UP 32334 53156 51609 158031

Uttarakhand 18189 15562 14620 53797

WB 1946 4065 12860 20449

Total 373614 254210 464069 1213708

State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Total (XI Plan)(2007/08 to

2010/11) (up toSep 10 )


Annexure VI : Districts covered under NWDPRA during XI Plan



Annexure VII : Statewise Summary of projects appraised & cleared by thesteering committee during 2010-11

12th meeting24.06.10(1st in 2010-11) 1. Karnataka 127 546640

2. Rajasthan 207 1222127

Sub-Total 334 1768767

13th Meeting14.07.10(2nd in 2010-11) 3. Meghalaya 29 52000

Rajasthan 6 35115

4. Tamil Nadu# 59 310993

5. Uttar Pradesh 50 270157(Bundelkhand2010-11)

Uttar Pradesh 53 269843(Bundelkhand2011-12)

Sub-Total 197 938108

14th meeting01.09.10(3rd in 2010-11) 6. Andhra Pradesh 171 740889

7. Arunachal Pradesh 32 91000

8. Tripura 10 30026

Uttar Pradesh 101 487475(non Bundelkhand)

Sub-Total 314 1349390

15th meeting 30.09.10(4th in 2010-11) 9. Chhattisgarh# 67 299227

10. Gujarat – Phase-I 103 515328

Phase-II 38 198342

Total 141 713670

11. Maharashtra 370 1617058

12. Manipur# 27 127626

13. Nagaland 19 83081.64

14. Orissa 62 349904

15. Uttarakhand 39 203687

Sub-Total 725 3394254

16th meeting 25.11.10(5th in 2010-11) 16. Assam 4 16050

17. Jharkhand# 17 97040

Date of meeting State Total no. of Area (ha)projects cleared


Date of meeting State Total no. of Area (ha)projects cleared

18. Punjab 13 53296

19. Sikkim 3 14039

Sub-Total 37 180425

17th meeting 18.01.11(6th in 2010-11) Assam 52 343938

20. Himachal Pradesh 44 237650

21. Kerala# 15 89722

22. Madhya Pradesh 71 397258

Total 182 1068568

Total appraised during 2010-11 1789 8699512(incl. UP-Bundelkhand 2011-12)

Total appraised for 2010-11 1736 8429669


Annexure VIII : Seed-Sufficiency in Legumes at the Village Level -Development and Popularization of ‘Model’ Seed System(s)for Quality Seed Production proposed by ICRISAT.

1. Introduction

A baseline survey conducted in selected districts of the major pulses growing states ofIndia (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh) indicatedthat (i) lack of awareness of newly developed improved varieties, (ii) non-availability of seedof improved varieties in required quantities at affordable price, (iii) faulty seed procurementand distribution system of Department of Agriculture (DoA), (iv) use of own-saved seed orbuying seed from neighboring farmers or local traders, and (v) lack of distinction betweengrain and seed are some of the reasons responsible for continued use of old local varieties bythe farmers. Local traders play an important role by purchasing grain at harvest; storing it andselling it back to farmers as ‘seed’ at the time of sowing (processed or unprocessed). Legumeproductivity is linked to quality seed of improved farmer-preferred improved varieties (FPVs)at village level. Formal seed system (National and State Seed Corporations) has failed to meetthe aspirations of farmers for supply of quality seed. A strong informal seed sector can play anaugmenting role in popularizing and disseminating improved high yielding varieties of leadingto enhanced legumes production in the country.

There is also a need to relook at the variety ‘release’ system in the country. Manyvarieties released at the national/regional/state level fail to meet farmers’ requirements at thelocal level. Farmers’ preference for improved varieties could vary from village to villagedepending on the soil type, rainfall pattern, cropping system, existing insect pest/diseaseproblems, fodder requirement and socioeconomic conditions of the farmers. The farmer-participatory on-farm varietal selection helps in identification of location specific varieties,which are widely accepted and adopted by the farmers. There should be policy changes toallow data from participatory varietal selection (PVS) and on-farm trials to recommend releaseof farmer-preferred varieties.

2. Development and promotion of informal and formal seed systems

Both formal and informal seed sectors need strengthening to overcome the shortage ofquality seeds of improved legume varieties and to promote and disseminate improved varietiesto raise productivity in legumes.

2.1. Constraints in Breeder-Foundation-Certified seed production chain(Formal seed systems)

The constraints in seed production chain are listed below. Many of these constraintsdiscourage active participation of farmers in the formal seed production programs.

State Department of Agriculture (DoA) and public sector seed producing agencies (SeedCorporations) continue to indent Breeder seed of ‘obsolete’ varieties in large quantities, which


restricts the Breeder seed production of newly released varieties. There is a need fordenotification of old varieties and their removal from formal seed production chain and inCentral and State Governments’ programs

• The indent of Breeder seed of newly released varieties given by various agenciesis usually less than the actual demand of quality seed of these varieties by thefarmers.

• Breeder-Foundation-Certified seed production chain is not maintained properly bythe seed production agencies responsible for its implementation. The production ofCertified seed from Foundation seed and of Foundation seed from Breeder seed isless than expected.

• Lack of appropriate infrastructure and shortage of manpower in public seed productioninstitutions.

• Low inherent seed multiplication ratio in legumes because of large seed size such asgroundnut.

• Seed production under rainfed conditions, further reduces seed multiplication ratioconsiderably.

• Delay in lifting of Certified seed from farmers (contracted to produce seed) by variousgovernmental and non- governmental agencies.

• Delay in notification of state-released varieties.

• Difficulty in maintaining genetic purity at the Foundation and Certified seedproduction stages in often cross pollinated crops (such as Pigeonpea).

• Exclusion of seed certification of pigeonpea in pigeonpea + cotton intercropping (adominant cropping system in Maharashtra) discourages farmers to participate informal seed production program of the crop.

• Minimum area requirement under seed production for certification in a village.

• Seed processing and storage only in designated processing plants/godowns, whichinvolves transportation of the produce to far away godowns.

• Requirement of producing land records for registering the plots for seed certification(as in Uttar Pradesh).

• Delays in fixing seed procurement price by public sector seed agencies.

2.2. Issues related to informal seed sectorVery often farmers do not distinguish between a ‘seed crop’ and a ‘commercial crop’. To

produce high quality seed, it is essential that the crop is grown under assured growing conditionswith appropriate management inputs. With increased yield in seed plots, the cost of seed canbe reduced. The major issues that have emerged so far and have bearing on policies related toinformal seed system are as follows:


1. Need for formal recognition and notification of farmer preferred varieties (FPVs)identified through farmer-participatory varietal selection.

2. Inclusion of FPVs in Central and State Governments’ programs, particularly thoseinvolving seed subsidy programs.

3. Absence of linkages between informal seed sector and public sector seed agencies.

4. Lack of arrangements to buy surplus seed from farmers with price incentive soonafter harvest.

5. Need for provision of seed processing and storage facilities at village level (clusterof villages).Promotion and recognition of seed growers’ associations.

6. Need for buy-back of seed from farmers in case of delayed or failed monsoon toavoid distress sale of seed as commercial grain (The seed so collected can be madeavailable to farmers in the next season).

3. Model seed systems developed and promoted

After appraising the existing seed systems in selected districts in the major legumes growingstates through baseline surveys, functional seed system models were devised in consultationwith farmers and other stakeholders (see Annexure 1). These were validated at selected locationsand replicated at other locations within the districts. Public sector seed agencies (NSC Ltd.,SFCI, MSSC Ltd., OSSC Ltd. and others) were also linked with these model seed systems toensure their long-term sustainability. These models are based on ‘seed village concept’, linkingKharif-Rabi-Kharif season seed production and promoting local seed enterprises through seedgrowers’ associations, with the supportive role of public sector seed agencies. In the case ofpigeonpea, the strategy of ‘One village-One Variety’ is advocated due to its out crossing nature.For the success and long-term sustainability of these models, however, some policy support isneeded. These include: (i) recognition of FPVs (in case they are not formally released), (ii)inclusion of FPVs in formal seed production chain and government sponsored programs, (iii)buy-back arrangement and remunerative price for the seed produced by farmers, (iv)simplification of registration and certification processes, (v) fixing proper price and purchasingand timely release of payment by the public sector seed agencies, and (vi) creation of seedprocessing and storage infrastructure at village level. For pigeonpea, particularly in Maharashtra,registration of pigeonpea under pigeonpea + cotton intercropping system for seed production,and certification fee based on net area under Pigeonpea need to be implemented.

These model seed systems have been very successful in producing sizeable quantities ofquality seed of legumes. An example of chickpea seed production in Madhya Pradesh is givenin Table 1. Table 1. Summary of seed availability of different categories of seed of farmer-preferred chickpea varieties with farmers/farmers’ cooperative seed production societies inMadhya Pradesh, 2009/10 cropping season.


2006/07 12 174.7 3009.2 11,691.7

2007/08 17 275.0 3943.7 20,745.0

2008/09 15 242.9 3007.7 -

2009/10 15 291.5 - -

Total 59 984.1 9960.6 32,436.7

(FS=Foundation seed, CS=Certified seed, TLS=Truthful Labeled seed)

4. Promotion of Farmers’ seed cooperative societies

Farmers’ knowledge empowerment and capacity building in seed production, processingand storage and integrated crop management technologies are essential to ensure seedself-sufficiency of FPVs at village level and increase productivity of pulses and oilseeds inthe country.

To ensure sustained availability of quality seed of improved legumes varieties inselected districts in different states, the following farmers’ cooperative seed societies werepromoted:

Madhya Pradesh : Matrabhumi Kisan Beej Utpadak Cooperative Society, Sironj, Vidisha;Adarsh Kisan Beej Utpadak Cooperative Society, Atarikheda, Vidisha;Shri Yogeshwar Krishak Sahakarita Samuh, Bannad, Sagar; Nibodia SeedSociety Nibodia, Rahatgarh, Sagar; Garahakota Beej Utpadak CooperativeSociety, Garhakota, Sagar; Sothhia Beej Utpadak Cooperative Society,Jaisingh nagar, Sagar; Pradumna Seed Society, Tyonda, Vidisha;Samruddh Seed Society, Vardha, Vidisha and Samarth Seed Society,Vidisha. As these cooperative seed societies take up seed production ofboth kharif and rabi season crops, they earn handsome profit besidesmaking quality seed available to farmers.

Uttar Pradesh : Chaudgra Kisan Sewa Samiti, Chaudgra, Fatehpur and Krishak Beej VikasSamiti, Kuitkheda and Barhapur Kisan Sewa Samiti, Barhapur, KanpurDehat.

Maharashtra : Registration of village co-operative societies at Gorvha (Akola district)and Kotha (Yavatmal district) has been carried out by the farmers andthey were encouraged to go for hired storage space. Strong linkages havebeen established with MSSC Ltd. and seed growers in Akola and Yavatmal.

Andhra Pradesh : In several villages in Anantapur, farmers organized themselves into seedproducers’ societies to carry on the seed production and marketingactivities in the district. Some of these include the following: Groundnut

Year of start of seed Quantity of BS Quantities of different categories of seed available atproduction chain used (t) the end of 2009/10 cropping season (t)

FS CS TLS


Rythu Association for Seed Production (GRASP) in Kothapeta village,Anantapur Seed Federation (ASF) in Sivapuram village, AnantapurGroundnut Farmers’ Association (AGFA) in Y Kothapalli village,Anantapur Groundnut Farmers’ Association in Pampanur thanda villageand Venkateswara Groundnut Farmers’ Association in Pampanur village.In addition to these, in 230 villages in operational area of Accion Fraterna,5-8 Shahsya Mitra Groups each with 25-30 members plan, implement allactivities of village seed bank. Like Anantapur, farmers in Chittoor districthave also organized themselves into seed producers groups.

Orissa : Jageswari Krushak Club, Singhbrahmpur, Ghanteswari Self Help Group,Padampur (Only lady members) and Jay Kisan Seed Grower Association,Kukurimunda.


Annexure 1: Seed system models promoted in selected districts indifferent states in India.

Model seed system in operation in chickpea seed production in MP.

Model seed system in operation in chickpea andpigeonpea seed production in UP.


Model seed system in operation in pigeonpea seed production in MS.

Model seed system in operation in groundnut seed production in AP.


OUA&T model for formal / informal seed sector for groundnut seedproduction in Orissa


Annexure IX

‘Alagh Committee on WTO Impacts on Price Policies, 2003’

1) A Committee report placed in Parliament on the role of the Commission on AgriculturalCosts and Prices (CACP) in India to be reformulated in a WTO regime, had made thepoint of integrating price policy with tariff policies. (Alagh Committee on WTO Impactson Price Policies, 2003) on which recent decisions have been taken by the Government inJanuary 2009.

2) This Committee developed the concept of an ‘efficiency shifter’ with which Indianagriculture can move from a subsistence low yielding activity to a dynamic competitivesector capitalizing on the advantage of a peasantry which has historically proved itsenduring and hard working nature and the real resources with which the nation is endowed.

3) It argued that to make agriculture competitive, the farmer has to be supported in terms ofthe cost of production of efficient farming. “these costs monetize existing practices, meetthe immediate costs of technology and learning and are sometimes embodied in newinputs. Many of them are of immediate kind and after an initial thrust and support, thefarmer will compete on its own.” The capital cost for such an economy at the marginwould be higher than the historical costs. But current output costs would be lower per unitof output.”

4) The Committee also argued that a roadmap for principal crops not based on historicalcosts but opportunity costs at the margin be developed so that technological progress andIndia’s competitive advantage such as bright sunshine and cheap labour are given a freereign to play. It argued that India needs to develop a Road Map for each of the MajorCrops, which had to be WTO compatible and filling in the gap required by the “EfficiencyShifters”.

5) “The Government of India has now accepted a major recommendation of the AlaghCommittee and added to the Terms of Reference of the CACP by adding on to ToR n.2(iii) on the likely eff ects of price policy on the rest of the economy, the words“competitiveness of agriculture and agro-based commodities” and has added a new ToRentry “To effectively integrate the recommended non-price measures with pricerecommendations and to ensure competitive agriculture.”

6) A Road map it was argued is essential for each crop to reverse the profitability trends.Initial capital requirements of progressive farming, lead to costs around a sixth higher ascompared to the ‘average‘ procurement prices. Tariiff, tax and monetary policies mustmake the difference. (Alagh, 2003) Each region has to lobby with facts for its crops, withfacts.

7) Apparently the Government, or parts of it did not want tariffs to be integrated with pricepolicy in agriculture. It therefore did not agree with the Alagh Committee’s real concernthat integrated policy should be followed to give incentives for a competitive agriculture.The report keeps on even at the risk of being monotonous belabouring this point with


numerical examples. It takes crops, works out the efficient farmer set and shows howwithin tariff bounds, with some monetary policy built in (the Venugopal Reddy simulation)it is possible to hold the farmer’s hand for the transitional period in which he moves overto a lower cost per unit of output, not land, or in which global trade is modernized.It calls it ‘efficiency pricing’ ‘efficiency shifters’ or a variant of long range marginal costpricing, fully aware that it is not talking of industry. It does it again and again for it isaware of going into virgin territory. Anybody who reasons against it needed to do theserious home work.

8) There seemed to be sections of Government which didn’t want this.

i) Turf battles could be one reason.

ii) Policy coordination is always easy in a textbook and a report but normal personsdon’t like to give up power. Only the exceptional become more powerful by sheddingpower and coordinating for the larger good.

iii) Another reason could be the fear of rule based systems for then you are not seen asthe benefactor and this can be important.

iv) There is a trend in not having a chapter on perspectives in the Eleventh Plan and notaccepting the challenge of creating a medium term environment for a competitiveagriculture. But then there are real problems. For to have MSPs and separately freeimports is like pouring water in a leaking bucket. India did this at great cost a fewyears ago in the grain crisis period

v) Finally there could be the fear of the unknown. But we are going on uncharted territory.After the dithering of the Nineties we are doing a superb job in the WTO. Havingaccepted a trade dominated regime we will finally accept the challenge of the rationaltransition to it. The friendly ghost of the Alagh Committee will keep on coming backand will be exorcised only when we are fully competitive in our agriculture.

9) Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India placed a summary in Parliament in answerto an unstarred question. (GOI, 2005) “ The Honourable Home Minister, who was handlingthe intricacies of this subject, informed some press persons that the report was accepted.The PIB hand out detailing Government of India’s decisions (PIB, 2009) gives therecommendations accepted and goes out of the way for such handouts to list those whichare not accepted, suggesting that there are perhaps differences in perspectives in theGovernment itself. Also in such controversial matters experience is that recommendationsrejected once have an uncanny habit of coming back if they are based on reasoning.

10) Most of the recommendations on market based cost account categories to be used andwhere more work is to be done like credit periods, have been accepted. Also concepts andpolicies, not very common in the early part of this decade when this work was done likefutures, management and distribution costs, the need to accept flexibility in markets beyondthe APMC and newer groups like SHGs, producer companies and so on have beenreinforced. A remarkable advance is the acceptance by Government that the emergence ofa competitive agriculture will be the bedrock for its policy recommendations.

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