PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Submitted by

NAME: N.V.S.KALYAN ADMN. NO.: 2012JE1025

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD

Under the guidance of

Dr. M.P.CHAKRAVARTHY

M.Tech; Ph.D.

Project Manager (IPV’s),

Deputy Manager (PP & PM),

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.

Jul 2015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report on

PROJECT MANAGEMENT submitted by

Name : N.V.S.KALYAN

Admn. No. : 2012JE1025

College : Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad

Is a record of bonafide work carried out by him, under the

guidance and supervision during the period of 17th

June, 2015 to

16th

July,2015.

Dr. M.P.CHAKRAVARTHY

M.Tech; Ph.D.

Project Manager (IPV’s),

Deputy Manager (PP & PM),

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.

Acknowledgements

I express my deepest gratitude to my guide

Dr. M.P.Charkravarthy, for his sincere and invaluable guidance

which helped me to carry out this project work. Through discussions

and valuable suggestions he has enlightened me to a great extent and

it has been a distinct pleasure and privilege to work under his

guidance and I express my indebtness to him.

I am thankful to Sri. T.Sanyasi Rao, Deputy Manager, Training

Department, Hindustan Shipyard Limited, for his support.

I express my thanks to Mr. N. Sapthagiri and Mr. P. Sai

Jagadeesh for helping me with completion of the work.

(N.V.S.Kalyan)

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………….........

Page ii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………...

Page iii

NOMENCLATURE…………………………………………………

Page iv

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................

Page 1

2. CONSTRUCTION OF A SHIP……………………………...

Page 4

3. SHIP BUILDING COMPANIES IN INDIA………………...

Page 10

4. HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED –

VISAKHAPATNAM………………………………………….

Page 11

5. PROJECT……………………………………………………..

Page 16

6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT………………………………...

Page 18

7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN HSL……………………….

Page 21

8. REFERENCES……………………………………………......

Page 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.1: Ship………………………………………………………… Page 1

Fig.2: Flow Chart for the construction…………………………… Page 7

Fig.3: Iron Triangle……………………………………………….. Page 17

Fig.4: Level of Process Iteration vs. Time………………………... Page 18

Fig.5: Project Management Plans………………………………… Page 20

Fig.6: Correspondence……………………………………………. Page 21

Fig.7: Design Drawings Practice…………………………………. Page 23

Fig.8: Stage Payments……………………………………………. Page 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Machinery of Ship……………………………………… Page 5

Table 2 : Outfit equipment of Ship………………………………. Page 5

Table 3 : Electrical equipment of Ship…………………………… Page 6

Table 4 : Ship building companies in India……………………… Page 10

Table 5 : Facilities in Ship building division…………………….. Page 13

Table 6 : Facilities in Ship repair division……………………….. Page 14

NOMENCLATURE

ABS American Bureau of Shipping

DBs Distribution Boards

DNV Del Norske Veritas (Norway)

DWT Dead Weight Tonnage

ESB Emergency Switch Board

HSL Hindustan Shipyard Limited

IBS Integrated Bridge System

IMO Indian Maritime Organisation

IRS Indian Registry of Shipping

MARPOL Marine Pollution

MMD Merchantile Maritime Department

PMP Project Management Plan

SOLAS Safety Of Life At Sea

SWATH Small Water Plane Area Twin Hull

VPT Visakhapatnam Port Trust

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SHIP

A Ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats

based on size, shape, and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas and rivers

for a variety of activities such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment,

public safety and warfare. Historically, a ‘Ship’ was a sailing vessel with at least three

square- rigged masts and a full bowsprit.

Ships and Boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily

life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing

boats are used by millions of fisherman throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels

for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly

35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. As of 2011, there are about

101,304 ships with IMO numbers in the world.

Ships were always a key in history’s great explorations and scientific and

technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the

compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the

slave trade and have served scientific, cultural and humanitarian needs. After the 16th

century,

new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly

contributed to the world population growth. Ship transport has shaped the world’s economy

into today’s energy intensive pattern.

1.2 NOMENCLATURE

Fig.1: Ship

Main parts of Ship are –

(a) Smokestack or Funnel

(b) Stern

(c) Propeller and Rudder

(d) Portside (the right side is known as Starboard)

(e) Anchor

(f) Bulbous bow

(g) Bow

(h) Deck

(i) Superstructure

Ships can be usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship’s ability

to operate independently for extended periods. A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one

vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. Dinghies are carried on sailing yachts

as small as 35 feet, clearly not ship; this rule of thumb is not fool proof.

In the age of sail, a ‘Ship’ is a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts

and a full bowsprit and other types of vessels were also defined by their sail plan like barque,

brigantine and etc.

A number of large vessels are referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example.

Other types of large vessels which are traditionally called boats are Riverboats, Ferryboats

and Great Lakes Freighters. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes,

these vessels are designed for operation on island or protected coastal waters [1].

1.3 TYPES OF SHIPS

As ships are constructed according to the principles of naval architecture that require

same structural components, their classification is based on their function which requires

modification of the components. The categories generally accepted by the naval architects are

[1]:

(a) High speed craft:Multihulls including wave piercers, Small water plane area twin

hull (SWATH), Surface effect ships and Hovercrafts, Hydrofoil and Wing in

Ground effect craft (WIG).

(b) Off shore oil vessels:Platform supply vessels, Pipe layers, Accommodation and

Crane Barges, Non and Semi-Submersible drilling rigs, Production platforms,

Floating - production storage and Offloading units.

(c) Fishing vessels:Motorised fishing trawlers, Trap setters, Seiners, Long liners,

Trollers & Factory ships, traditional sailing and rowed fishing boats and vessels.

(d) Harbour work craft: Cable layers, Tug boats, Dredgers, Salvage vessels, Tenders,

Pilot boats, Floating Dry docks, Floating cranes and Lighter ship.

(e) Dry Cargo ships: Tramp freighters, Bulk carriers, Cargo liners, Container vessels,

Barge liners, Ro-Ro ships, Refrigerated Cargo ships, Timber, Livestock and Light

vehicle carriers.

(f) Liquid Cargo ships: Oil tankers, Liquefied Gas carriers and Chemical carriers.

(g) Passengers vessels:Liners, Cruise, Special trade passengers (STP) ships, Cross -

channel, coastal and harbour ferries, Luxury & Cruising yachts, Sail training and

Multi-mast ships.

(h) Recreational boats and craft: Rowed, Masted and Motorised crafts.

(i) Special purpose vessels: Weather and Research vessels, Deep Sea survey vessels

and Icebreakers.

(j) Submersibles:Industrial exploration, scientific research, Tourist & Hydrographic

survey.

(k) Warships:Surface combatants – deep and shallow draft and Submarines.

2. CONSTRUCTION OF A SHIP

For construction of a ship, its purpose plays a major role, as it decides the design,

machinery, structure and other constructional features. These all contribute for the ship’s

specifications which meet the requirement of the customer.

The design of the ship should be in such a way that it is optimized from all errors and

complexions and follow the standards as per the certified surveying like IRS, MMD, ABS or

DNV. The design should follow some important considerations like –

(a) The vessel shall have adequate future growth margin on weight.

(b) The vessel shall have appropriate Fire Sub-division to arrest the spread of fire.

(c) All compartments shall be given practicable escape routes.

(d) The vessel should withstand vertical acceleration and horizontal acceleration.

For Ship to be constructed according to the certified standards and above important

design aspects there is a requirement of various equipment, machinery, materials and

acceptances. For the construction of ship, important features like cruising speed, maximum

speed required, depth, overall length, length between perpendiculars, draught load, full

displacement of the ship and its general and special features are to be taken into

consideration.

The structure of the ship is completely based on its Hull structure and it plays a major

role. The Hull consists of ladders, bulkheads, floors, pillars, hatches, girders, gasoline tanks,

deck machinery, equipment and fittings and other hull equipment. The material used for the

hull is Structural Steel and deckhouse and other structural members is Aluminium Alloy /

Steel of class certified like ABS, IRS or DNV.The Shell Plating of Hull should be of class

rules or of the required thickness or more, as the hull handles the heavy anchor and larger

loads.

The following tables illustrate the machinery, outfit and electrical equipment required for the

construction of the ship:

MACHINERY

Main Engines

Gear Boxes

Monitoring & Control System and Remote Control System

Water Jets / Propellers

Air Compressors

Sewage Plant

Fresh Water Generator Reverse Osmosis

Fuel Oil Separators

Bilge Water Separators

Fixed Fire fighting& Sprinkle Systems

Hydrophore / Domestic Water Tanks

Centrifugal Pumps

Screw/Gear Pumps

Hand Pumps

Table 1: Machinery of Ship

OUTFIT EQUIPMENT

Anchors

Chain Cables

Anchor Capstans

Mooring Capstans

Articulated crane

Life Rafts

Water tight sliding doors

Paints

Flooring

Table 2: Outfit equipment of Ship

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Main switch board / ESB / DBs

Transformer rectifiers cum Battery chargers

Marine electrical cables

Visual signalling equipment

Search lights

Navigation lights

Navigation lights control panel

Marine transformers

ECR console

RADAR

AIS

Anemometer

Gyro compass

Echo sounder

Auto & Sound powered telephone system

Integrated Bridge system

Infrared Communications

Magnetic Compass

Auto-Pilot

Table 3: Electrical equipment of Ship

Procurement of

Material

Purchase Department &

Material department

Contract for construction of ship

Drawings

Production

Handing over of spares Tests & Trials

Delivery of Ship

Guarantee Period

Hull

Engineering

Outfit

Electrical

Harbour Acceptance

Trials

Sea Acceptance Trials

Fig.2: Flow Chart for ship construction

Design &

Drawing Office

After the construction of the ship according to the above specifications and with the

above machinery, materials and equipment, the ship will be accepted based on completion of

tests and trials. For acceptance of the ship the following trials are performed on the ship

sequentially –

(i) Factory Acceptance Trials (FAT)

(ii) Machinery Load Trials

(iii)Full power, Speed & Fuel consumption trials for Main Engine

(iv) Harbour Acceptance Trials (HAT)

(v) Sea Acceptance Trials (SAT): These trials on the ship include the following tests,

trials and surveys :

(a) Speed trials over a measured mile

(b) Endurance trials

(c) Steering trials

(d) Turning Circle trials

(e) Crash stop trials and Manoeuvring trials

(f) Anchor and Capstan trials

(g) Starting of Engines

(h) Testing of Communication / Navigation equipment

(i) Testing of RO Plant

(j) Fuel consumption trials

(k) Special tests and trials

(l) Noise survey

(m) EM log trials / Calibration

(n) Sewage disposal system

(o) Air conditioning and Ventilation

(p) Record of Hull and Machinery vibration

Even though the Ship is constructed according to the above design considerations and

with the machinery and equipment certified as per the class, the ship has to follow some

particular rules and regulations according some standard organisations. Some of such

organisations whose rules and regulations are to be followed for the construction of ship are –

(a) Rules and Regulations of American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)

(b) Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS) rules

(c) Indian Maritime Organisation (IMO) / Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulations

(d) Tonnage Measurement regulations of India / M.S. Tonnage Measurement rules /

International Tonnage Measurement regulations

(e) Convection on International Regulations for preventing Collisions at Sea

(f) Stability standards as per NES

3. SHIP BUILDING COMPANIES IN INDIA

COMPANY

PRODUCTS

Hindustan Shipyard,

Visakhapatnam

Bulk carriers, Offshore patrol

vessels, Passenger ships,

Warships, Tugs,IPVs, Dredgers,

Survey ships, Drill ships,

Offshore platforms and repairs of

submarines, warships and high-

tech oil rigs

Bharati Shipyard, Mumbai Jack up Rigs, Platform supply

vessels, Tugs, Deep sea fishing

vessels, Tankers and Cargo

vessels.

Cochin Shipyard, Cochin Tankers, Bulk carriers, Platform

supply vessels, Patrol boats,

Diving support vessels.

Goa Shipyard, Goa Tugs, Surface effect ships,

Hovercrafts, High speed

aluminium hulled vessels,

Pollution control vessels, Deep

sea commercial trawlers, Fish

factory vessels and Catamans.

Mazagon Dock Ltd.,

Mumbai

Naval Ships, Submarines,

Offshore platforms, Tankers,

Bulk carriers, Platform supply

vessels and Patrol boats.

Garden Reach Shipbuilders

& Engineers, Kolkata

Naval Ships, Tankers, Bulk

carriers and Platform supply

vessels.

ABG Shipyard, Ahmedabad Self-loading and Self-

discharging bulk carriers,

Container ships, Floating cranes,

Split barges, Anchor handling

tugs, Dynamic positioning ships,

Offshore supply vessels and

Diving support vessels [2].

Table 4: Ship building companies in India

4. HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED – VISAKHAPATNAM

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. is strategically located on the East Coast of Indian Peninsula

at Visakhapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Originally the organisation was setup under

private management in 1941, later it came under the Government of India in 1952 as

‘Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.’. The Shipyard functions under the administration of Ministry of

Shipping, Road and Transport of the Government of India. Since its inception, it has been

playing a key role in building up the nation’s maritime length. The registered office of the

company is located at New Delhi. A full time Chairman & Managing Director with

headquarters at Visakhapatnam is the Chief Executive of the Company’s corporate policy and

all important matters and affairs are dealt by the Board of Directors. The Board constitutes of

senior officials or civil servants drawn from Ministry of Finance and officials of other

departments or agencies of the Government.

The Government on 22nd

January, 2009 approved the transfer of the Hindustan

Shipyard Limited (HSL) from the Ministry of Shipping to the Ministry of Defence for

meeting the national security requirements of building strategic vessels for the Navy. This

transfer allowed the shipyard to provide exclusive support to the Arihant class nuclear

submarine construction program for the Indian Navy. To meet the merchant shipping

requirements of shipbuilding, the government had accorded to the approval of setting a

shipyard of international standards to the Ministry of Shipping.

With the HSL coming directly under the Ministry of Defence, the shipyard is

expected to be the base for building Advanced Technology Vessels and probably for the

second line of submarine sanctioned under Project 75 India. Project 75 envisages building of

6 French Scorpion Submarines, now under construction at the Mazagon Dock Ltd (MDL),

Mumbai. Besides MDL, the other two public sector defence undertaking shipyards are

Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd (GRSE) and Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL).

4.1 HISTORY

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. formerly known as Scindia Shipyard owes its existence to

late. Shri. Walchand Hirachand, who as the Chairman of Scindia Steam Navigation Company

Ltd, was responsible for the launching of this venture. The site at Visakhapatnam which met

the varied requirements to a very marked degree was selected on the basis of

recommendations of M/s Alexander Gibb & Partners Consulting Engineers, United Kingdom.

The foundation stone was laid by the first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 21st

June, 1941. The keel of the first ocean going vessel was laid in June 1946 and the first 8000

DWT steam ship ‘Jala Usha’ was launched on 14th

March, 1948 by late. Pandit Jawaharlal

Nehru. After 8 months, the second vessel ‘Jala Prabha’ was launched by Sardar Vallabhai

Patel.

After building 8 ships of the ‘Jala’ series to talling to 36105 GRT, the Scindia

Company was unable to finance either the construction of ship or the development of

shipyard without the State assistance. Considering the national and strategic importance of

the ship building industry and in view of the hesitant private enterprise to take the risks

involved in its development, the Government of India acquired a major interest in the

shipyard by promoting a new company Hindustan Shipyard Ltd on 21st January, 1952. The

Government of India held two-thirds of the share while the balance of one-third was held by

the Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. The new company took over the management of

the shipyard on 1st March, 1952. In July, 1961 the shares held by the Scindia Steam

Navigation Company Ltd were also acquired by the Government and since then Hindustan

Shipyard Ltd is fully owned and managed by the Government of India.

With assistance of a French firm of consultants, Messer Anenyme Des Atelier

Chaintiera Deal Leire, Paris, a development plan was implemented. This included the

expansion of the yard from 56 acres to 72 acres, completion of a large prefabrication shop,

augmentation of crane arrangements, addition of 2 building berths, commissioning of a

galvanizing plant and etc.

Simultaneously, automatic and semi-automatic welding equipment were introduced

on a large scale to replace the slow traditional and out dated riveting method of hull

construction with more advanced and faster techniques of welding. The development

programs, which cost about Rs. 295 lakhs was successfully implemented in two phases in the

first and second five year plan.

4.2 MODERNISATION

To enable Hindustan Shipyard Ltd to serve to the growing needs of maritime industry

a massive expansion and modernisation program at a cost of Rs. 80 crores was undertaken

during 1981-86 with technical consultation from M/s Livescy & Henderson, United Kingdom

and M/s Seadrec, Scotland.

At present the yard is capable of constructing ships with 53000 DWT at a rate of

around 7 per annum with its modern equipment and along with other infrastructure facilities.

The objectives of modernisation and expansion are as follows –

(a) To achieve an output of 6 to 7 ships amounting to about 53000 DWT per annum.

(b) To increase the utilisation of steel to around 30000 tonnes per annum.

(c) To achieve substantial reduction in the ship building cycle time.

(d) To reduce cost of construction.

(e) To update technology.

(f) To eliminate present constraints and facilitate building of bigger vessels up to

45000 DWT.

4.3 DIVISIONS

HSL has the following divisions –

(a) Ship building Division

(b) Ship repair Division

(c) Retrofit Division

(d) Offshore Platform Division

(e) Structural Fabrication Division

SHIP BUILDING DIVISION

DOCKS SIZE CAPACITY CRANES

Covered Building

Dock

240 x 53 x 11.25 m 80000 DWT 300 tons

Slipway No. 1 140 x 22.7 m 15000 DWT 100 & 60 tons

Slipway No. 2 195 x 28 m 30000 DWT 2 x 45 tons &

1 x 35 tons

Slipway No. 3 195 x 28 m 30000 DWT 2 x 45 tons &

1 x 35 tons

Outfitting Jetty 460 m All ships 1 x 120 tons,

1 x 50 tons &

1 x 25 tons

Table 5: Facilities in Ship building division

SHIP REPAIR DIVISION

FACILITY SIZE CAPACITY CRANES SERVICES

Dry Dock 244 x 38 x 12 m 70000 DWT 2 x 40 tons &

2 x 10 tons

High pressure water jet

cleaning

Grit blasting

Dynamic balancing

Large scale steel

renewals

Repairs of all types of

vessels, Drill rigs &

Naval vessels

Wet basin 226 x 75 x 10 m 70000 DWT 1 x 45 tons,

1 x 20 tons &

1 x 10 tons

Repair

Dolphin

150 m 20000 DWT 1 x 20 tons

Table 6: Facilities in Ship repair division

4.3.1 Retrofit Division:An exclusive division was added in the year 1995 to undertake

medium repair of Submarines. Presently, Ministry of Defence has nominated HIS for

undertaking medium repairs and modernisation of 877 EKM submarines and thereafter

graduated construction of Submarines at HSL.

4.3.2 Offshore Platform Division:It has been engaged in the construction of platforms,

jackets and other related structures. It has well established and experienced production

organisation with adequate facilities and is supported by necessary expertise division of the

following –

(a) Planning

(b) Purchase

(c) Production

(d) Quality Assessment and Quality Control

4.3.3 Structural Fabrication Division:HSL has diversified its activities into industrial

structures of –

(a) Railway Bridge Girders

(b) Pipes of the flow out of dredged materials

(c) Steel structure construction for process plants

4.4 MILESTONES OF HSL

1941 – Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the President of Indian National Congress, laid

foundation stone on 21st June 1941 for Scindia Shipyard at Visakhapatnam.

1946 – For the first time JALA USHA, a ship of 8000 DWT was launched by Sir

Jawaharlal Nehru.

1948 – Completion of 100,000 GRT with the delivery of M.V. JALA VEERA, the

23rd

vessel.

1961 – HSL became a fully government owned enterprise in July.

1962 – Awarded certificate of honour by the President of India for the satisfactory

performance during the year 1961-62.

1969 – Integrated development program at 8.25 crores was sanctioned.

1971 – Commissioning of Hindustan Dry Dock for ship repairs.

1972 – Training ship RAJENDRA was handed over to Smt. Indira Gandhi, Prime

Minister of India.

1976 – Commissioning of Wet basin adjacent to dry dock for float repairs.

1983 – Laying of foundation stone for the building dock by Sri. Vijaya Bhaskar

Reddy, Minister for Shipping and Transport.

1983 – Inauguration of stage 2 development program by MOS&T.

1985 – Inauguration of offshore construction platform yard by Sri. Gnani Zail Singh,

President of India.

1987 – Inauguration of new covered building dock for construction of ships up to

50000 DWT.

1987 – Delivery of highly sophisticated drill ship SAGAR BHUSHAN to ONGC.

1992 – Float out of the first vessel from the building dock.

1993 – First time oil flown southern region (Godavari Basin) through platforms built

by HSL.

1999 – First time built and delivered the biggest passenger cum cargo vessel.

2000 – Delivery of M.V.TAILNADU, the largest vessel built by HSL.

2004 – First major repair of jack up oil rig SAGAR PRAGATI for ONGC.

2005 – Modernisation and Medium Refit of INS SINDHU KIRTHI, 877 EKM

Submarine.

5. PROJECT

A Project is a sequence of unique, complex and connected activities having one goal

or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, and according to

specification [3]. It is different from Operations and Program. The Operations of an

organization are continuing and repetitive activities that are executed to achieve its mission

and sustain the business, without a definable end to their performance and output whereas a

Program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits.

Hence, a Project can be redefined as temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique

product, service, or result.

Characteristics of a Project are as follows –

(a) Temporary Endeavour: To be temporary signifies that there is a discrete and

definable commencement and conclusion.

(b) Unique Deliverable:The uniqueness of the deliverable, whether it is a product,

service, or result,requires a special approach in that there may not be a pre-

existing blueprint for the project’s execution and there may not be a need to

repeat the project once it is completed. Uniqueness does not mean that there are

not similarities to other projects, but that the scope for a particular project has

deliverables that must be produced within constraints, through risks, with specific

resources, at a specific place, and within a certain period; therefore, the process to

produce the deliverable is always unique.

(c) Progressive Elaboration:It is the revealing and focusing of details through time.

Projects are limited by their product quality and process quality requirements. The

main constraints of a project are Cost, Time and Resource availability. These constrain the

Scope & Quality of a Project as Iron Triangle. The relationship among these factors is such

that if any one of the three factors change, at least one other factor is likely to beaffected.

These three constraints are very important because all these contribute to the major parts of

the Project like Cost contributes for mostly the labour cost, hardware, software and training;

Time includes working period and delivery and Resources includes people (skills), facilities,

equipment, infrastructure and many other important aspects. In reality, one can control and

manage any two of these constraints and not all three [4].

Fig.3: Iron Triangle

Projects, by definition, have a beginning and an end. They also have defined

Phasesbetween the project kickoff and project closeout. A Phase represents a grouping of

similaractivities that has a very loosely defined beginning and end. Phases are also

typicallysequential, where the prior phase is essentially complete before the beginning of the

nextphase. Phases do not have clear-cut end dates and some activities in an early phase of

theproject will continue into the later phases. This is in contrast to project beginning

andending dates and milestone dates, which do have clearly defined dates with the

expectationthat these dates will be met [5].

6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Project management is the process of the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and

techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. That is, project management is

an interrelated group of processes that enables the projectteam to achieve a successful project.

These processes manage inputs to and produce outputs from specific activities; the

progression from input to output isthe nucleus of project management and requires

integration and iteration.

More over Project Management is just the management of Project Processes, which

are required to manage the inputs and deliver the outputs. The Project Processes constitutes –

(a) Initiating:defines and authorizes the project or a project phase.

(b) Planning:defines and refinesobjectives and plans the course of action required to

attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.

(c) Executing:integrates peopleand other resources to carry out the project

management plan for the project.

(d) Monitoring and Controlling:regularly measures and monitors progress toidentify

variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken

when necessary to meet project objectives.

(e) Closing: formalizesacceptance of the product, service, or result and brings the

project or a project phase to an orderly end.

The Level of Interaction, like relative depth, breadth and interrelation, between these

project processes are indicated by the below graph -

Fig.4: Level of Process Iteration vs. Time

Several significant observations regarding the nature of project management can be made

from this figure. The breadth or range of project management is comprehensive—that is, it

begins with Initiating and continues through Closing; these processes are coincident with the

start and end of the specific project itself, respectively. Monitoring and Controlling occur

throughout the duration of the project and have a range relatively similar to that of Executing.

Indicating a project’s temporary nature and the importance of the timing of the deliverable,

Closing begins relatively shortly after Initiating concludes. Planning and Monitoring and

Controlling have a collective depth similar to that of Executing, illustrating that these

activities require a level of effort and have an implicationsimilar to that of constructing the

product, providing the service, or producing theresult.

Project management process groups are not project phases. In fact, the process groups

may need to be repeated for each phase, such as study, programming, engineering,

procurement, construction, and commissioning. A process group or project phase is not

discrete; they are interdependent and require integration [4].

For the Project Management to be efficient, it requires an effective Project

Management Plan (PMP). A Project Management Plan is a fundamental tool for the project

manager to deliver the project successfully. This plan is nothing but a strategic and

formalized roadmap to accomplish the project’s objectives by describing how the project is to

beexecuted, monitored and controlled, which includes creating a project workbreakdown

structure, identifying and planning to mitigate risk, identifyingmanners in which to

effectively communicate with stakeholders and other projectteam members, and developing a

plan to manage changes. This Project Management Plan can be of different patterns

according to the Project Processes and their implementation. Some of the common

Management Plans are as follows [3] –

(a) Traditional PMP: Follows the linear, waterfall model.

(b) Incremental planning PMP: Delivers the project in incremental stages and reduces

risk of delivering everything at once.

(c) Iterative planning PMP: Allows project to evolve as understanding increases and

management and stakeholder expectations / operational challenges to be clarified.

(d) Adaptive planning PMP: Project is planned in cycles and allows project purpose

& goals to evolve as project proceeds.

(e) Extreme planning PMP: Involves users and client in constant input / review of

requirements andneeds small group of project team working closely.

Monitor

& Control

Close

Increment

Close

Project

Linear:- Scope

Y

N

Y

Plan

Iterative:-

Y

Launch

Adaptive:-

Monitor

& Control

Extreme:-

Close

Project

Incremental:- Scope Plan Launch

Increment

Monitor &

Control

Next

Increment

Scope Plan

Iteration

N

N

LaunchIt

eration

Monitor &

Control

Close

Iteration

Next

Iteration

Close

Project

N

Scope

PlanCycle

LaunchCycle

Monitor &

Control

Close Cycle

Next

Cycle

Close

Project

Scope

Phase

Plan

Phase

LaunchPhase

Close

Phase

Next

Phase

Close

Project

Y

Fig.5: Project Management Plans

7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN HSL

In Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Project Management plays a vital role in achievement of

the Project of construction of Ship successfully. The Project Management department acts

like a bridge or communication between the Customer and HSL (Builder). It plays a vital role

in maintaining healthy relations between the Customer and HSL. It delivers the information

regarding the customer requirements or any other to the HSL and again delivers the

information on HSL’s correspondence to the customer’s request.

Not even between the Customer and HSL, it also plays a major role in organising and

inspecting the works of concerned departments, so as to complete the work in time. It also

plays a major role in interaction between the departments, so that they can coordinate their

work depending on the remaining department’s work. Many departments of HSL work for

the successful completion of project. Of all the departments of HSL, the following

departments are responsible for the completion of work or project in time, cost and according

to the labour or technology availability. They are –

(a) Design & Drawing office

(b) Planning

(c) Production

(d) Purchase

(e) Material

(f) Inspection

(g) Quality control

(h) Finance

HSL

Departments

Customer /

Owner

Project Manager (Project

Management Department)

Information

Approvals,

Objections

and others

Information

Requirement

s

Fig.6: Correspondence

Each and every department does work that directly or indirectly relates to the

completion of work. Production and Design departments are directly responsible for the

construction of the vessel as per the customer requirement, Purchase and Inspection

departments are directly responsible for the material procurement and its quality verification

and indirectly responsible for the construction of vessel, Quality Control is directly

responsible for the maintenance of the quality of vessel constructed as it is first aspect that

any customer requires and finally Finance is responsible for the money transactions between

the HSL and customer. Of all these individual roles of different departments, Project

Management department is the one, indirectly responsible for the construction of entire vessel

because it coordinates the work between these departments and intimates, oversees and

organises the work to be finished by the concerned department.

The work of Project Manager is more over nothing but paper work and

communication between departments and customer & builder, but those play a key role in

successful achievement of project or the construction. Some of the typical works that are

under Project Manager in HSL are:

(a) Approval for Design Drawings and their practice:As we know that the

construction of ship should be done according to the class approval, so the

drawings and design of every part of the ship should be sent for approval to the

concerned class and this has to be done by the Design & Drawing Office. The

Project Manager makes sure that the Design & Drawing Office has sent their

drawings for class approval and if not, he gathers information for the delay and

makes sure to happen it in a little extended time. Later after the approval of

drawings, Design & Drawing Office has to send the drawings to the Planning

department for making the internal work order. Project Manager makes sure that

these drawings, after the preparation of schedule, are passed on to the Production

department for the initiation of the work. Later after the work is initiated by the

concerned production departments, Project Manager makes sure that the

contractors/workers are using the revised drawings for the construction and if not,

he makes sure that the contractors/workers get the revised drawings for

construction of ship.

(b) Stage Payment:In HSL, the payment for the contract of construction takes place

in several stages like 10. These stage payments are released if particular

conditions were fulfilled by the builder like –

1. Placing of order for the materials and other requirements for the construction.

2. Documentary proof for the orders placed for Engines, Propulsion and

Generators.

3. Finalisation of Building specifications and General Arrangement drawings.

4. Submissionof drawings.

5. Erection of Hull.

6. Completion of seating for main machinery and equipment.

7. Completion of installation of machinery, equipment and fitting.

Purchase Project Management

Production

Hull shop

Pre-

Fabrication

Erection

Welding

Hull Outfit

Rigging

Plumbing

Engineering

Electrical

Design &

Drawing

office

Design & Drawing

Office

Class &Customer

Approval

Production

Hull shop

Pre-Fab.

Erection

Welding

Hull Outfit

Rigging

Plumbing

Engineering

Electrical

Planning

Fig.8: Stage Payments

Customer

Fig.7: Design Drawings Practice

Stage Payment bills

Release of Stage

Payment

HSL

Finance

Contractors /

Production Engineers

8. Completion of Harbour Acceptance Trials (HAT).

9. Completion of Customer Sea Trials (CST).

Excluding above all conditions there is one important condition that should

be fulfilled by the builder, so that the customer will release the final stage

payment in any of the contract, i.e Completion of Guarantee period and

liquidation of all liabilities.

The above conditions are to be fulfilled by the concerned departments like

Purchase, Production (Hull Shop, Fabrication, Hull Outfit, Engineering and

Electrical dept.’s), Design & Drawing Office and others. The Project Manager

makes sure that these works mentioned were completed by the departments and

forwards the information regarding fulfilment of the conditions to the Finance

department, so that they intimate it to the Customer for the release of the

particular stage payment.

(c) Workmanship: The Project Manager has to see whether the man power deployed

is sufficient for that day’s work and also is well experienced so that they can

complete the work in assigned time. If the workers/contractors are facing

problems in respect to design issues or material and production issues, the Project

Manager has to intimate to the concerned department for arrangement of the

drawings and material required by the workers/contractors for their smooth

completion of work. Also, Project Manager has to send a monthly report on

ongoing vessel as per contract, regarding the workmanship, key events and status

of ship construction, to the Customer for their knowledge.

(d) Extension of Delivery date:If there is delay in delivery, the Project Manager has

to know the reasons behind the delay and assess them to make sure the work can

be completed in some extended period beyond original delivery date and make a

note regarding it to the Planning department for forwarding it to the Customer’s

approval, so that penalty for the delay can be avoided.

(e) Builder Risk Insurance (BRI) policy: If the delivery is extended by some period

of time, the Project Manager has to make a detailed set of information regarding

the delay, approval from competent authority and revised delivery dates and

forward it to the Insurance Company for the extension of Insurance policy period,

so that if any accidents occur in the extension period there will be capital

assurance by the Insurance Company.

(f) Spares Management:As per contract, on board spares of equipment should be

supplied to the ship. The Project Manager has to check whether the on board

spares are supplied according to the contract items list, if not he has to make a

note to the Purchase department for procure the spares.

(g) Survey:During the construction, general survey happens after completion of

particular work. This survey includes Fit-up survey, Dry survey, Hose test and

Pressure test. These surveys are first conducted by Quality department and later

again conducted by Class and Customer. Project Manager has to make a note on

the remarks of the tests conducted and forward the remarks to the concerned

departments and should organise and oversee the work for their rectification.

(h) Tests & Trials:

a) Harbour Trials:Trials are conducted on Main Engines, Water Jet Propulsion

and Integrated Bridge System (IBS) of the ship, at the Harbour or Jetty, for

ensuring their efficient performance. Project Manager has to check for any

remarks during these tests and forward the details to the concerned

departments and should organise and oversee the work for their rectification.

b) Sea Trials:For the conducting Sea trials, the constructed vessel has to be

placed at sea from the harbour and this is done by dragging the vessel with a

tug. Project Manager has to make a request to the Visakhapatnam Port Trust

(VPT) for the arrangement of the tug for the sea trials. After placing the vessel

at sea, trials like Speed trials, Endurance trials, Steering trials, Turning Circle

trials, Crash stop trials and Manoeuvring trials, Anchor and Capstan trials,

Starting of Engines, Testing of Communication / Navigation equipment,

Testing of RO Plant, Fuel consumption trials, Noise survey, EM log trials are

conducted. These trials are to be conducted in the presence of customer, class

and builder. Project Manager is responsible for their presence at the time of

these trials and has to make remarks regarding these trials and notify it to

concerned departments and also should check whether the work is done for

their rectification.

(i) Delivery of the Vessel:Some of the items and accessories, as per contract

requirement, may not be available at the time of delivery. Project Manager has to

make a list of all the unavailable items and accessories, those are to be supplied to

the vessel at the time of delivery, and make a protocol, regarding the dispersal of

the items and accessories, between the builder and customer. And later he has to

intimate to the concerned department for the dispersal of particular item to the

customer.

(j) Guarantee:Builder should provide guarantee for a period of 12 months, for

mechanical / electrical / electronic installation, equipment’s fittings, piping and

all other items used in the vessel. If any defects arise, customer will notify

regarding defect or claim under his guarantee period, to the builder. Planning

department assess the claims from customer for guarantee and forwards the

information for inspection to concerned production departments. Production

departments will check for the claims and if they are any defects due to

consequential damages or caused by fire or accident or effect of perils at sea or

negligence on part of customer, those won’t be considered under guarantee. This

information regarding guarantee and non-guarantee defects will be sent to the

Planning department. Planning department assess the data and contacts concerned

production department for the rectification of guarantee defects only and

information regarding the non-guarantee defects will forwarded to the customer.

The entire details regarding the guarantee, non-guarantee and their rectification

will be forwarded to the Project Manager for information.

(k) Risk Management: If there are any modifications done to the vessel for reduction

of weight, piping design, machinery seating and other constructional features,

Project Manager has to make report on these modifications and should forward

the report to the concerned departments during the construction of other vessels,

so that risk for modifications and capital loss can be avoided.

8. REFERENCES

[1] www.wikipedia.org,“Ship”.

[2] www.wikipedia.org, “Ship building companies in India”.

[3] M/s UC DavisOrganisational Excellence, “Introduction to Project Management:

Principles, Techniques and Tools”, 2013, 8-13.

[4] M/s U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, “Reclamation-Managing

Water in the West”, 2014, 2-7.

[5] www.saylor.org, “Project Management - From Simple to Complex”,2013, 73-74.