PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Submitted by
NAME: N.V.S.KALYAN ADMN. NO.: 2012JE1025
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, DHANBAD
Under the guidance of
Dr. M.P.CHAKRAVARTHY
M.Tech; Ph.D.
Project Manager (IPV’s),
Deputy Manager (PP & PM),
Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.
Jul 2015
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report on
PROJECT MANAGEMENT submitted by
Name : N.V.S.KALYAN
Admn. No. : 2012JE1025
College : Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
Is a record of bonafide work carried out by him, under the
guidance and supervision during the period of 17th
June, 2015 to
16th
July,2015.
Dr. M.P.CHAKRAVARTHY
M.Tech; Ph.D.
Project Manager (IPV’s),
Deputy Manager (PP & PM),
Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.
Acknowledgements
I express my deepest gratitude to my guide
Dr. M.P.Charkravarthy, for his sincere and invaluable guidance
which helped me to carry out this project work. Through discussions
and valuable suggestions he has enlightened me to a great extent and
it has been a distinct pleasure and privilege to work under his
guidance and I express my indebtness to him.
I am thankful to Sri. T.Sanyasi Rao, Deputy Manager, Training
Department, Hindustan Shipyard Limited, for his support.
I express my thanks to Mr. N. Sapthagiri and Mr. P. Sai
Jagadeesh for helping me with completion of the work.
(N.V.S.Kalyan)
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………….........
Page ii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………...
Page iii
NOMENCLATURE…………………………………………………
Page iv
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................
Page 1
2. CONSTRUCTION OF A SHIP……………………………...
Page 4
3. SHIP BUILDING COMPANIES IN INDIA………………...
Page 10
4. HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED –
VISAKHAPATNAM………………………………………….
Page 11
5. PROJECT……………………………………………………..
Page 16
6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT………………………………...
Page 18
7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN HSL……………………….
Page 21
8. REFERENCES……………………………………………......
Page 27
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1: Ship………………………………………………………… Page 1
Fig.2: Flow Chart for the construction…………………………… Page 7
Fig.3: Iron Triangle……………………………………………….. Page 17
Fig.4: Level of Process Iteration vs. Time………………………... Page 18
Fig.5: Project Management Plans………………………………… Page 20
Fig.6: Correspondence……………………………………………. Page 21
Fig.7: Design Drawings Practice…………………………………. Page 23
Fig.8: Stage Payments……………………………………………. Page 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Machinery of Ship……………………………………… Page 5
Table 2 : Outfit equipment of Ship………………………………. Page 5
Table 3 : Electrical equipment of Ship…………………………… Page 6
Table 4 : Ship building companies in India……………………… Page 10
Table 5 : Facilities in Ship building division…………………….. Page 13
Table 6 : Facilities in Ship repair division……………………….. Page 14
NOMENCLATURE
ABS American Bureau of Shipping
DBs Distribution Boards
DNV Del Norske Veritas (Norway)
DWT Dead Weight Tonnage
ESB Emergency Switch Board
HSL Hindustan Shipyard Limited
IBS Integrated Bridge System
IMO Indian Maritime Organisation
IRS Indian Registry of Shipping
MARPOL Marine Pollution
MMD Merchantile Maritime Department
PMP Project Management Plan
SOLAS Safety Of Life At Sea
SWATH Small Water Plane Area Twin Hull
VPT Visakhapatnam Port Trust
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SHIP
A Ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats
based on size, shape, and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas and rivers
for a variety of activities such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment,
public safety and warfare. Historically, a ‘Ship’ was a sailing vessel with at least three
square- rigged masts and a full bowsprit.
Ships and Boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily
life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing
boats are used by millions of fisherman throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels
for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly
35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. As of 2011, there are about
101,304 ships with IMO numbers in the world.
Ships were always a key in history’s great explorations and scientific and
technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the
compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the
slave trade and have served scientific, cultural and humanitarian needs. After the 16th
century,
new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly
contributed to the world population growth. Ship transport has shaped the world’s economy
into today’s energy intensive pattern.
1.2 NOMENCLATURE
Fig.1: Ship
Main parts of Ship are –
(a) Smokestack or Funnel
(b) Stern
(c) Propeller and Rudder
(d) Portside (the right side is known as Starboard)
(e) Anchor
(f) Bulbous bow
(g) Bow
(h) Deck
(i) Superstructure
Ships can be usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship’s ability
to operate independently for extended periods. A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one
vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. Dinghies are carried on sailing yachts
as small as 35 feet, clearly not ship; this rule of thumb is not fool proof.
In the age of sail, a ‘Ship’ is a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts
and a full bowsprit and other types of vessels were also defined by their sail plan like barque,
brigantine and etc.
A number of large vessels are referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example.
Other types of large vessels which are traditionally called boats are Riverboats, Ferryboats
and Great Lakes Freighters. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes,
these vessels are designed for operation on island or protected coastal waters [1].
1.3 TYPES OF SHIPS
As ships are constructed according to the principles of naval architecture that require
same structural components, their classification is based on their function which requires
modification of the components. The categories generally accepted by the naval architects are
[1]:
(a) High speed craft:Multihulls including wave piercers, Small water plane area twin
hull (SWATH), Surface effect ships and Hovercrafts, Hydrofoil and Wing in
Ground effect craft (WIG).
(b) Off shore oil vessels:Platform supply vessels, Pipe layers, Accommodation and
Crane Barges, Non and Semi-Submersible drilling rigs, Production platforms,
Floating - production storage and Offloading units.
(c) Fishing vessels:Motorised fishing trawlers, Trap setters, Seiners, Long liners,
Trollers & Factory ships, traditional sailing and rowed fishing boats and vessels.
(d) Harbour work craft: Cable layers, Tug boats, Dredgers, Salvage vessels, Tenders,
Pilot boats, Floating Dry docks, Floating cranes and Lighter ship.
(e) Dry Cargo ships: Tramp freighters, Bulk carriers, Cargo liners, Container vessels,
Barge liners, Ro-Ro ships, Refrigerated Cargo ships, Timber, Livestock and Light
vehicle carriers.
(f) Liquid Cargo ships: Oil tankers, Liquefied Gas carriers and Chemical carriers.
(g) Passengers vessels:Liners, Cruise, Special trade passengers (STP) ships, Cross -
channel, coastal and harbour ferries, Luxury & Cruising yachts, Sail training and
Multi-mast ships.
(h) Recreational boats and craft: Rowed, Masted and Motorised crafts.
(i) Special purpose vessels: Weather and Research vessels, Deep Sea survey vessels
and Icebreakers.
(j) Submersibles:Industrial exploration, scientific research, Tourist & Hydrographic
survey.
(k) Warships:Surface combatants – deep and shallow draft and Submarines.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF A SHIP
For construction of a ship, its purpose plays a major role, as it decides the design,
machinery, structure and other constructional features. These all contribute for the ship’s
specifications which meet the requirement of the customer.
The design of the ship should be in such a way that it is optimized from all errors and
complexions and follow the standards as per the certified surveying like IRS, MMD, ABS or
DNV. The design should follow some important considerations like –
(a) The vessel shall have adequate future growth margin on weight.
(b) The vessel shall have appropriate Fire Sub-division to arrest the spread of fire.
(c) All compartments shall be given practicable escape routes.
(d) The vessel should withstand vertical acceleration and horizontal acceleration.
For Ship to be constructed according to the certified standards and above important
design aspects there is a requirement of various equipment, machinery, materials and
acceptances. For the construction of ship, important features like cruising speed, maximum
speed required, depth, overall length, length between perpendiculars, draught load, full
displacement of the ship and its general and special features are to be taken into
consideration.
The structure of the ship is completely based on its Hull structure and it plays a major
role. The Hull consists of ladders, bulkheads, floors, pillars, hatches, girders, gasoline tanks,
deck machinery, equipment and fittings and other hull equipment. The material used for the
hull is Structural Steel and deckhouse and other structural members is Aluminium Alloy /
Steel of class certified like ABS, IRS or DNV.The Shell Plating of Hull should be of class
rules or of the required thickness or more, as the hull handles the heavy anchor and larger
loads.
The following tables illustrate the machinery, outfit and electrical equipment required for the
construction of the ship:
MACHINERY
Main Engines
Gear Boxes
Monitoring & Control System and Remote Control System
Water Jets / Propellers
Air Compressors
Sewage Plant
Fresh Water Generator Reverse Osmosis
Fuel Oil Separators
Bilge Water Separators
Fixed Fire fighting& Sprinkle Systems
Hydrophore / Domestic Water Tanks
Centrifugal Pumps
Screw/Gear Pumps
Hand Pumps
Table 1: Machinery of Ship
OUTFIT EQUIPMENT
Anchors
Chain Cables
Anchor Capstans
Mooring Capstans
Articulated crane
Life Rafts
Water tight sliding doors
Paints
Flooring
Table 2: Outfit equipment of Ship
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Main switch board / ESB / DBs
Transformer rectifiers cum Battery chargers
Marine electrical cables
Visual signalling equipment
Search lights
Navigation lights
Navigation lights control panel
Marine transformers
ECR console
RADAR
AIS
Anemometer
Gyro compass
Echo sounder
Auto & Sound powered telephone system
Integrated Bridge system
Infrared Communications
Magnetic Compass
Auto-Pilot
Table 3: Electrical equipment of Ship
Procurement of
Material
Purchase Department &
Material department
Contract for construction of ship
Drawings
Production
Handing over of spares Tests & Trials
Delivery of Ship
Guarantee Period
Hull
Engineering
Outfit
Electrical
Harbour Acceptance
Trials
Sea Acceptance Trials
Fig.2: Flow Chart for ship construction
Design &
Drawing Office
After the construction of the ship according to the above specifications and with the
above machinery, materials and equipment, the ship will be accepted based on completion of
tests and trials. For acceptance of the ship the following trials are performed on the ship
sequentially –
(i) Factory Acceptance Trials (FAT)
(ii) Machinery Load Trials
(iii)Full power, Speed & Fuel consumption trials for Main Engine
(iv) Harbour Acceptance Trials (HAT)
(v) Sea Acceptance Trials (SAT): These trials on the ship include the following tests,
trials and surveys :
(a) Speed trials over a measured mile
(b) Endurance trials
(c) Steering trials
(d) Turning Circle trials
(e) Crash stop trials and Manoeuvring trials
(f) Anchor and Capstan trials
(g) Starting of Engines
(h) Testing of Communication / Navigation equipment
(i) Testing of RO Plant
(j) Fuel consumption trials
(k) Special tests and trials
(l) Noise survey
(m) EM log trials / Calibration
(n) Sewage disposal system
(o) Air conditioning and Ventilation
(p) Record of Hull and Machinery vibration
Even though the Ship is constructed according to the above design considerations and
with the machinery and equipment certified as per the class, the ship has to follow some
particular rules and regulations according some standard organisations. Some of such
organisations whose rules and regulations are to be followed for the construction of ship are –
(a) Rules and Regulations of American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
(b) Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS) rules
(c) Indian Maritime Organisation (IMO) / Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulations
(d) Tonnage Measurement regulations of India / M.S. Tonnage Measurement rules /
International Tonnage Measurement regulations
(e) Convection on International Regulations for preventing Collisions at Sea
(f) Stability standards as per NES
3. SHIP BUILDING COMPANIES IN INDIA
COMPANY
PRODUCTS
Hindustan Shipyard,
Visakhapatnam
Bulk carriers, Offshore patrol
vessels, Passenger ships,
Warships, Tugs,IPVs, Dredgers,
Survey ships, Drill ships,
Offshore platforms and repairs of
submarines, warships and high-
tech oil rigs
Bharati Shipyard, Mumbai Jack up Rigs, Platform supply
vessels, Tugs, Deep sea fishing
vessels, Tankers and Cargo
vessels.
Cochin Shipyard, Cochin Tankers, Bulk carriers, Platform
supply vessels, Patrol boats,
Diving support vessels.
Goa Shipyard, Goa Tugs, Surface effect ships,
Hovercrafts, High speed
aluminium hulled vessels,
Pollution control vessels, Deep
sea commercial trawlers, Fish
factory vessels and Catamans.
Mazagon Dock Ltd.,
Mumbai
Naval Ships, Submarines,
Offshore platforms, Tankers,
Bulk carriers, Platform supply
vessels and Patrol boats.
Garden Reach Shipbuilders
& Engineers, Kolkata
Naval Ships, Tankers, Bulk
carriers and Platform supply
vessels.
ABG Shipyard, Ahmedabad Self-loading and Self-
discharging bulk carriers,
Container ships, Floating cranes,
Split barges, Anchor handling
tugs, Dynamic positioning ships,
Offshore supply vessels and
Diving support vessels [2].
Table 4: Ship building companies in India
4. HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED – VISAKHAPATNAM
Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. is strategically located on the East Coast of Indian Peninsula
at Visakhapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Originally the organisation was setup under
private management in 1941, later it came under the Government of India in 1952 as
‘Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.’. The Shipyard functions under the administration of Ministry of
Shipping, Road and Transport of the Government of India. Since its inception, it has been
playing a key role in building up the nation’s maritime length. The registered office of the
company is located at New Delhi. A full time Chairman & Managing Director with
headquarters at Visakhapatnam is the Chief Executive of the Company’s corporate policy and
all important matters and affairs are dealt by the Board of Directors. The Board constitutes of
senior officials or civil servants drawn from Ministry of Finance and officials of other
departments or agencies of the Government.
The Government on 22nd
January, 2009 approved the transfer of the Hindustan
Shipyard Limited (HSL) from the Ministry of Shipping to the Ministry of Defence for
meeting the national security requirements of building strategic vessels for the Navy. This
transfer allowed the shipyard to provide exclusive support to the Arihant class nuclear
submarine construction program for the Indian Navy. To meet the merchant shipping
requirements of shipbuilding, the government had accorded to the approval of setting a
shipyard of international standards to the Ministry of Shipping.
With the HSL coming directly under the Ministry of Defence, the shipyard is
expected to be the base for building Advanced Technology Vessels and probably for the
second line of submarine sanctioned under Project 75 India. Project 75 envisages building of
6 French Scorpion Submarines, now under construction at the Mazagon Dock Ltd (MDL),
Mumbai. Besides MDL, the other two public sector defence undertaking shipyards are
Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd (GRSE) and Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL).
4.1 HISTORY
Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. formerly known as Scindia Shipyard owes its existence to
late. Shri. Walchand Hirachand, who as the Chairman of Scindia Steam Navigation Company
Ltd, was responsible for the launching of this venture. The site at Visakhapatnam which met
the varied requirements to a very marked degree was selected on the basis of
recommendations of M/s Alexander Gibb & Partners Consulting Engineers, United Kingdom.
The foundation stone was laid by the first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 21st
June, 1941. The keel of the first ocean going vessel was laid in June 1946 and the first 8000
DWT steam ship ‘Jala Usha’ was launched on 14th
March, 1948 by late. Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru. After 8 months, the second vessel ‘Jala Prabha’ was launched by Sardar Vallabhai
Patel.
After building 8 ships of the ‘Jala’ series to talling to 36105 GRT, the Scindia
Company was unable to finance either the construction of ship or the development of
shipyard without the State assistance. Considering the national and strategic importance of
the ship building industry and in view of the hesitant private enterprise to take the risks
involved in its development, the Government of India acquired a major interest in the
shipyard by promoting a new company Hindustan Shipyard Ltd on 21st January, 1952. The
Government of India held two-thirds of the share while the balance of one-third was held by
the Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. The new company took over the management of
the shipyard on 1st March, 1952. In July, 1961 the shares held by the Scindia Steam
Navigation Company Ltd were also acquired by the Government and since then Hindustan
Shipyard Ltd is fully owned and managed by the Government of India.
With assistance of a French firm of consultants, Messer Anenyme Des Atelier
Chaintiera Deal Leire, Paris, a development plan was implemented. This included the
expansion of the yard from 56 acres to 72 acres, completion of a large prefabrication shop,
augmentation of crane arrangements, addition of 2 building berths, commissioning of a
galvanizing plant and etc.
Simultaneously, automatic and semi-automatic welding equipment were introduced
on a large scale to replace the slow traditional and out dated riveting method of hull
construction with more advanced and faster techniques of welding. The development
programs, which cost about Rs. 295 lakhs was successfully implemented in two phases in the
first and second five year plan.
4.2 MODERNISATION
To enable Hindustan Shipyard Ltd to serve to the growing needs of maritime industry
a massive expansion and modernisation program at a cost of Rs. 80 crores was undertaken
during 1981-86 with technical consultation from M/s Livescy & Henderson, United Kingdom
and M/s Seadrec, Scotland.
At present the yard is capable of constructing ships with 53000 DWT at a rate of
around 7 per annum with its modern equipment and along with other infrastructure facilities.
The objectives of modernisation and expansion are as follows –
(a) To achieve an output of 6 to 7 ships amounting to about 53000 DWT per annum.
(b) To increase the utilisation of steel to around 30000 tonnes per annum.
(c) To achieve substantial reduction in the ship building cycle time.
(d) To reduce cost of construction.
(e) To update technology.
(f) To eliminate present constraints and facilitate building of bigger vessels up to
45000 DWT.
4.3 DIVISIONS
HSL has the following divisions –
(a) Ship building Division
(b) Ship repair Division
(c) Retrofit Division
(d) Offshore Platform Division
(e) Structural Fabrication Division
SHIP BUILDING DIVISION
DOCKS SIZE CAPACITY CRANES
Covered Building
Dock
240 x 53 x 11.25 m 80000 DWT 300 tons
Slipway No. 1 140 x 22.7 m 15000 DWT 100 & 60 tons
Slipway No. 2 195 x 28 m 30000 DWT 2 x 45 tons &
1 x 35 tons
Slipway No. 3 195 x 28 m 30000 DWT 2 x 45 tons &
1 x 35 tons
Outfitting Jetty 460 m All ships 1 x 120 tons,
1 x 50 tons &
1 x 25 tons
Table 5: Facilities in Ship building division
SHIP REPAIR DIVISION
FACILITY SIZE CAPACITY CRANES SERVICES
Dry Dock 244 x 38 x 12 m 70000 DWT 2 x 40 tons &
2 x 10 tons
High pressure water jet
cleaning
Grit blasting
Dynamic balancing
Large scale steel
renewals
Repairs of all types of
vessels, Drill rigs &
Naval vessels
Wet basin 226 x 75 x 10 m 70000 DWT 1 x 45 tons,
1 x 20 tons &
1 x 10 tons
Repair
Dolphin
150 m 20000 DWT 1 x 20 tons
Table 6: Facilities in Ship repair division
4.3.1 Retrofit Division:An exclusive division was added in the year 1995 to undertake
medium repair of Submarines. Presently, Ministry of Defence has nominated HIS for
undertaking medium repairs and modernisation of 877 EKM submarines and thereafter
graduated construction of Submarines at HSL.
4.3.2 Offshore Platform Division:It has been engaged in the construction of platforms,
jackets and other related structures. It has well established and experienced production
organisation with adequate facilities and is supported by necessary expertise division of the
following –
(a) Planning
(b) Purchase
(c) Production
(d) Quality Assessment and Quality Control
4.3.3 Structural Fabrication Division:HSL has diversified its activities into industrial
structures of –
(a) Railway Bridge Girders
(b) Pipes of the flow out of dredged materials
(c) Steel structure construction for process plants
4.4 MILESTONES OF HSL
1941 – Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the President of Indian National Congress, laid
foundation stone on 21st June 1941 for Scindia Shipyard at Visakhapatnam.
1946 – For the first time JALA USHA, a ship of 8000 DWT was launched by Sir
Jawaharlal Nehru.
1948 – Completion of 100,000 GRT with the delivery of M.V. JALA VEERA, the
23rd
vessel.
1961 – HSL became a fully government owned enterprise in July.
1962 – Awarded certificate of honour by the President of India for the satisfactory
performance during the year 1961-62.
1969 – Integrated development program at 8.25 crores was sanctioned.
1971 – Commissioning of Hindustan Dry Dock for ship repairs.
1972 – Training ship RAJENDRA was handed over to Smt. Indira Gandhi, Prime
Minister of India.
1976 – Commissioning of Wet basin adjacent to dry dock for float repairs.
1983 – Laying of foundation stone for the building dock by Sri. Vijaya Bhaskar
Reddy, Minister for Shipping and Transport.
1983 – Inauguration of stage 2 development program by MOS&T.
1985 – Inauguration of offshore construction platform yard by Sri. Gnani Zail Singh,
President of India.
1987 – Inauguration of new covered building dock for construction of ships up to
50000 DWT.
1987 – Delivery of highly sophisticated drill ship SAGAR BHUSHAN to ONGC.
1992 – Float out of the first vessel from the building dock.
1993 – First time oil flown southern region (Godavari Basin) through platforms built
by HSL.
1999 – First time built and delivered the biggest passenger cum cargo vessel.
2000 – Delivery of M.V.TAILNADU, the largest vessel built by HSL.
2004 – First major repair of jack up oil rig SAGAR PRAGATI for ONGC.
2005 – Modernisation and Medium Refit of INS SINDHU KIRTHI, 877 EKM
Submarine.
5. PROJECT
A Project is a sequence of unique, complex and connected activities having one goal
or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, and according to
specification [3]. It is different from Operations and Program. The Operations of an
organization are continuing and repetitive activities that are executed to achieve its mission
and sustain the business, without a definable end to their performance and output whereas a
Program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits.
Hence, a Project can be redefined as temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique
product, service, or result.
Characteristics of a Project are as follows –
(a) Temporary Endeavour: To be temporary signifies that there is a discrete and
definable commencement and conclusion.
(b) Unique Deliverable:The uniqueness of the deliverable, whether it is a product,
service, or result,requires a special approach in that there may not be a pre-
existing blueprint for the project’s execution and there may not be a need to
repeat the project once it is completed. Uniqueness does not mean that there are
not similarities to other projects, but that the scope for a particular project has
deliverables that must be produced within constraints, through risks, with specific
resources, at a specific place, and within a certain period; therefore, the process to
produce the deliverable is always unique.
(c) Progressive Elaboration:It is the revealing and focusing of details through time.
Projects are limited by their product quality and process quality requirements. The
main constraints of a project are Cost, Time and Resource availability. These constrain the
Scope & Quality of a Project as Iron Triangle. The relationship among these factors is such
that if any one of the three factors change, at least one other factor is likely to beaffected.
These three constraints are very important because all these contribute to the major parts of
the Project like Cost contributes for mostly the labour cost, hardware, software and training;
Time includes working period and delivery and Resources includes people (skills), facilities,
equipment, infrastructure and many other important aspects. In reality, one can control and
manage any two of these constraints and not all three [4].
Fig.3: Iron Triangle
Projects, by definition, have a beginning and an end. They also have defined
Phasesbetween the project kickoff and project closeout. A Phase represents a grouping of
similaractivities that has a very loosely defined beginning and end. Phases are also
typicallysequential, where the prior phase is essentially complete before the beginning of the
nextphase. Phases do not have clear-cut end dates and some activities in an early phase of
theproject will continue into the later phases. This is in contrast to project beginning
andending dates and milestone dates, which do have clearly defined dates with the
expectationthat these dates will be met [5].
6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project management is the process of the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and
techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. That is, project management is
an interrelated group of processes that enables the projectteam to achieve a successful project.
These processes manage inputs to and produce outputs from specific activities; the
progression from input to output isthe nucleus of project management and requires
integration and iteration.
More over Project Management is just the management of Project Processes, which
are required to manage the inputs and deliver the outputs. The Project Processes constitutes –
(a) Initiating:defines and authorizes the project or a project phase.
(b) Planning:defines and refinesobjectives and plans the course of action required to
attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.
(c) Executing:integrates peopleand other resources to carry out the project
management plan for the project.
(d) Monitoring and Controlling:regularly measures and monitors progress toidentify
variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken
when necessary to meet project objectives.
(e) Closing: formalizesacceptance of the product, service, or result and brings the
project or a project phase to an orderly end.
The Level of Interaction, like relative depth, breadth and interrelation, between these
project processes are indicated by the below graph -
Fig.4: Level of Process Iteration vs. Time
Several significant observations regarding the nature of project management can be made
from this figure. The breadth or range of project management is comprehensive—that is, it
begins with Initiating and continues through Closing; these processes are coincident with the
start and end of the specific project itself, respectively. Monitoring and Controlling occur
throughout the duration of the project and have a range relatively similar to that of Executing.
Indicating a project’s temporary nature and the importance of the timing of the deliverable,
Closing begins relatively shortly after Initiating concludes. Planning and Monitoring and
Controlling have a collective depth similar to that of Executing, illustrating that these
activities require a level of effort and have an implicationsimilar to that of constructing the
product, providing the service, or producing theresult.
Project management process groups are not project phases. In fact, the process groups
may need to be repeated for each phase, such as study, programming, engineering,
procurement, construction, and commissioning. A process group or project phase is not
discrete; they are interdependent and require integration [4].
For the Project Management to be efficient, it requires an effective Project
Management Plan (PMP). A Project Management Plan is a fundamental tool for the project
manager to deliver the project successfully. This plan is nothing but a strategic and
formalized roadmap to accomplish the project’s objectives by describing how the project is to
beexecuted, monitored and controlled, which includes creating a project workbreakdown
structure, identifying and planning to mitigate risk, identifyingmanners in which to
effectively communicate with stakeholders and other projectteam members, and developing a
plan to manage changes. This Project Management Plan can be of different patterns
according to the Project Processes and their implementation. Some of the common
Management Plans are as follows [3] –
(a) Traditional PMP: Follows the linear, waterfall model.
(b) Incremental planning PMP: Delivers the project in incremental stages and reduces
risk of delivering everything at once.
(c) Iterative planning PMP: Allows project to evolve as understanding increases and
management and stakeholder expectations / operational challenges to be clarified.
(d) Adaptive planning PMP: Project is planned in cycles and allows project purpose
& goals to evolve as project proceeds.
(e) Extreme planning PMP: Involves users and client in constant input / review of
requirements andneeds small group of project team working closely.
Monitor
& Control
Close
Increment
Close
Project
Linear:- Scope
Y
N
Y
Plan
Iterative:-
Y
Launch
Adaptive:-
Monitor
& Control
Extreme:-
Close
Project
Incremental:- Scope Plan Launch
Increment
Monitor &
Control
Next
Increment
Scope Plan
Iteration
N
N
LaunchIt
eration
Monitor &
Control
Close
Iteration
Next
Iteration
Close
Project
N
Scope
PlanCycle
LaunchCycle
Monitor &
Control
Close Cycle
Next
Cycle
Close
Project
Scope
Phase
Plan
Phase
LaunchPhase
Close
Phase
Next
Phase
Close
Project
Y
Fig.5: Project Management Plans
7. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN HSL
In Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Project Management plays a vital role in achievement of
the Project of construction of Ship successfully. The Project Management department acts
like a bridge or communication between the Customer and HSL (Builder). It plays a vital role
in maintaining healthy relations between the Customer and HSL. It delivers the information
regarding the customer requirements or any other to the HSL and again delivers the
information on HSL’s correspondence to the customer’s request.
Not even between the Customer and HSL, it also plays a major role in organising and
inspecting the works of concerned departments, so as to complete the work in time. It also
plays a major role in interaction between the departments, so that they can coordinate their
work depending on the remaining department’s work. Many departments of HSL work for
the successful completion of project. Of all the departments of HSL, the following
departments are responsible for the completion of work or project in time, cost and according
to the labour or technology availability. They are –
(a) Design & Drawing office
(b) Planning
(c) Production
(d) Purchase
(e) Material
(f) Inspection
(g) Quality control
(h) Finance
HSL
Departments
Customer /
Owner
Project Manager (Project
Management Department)
Information
Approvals,
Objections
and others
Information
Requirement
s
Fig.6: Correspondence
Each and every department does work that directly or indirectly relates to the
completion of work. Production and Design departments are directly responsible for the
construction of the vessel as per the customer requirement, Purchase and Inspection
departments are directly responsible for the material procurement and its quality verification
and indirectly responsible for the construction of vessel, Quality Control is directly
responsible for the maintenance of the quality of vessel constructed as it is first aspect that
any customer requires and finally Finance is responsible for the money transactions between
the HSL and customer. Of all these individual roles of different departments, Project
Management department is the one, indirectly responsible for the construction of entire vessel
because it coordinates the work between these departments and intimates, oversees and
organises the work to be finished by the concerned department.
The work of Project Manager is more over nothing but paper work and
communication between departments and customer & builder, but those play a key role in
successful achievement of project or the construction. Some of the typical works that are
under Project Manager in HSL are:
(a) Approval for Design Drawings and their practice:As we know that the
construction of ship should be done according to the class approval, so the
drawings and design of every part of the ship should be sent for approval to the
concerned class and this has to be done by the Design & Drawing Office. The
Project Manager makes sure that the Design & Drawing Office has sent their
drawings for class approval and if not, he gathers information for the delay and
makes sure to happen it in a little extended time. Later after the approval of
drawings, Design & Drawing Office has to send the drawings to the Planning
department for making the internal work order. Project Manager makes sure that
these drawings, after the preparation of schedule, are passed on to the Production
department for the initiation of the work. Later after the work is initiated by the
concerned production departments, Project Manager makes sure that the
contractors/workers are using the revised drawings for the construction and if not,
he makes sure that the contractors/workers get the revised drawings for
construction of ship.
(b) Stage Payment:In HSL, the payment for the contract of construction takes place
in several stages like 10. These stage payments are released if particular
conditions were fulfilled by the builder like –
1. Placing of order for the materials and other requirements for the construction.
2. Documentary proof for the orders placed for Engines, Propulsion and
Generators.
3. Finalisation of Building specifications and General Arrangement drawings.
4. Submissionof drawings.
5. Erection of Hull.
6. Completion of seating for main machinery and equipment.
7. Completion of installation of machinery, equipment and fitting.
Purchase Project Management
Production
Hull shop
Pre-
Fabrication
Erection
Welding
Hull Outfit
Rigging
Plumbing
Engineering
Electrical
Design &
Drawing
office
Design & Drawing
Office
Class &Customer
Approval
Production
Hull shop
Pre-Fab.
Erection
Welding
Hull Outfit
Rigging
Plumbing
Engineering
Electrical
Planning
Fig.8: Stage Payments
Customer
Fig.7: Design Drawings Practice
Stage Payment bills
Release of Stage
Payment
HSL
Finance
Contractors /
Production Engineers
8. Completion of Harbour Acceptance Trials (HAT).
9. Completion of Customer Sea Trials (CST).
Excluding above all conditions there is one important condition that should
be fulfilled by the builder, so that the customer will release the final stage
payment in any of the contract, i.e Completion of Guarantee period and
liquidation of all liabilities.
The above conditions are to be fulfilled by the concerned departments like
Purchase, Production (Hull Shop, Fabrication, Hull Outfit, Engineering and
Electrical dept.’s), Design & Drawing Office and others. The Project Manager
makes sure that these works mentioned were completed by the departments and
forwards the information regarding fulfilment of the conditions to the Finance
department, so that they intimate it to the Customer for the release of the
particular stage payment.
(c) Workmanship: The Project Manager has to see whether the man power deployed
is sufficient for that day’s work and also is well experienced so that they can
complete the work in assigned time. If the workers/contractors are facing
problems in respect to design issues or material and production issues, the Project
Manager has to intimate to the concerned department for arrangement of the
drawings and material required by the workers/contractors for their smooth
completion of work. Also, Project Manager has to send a monthly report on
ongoing vessel as per contract, regarding the workmanship, key events and status
of ship construction, to the Customer for their knowledge.
(d) Extension of Delivery date:If there is delay in delivery, the Project Manager has
to know the reasons behind the delay and assess them to make sure the work can
be completed in some extended period beyond original delivery date and make a
note regarding it to the Planning department for forwarding it to the Customer’s
approval, so that penalty for the delay can be avoided.
(e) Builder Risk Insurance (BRI) policy: If the delivery is extended by some period
of time, the Project Manager has to make a detailed set of information regarding
the delay, approval from competent authority and revised delivery dates and
forward it to the Insurance Company for the extension of Insurance policy period,
so that if any accidents occur in the extension period there will be capital
assurance by the Insurance Company.
(f) Spares Management:As per contract, on board spares of equipment should be
supplied to the ship. The Project Manager has to check whether the on board
spares are supplied according to the contract items list, if not he has to make a
note to the Purchase department for procure the spares.
(g) Survey:During the construction, general survey happens after completion of
particular work. This survey includes Fit-up survey, Dry survey, Hose test and
Pressure test. These surveys are first conducted by Quality department and later
again conducted by Class and Customer. Project Manager has to make a note on
the remarks of the tests conducted and forward the remarks to the concerned
departments and should organise and oversee the work for their rectification.
(h) Tests & Trials:
a) Harbour Trials:Trials are conducted on Main Engines, Water Jet Propulsion
and Integrated Bridge System (IBS) of the ship, at the Harbour or Jetty, for
ensuring their efficient performance. Project Manager has to check for any
remarks during these tests and forward the details to the concerned
departments and should organise and oversee the work for their rectification.
b) Sea Trials:For the conducting Sea trials, the constructed vessel has to be
placed at sea from the harbour and this is done by dragging the vessel with a
tug. Project Manager has to make a request to the Visakhapatnam Port Trust
(VPT) for the arrangement of the tug for the sea trials. After placing the vessel
at sea, trials like Speed trials, Endurance trials, Steering trials, Turning Circle
trials, Crash stop trials and Manoeuvring trials, Anchor and Capstan trials,
Starting of Engines, Testing of Communication / Navigation equipment,
Testing of RO Plant, Fuel consumption trials, Noise survey, EM log trials are
conducted. These trials are to be conducted in the presence of customer, class
and builder. Project Manager is responsible for their presence at the time of
these trials and has to make remarks regarding these trials and notify it to
concerned departments and also should check whether the work is done for
their rectification.
(i) Delivery of the Vessel:Some of the items and accessories, as per contract
requirement, may not be available at the time of delivery. Project Manager has to
make a list of all the unavailable items and accessories, those are to be supplied to
the vessel at the time of delivery, and make a protocol, regarding the dispersal of
the items and accessories, between the builder and customer. And later he has to
intimate to the concerned department for the dispersal of particular item to the
customer.
(j) Guarantee:Builder should provide guarantee for a period of 12 months, for
mechanical / electrical / electronic installation, equipment’s fittings, piping and
all other items used in the vessel. If any defects arise, customer will notify
regarding defect or claim under his guarantee period, to the builder. Planning
department assess the claims from customer for guarantee and forwards the
information for inspection to concerned production departments. Production
departments will check for the claims and if they are any defects due to
consequential damages or caused by fire or accident or effect of perils at sea or
negligence on part of customer, those won’t be considered under guarantee. This
information regarding guarantee and non-guarantee defects will be sent to the
Planning department. Planning department assess the data and contacts concerned
production department for the rectification of guarantee defects only and
information regarding the non-guarantee defects will forwarded to the customer.
The entire details regarding the guarantee, non-guarantee and their rectification
will be forwarded to the Project Manager for information.
(k) Risk Management: If there are any modifications done to the vessel for reduction
of weight, piping design, machinery seating and other constructional features,
Project Manager has to make report on these modifications and should forward
the report to the concerned departments during the construction of other vessels,
so that risk for modifications and capital loss can be avoided.
8. REFERENCES
[1] www.wikipedia.org,“Ship”.
[2] www.wikipedia.org, “Ship building companies in India”.
[3] M/s UC DavisOrganisational Excellence, “Introduction to Project Management:
Principles, Techniques and Tools”, 2013, 8-13.
[4] M/s U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, “Reclamation-Managing
Water in the West”, 2014, 2-7.
[5] www.saylor.org, “Project Management - From Simple to Complex”,2013, 73-74.