Research ArticlePublic Health Implications and Risk Factors Assessment ofMycobacterium bovis Infections among Abattoir Personnel inBauchi State Nigeria
A S Sarsquoidu1 E C Okolocha1 A A Dzikwi1 A A Gamawa2 S Ibrahim3
J K P Kwaga1 A Usman4 and S A Maigari5
1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine Ahmadu Bello University PMB 1013 ZariaKaduna State Nigeria2Area Veterinary Clinic (Kofar Ran) Ministry of Animal Resources and Normadic Resettlement Bauchi State Nigeria3Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University PMB 1013Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria4TB Laboratory Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University PMB 1013Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria5University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital PMB 1069 Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria
Correspondence should be addressed to A S Sarsquoidu adamudvm13gmailcom
Received 16 August 2014 Accepted 22 December 2014
Academic Editor Fulvia Bovera
Copyright copy 2015 A S Sarsquoidu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals wild animals and humansIt poses a public health threat and economic losses due to abattoir condemnation of infected carcasses during meat inspection ofslaughtered animals Bovine tuberculosis is widespread in Africa including Nigeria affecting both cattle and humans particularlyNorthern Nigeria A prospective survey was conducted from June to August 2013 in the three Zonal abattoirs of Bauchi StateNigeria A total of 150 structured close-ended questionnaires were administered to abattoir personnel to assess their level ofawareness of bTB This study was aimed at determining the level of public health awareness attitude and practices of abattoirworkers of bTB in Bauchi State Nigeria There was a statistically significant association between respondentsrsquo awareness of bTBand their occupational status age and duration of exposure to cattle carcasses (119875 lt 005) the odds of being aware of bTB were 9473 and 21 respectively In conclusion these demonstrate the urgent need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB controlThe risk of bTB transmission as indicated by the personnelrsquos practices and awareness levels in Bauchi State could be preventedthrough the use of protective clothing (PPEs)
1 Introduction
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious and con-tagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals wild animalsand humans [1] It also occurs in a wide range of mam-malian species [2] It is characterized by the formation ofgranulomas in tissues especially in the lungs lymph nodesliver intestines and kidney [3] Tuberculosis is a majorhealth problem with 8-9 million new cases and 3 milliondeaths annually worldwide [4] The majority of these occurin the developing nations Because control and eradication
programmes for animal tuberculosis are lacking in mostAfrican countries In Nigeria there have been limited studiesto determine the prevalence and relationship between bovineand human TB especially with the emerging culture of eatingimproperly cooked beef and mutton along with the drinkingof unpasteurized fresh milk [5 6] Raufu and Ameh [7]reported an estimated annual economic loss from bTB inNigeria and its environs (due to organcarcass condemnationin cattle) of about 14-24 million Naira So also [8] reportedan economic loss of 113 871014 ($110968) per annum withassociated public health implications due to tuberculosis
Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Veterinary MedicineVolume 2015 Article ID 718193 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015718193
2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
as major reasons for condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern-Nigeria
Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium boviswhich is a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex[9 10] The aetiological agents of mammalian tuberculosisclassified as members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) include Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mbovis M microti M caprae M africanum M canettii andM pinnipedii Mycobacterium africanum consists of a ratherheterogeneous group of strains isolated from humans inAfrica [11] Mycobacterium bovis otherwise known as thebovine tubercle bacillus is the cause of bovine tuberculosisand the organism may be transmitted by aerosol or dropletsof exudates containing the bacilli It can be transmitted byingestion of feed and water contaminated with urine faecalmaterial or exudates from diseased animals that containthe tubercle bacilli [12] In rare cases humans can becomeinfected with M bovis via direct inoculation [13] Referredto as Butcherrsquos Wart (analogous to Prosectorrsquos Wart which iscaused byM tuberculosis and is an occupational risk associ-ated with performing autopsies) this skin lesion can occur inpersons handling infected meat It is very rare and generallyself-limiting Because M bovis is either enzootic or foundsporadically in much of the developing world there is clearlya risk of cow to human transmission by either ingestionor inhalation [14] As a result of the lack of surveillancedata the actual scope of the problem is unknown Howeverfrom the public health perspective eradication programsin cattle and universal pasteurization of milk remain themain stays of the prevention of a disease in humans that iscaused by transmission from cowsThesemeasures should beaugmented by public education efforts explaining the dangersof consuming unpasteurized dairy products in areas whereM bovis disease in humans is more common
The bovine tubercle bacilli is usually assigned to bTB incattle and sometimes could be used to denote M bovis ofthe tubercle bacillus irrespective of the host Bovine tuberclebacillus has one of the broadest host ranges of all knownpathogens The species has been reported in domesticatedand feral Bovidae Other species in which the disease hasbeen reported include goat sheep pig horse cat dog fennecfox bison buffalo badger wild and feral pig antelopecamelman and nonhuman primates [15] Cattlemovementsparticularly those from areas where bTB is reported are thebest predictors of disease occurrence [16]
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area Bauchi State occupies a total land area of49119 km2 representing about 53 of Nigeriarsquos total landmass and is located between latitudes 9∘ 31015840 and 12∘ 31015840 northof the equator and longitudes 8∘ 501015840 and 11∘ east of the Green-wichMeridian [17]The state is bordered by Kano and JigawaState to the north Taraba State and Plateau State to the southGombe State and Yobe State to the east and Kaduna to thewest The state is highly populated with cattle mainly ownedby Fulani herdsmen The cattle population is estimated at1789000 about 13 of the Nigerian cattle population of
13900000 [18] The state has a human population of 4653066 which ranked 11th of the 36 states density of 95 km2(250 gm2) and per capita income of $983 [19]
Bauchi State has a total of 55 tribal groups inwhichHausaFulani Gerawa Sayawa Jarawa Bolewa Karekare KanuriFarsquoawa Butawa Warjawa Zulawa and Badawa are the maintribes This study was carried out in Bauchi Katagum andMisau Local Government Areas (out of the 20 LGAs) eachrepresenting the three senatorial zones as Bauchi southBauchi north and Bauchi central with populations of 493810295970 and 263487 respectively
22 Questionnaire Distribution A total of 113 structuredclose-ended questionnaires were retrieved from and analysedafter the distribution to abattoir staff focused on assessing thelevel of knowledge attitude and practice of bTB transmissionfrom slaughtered cattle to man and vice versa Assessment oftheir level of awareness was based on biodata (demographicfeatures) knowledge (zoonotic nature and symptoms of TBin humans) attitude (vaccination status of abattoir staff)practice (use of protection while handling carcasses) andother risk factors and scoring recall format of ldquo0ndash8rdquo wasadopted as criteria for a respondent to be regarded foranalysis as described byWaller et al [20] Personnel selectionfrom each abattoir included in the study was also based oncompliance with the interviewer and punctuality in dailyabattoir activities
23 Data Analysis Data were analysed using statistical pack-age for social sciences (SPSS) version 200 Chi- square (1205942)was used to determine possible association between variablesand M bovis Odds ratio (OR) and 95 confidence intervalwere calculated to measure the strengths of associationbetween variables and bTB (M bovis) Tables and bar chartswere constructed using Microsoft Excel 2010 Values of 119875 lt005 were considered significant
3 Results
Majority of the respondents had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) (Table 1) A significant number (57(5046)) of them did not wear protective clothing whenbeing in contact with cattle carcasses despite the protection itgives against zoonotic transmissionThis indicated their highrisk of the zoonotic transmission with the exception that asignificant number (5981) of abattoir personnel consumeboiled milk in recognition of the risk of contracting bTB andBrucellosis in fresh milk (unpasteurised milk) This studyshowed significant (119875 lt 005) association between awarenessof the respondents of bTB and their occupational status ageand duration of exposure to cattle carcasses and the oddsof being aware of bTB by their level of awareness were 936729 and 206 respectively (Table 2) Howevermajority of therespondents believed in the importance of use of protectiveclothing while working 947 (107113) and 360 (4113)had not Likewise on its zoonotic nature 903 (102113)knew that bTB can be contracted from cattle Some of therespondents (416 (47113)) had received childhood BCG
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3
Table 1 Demographic features and awareness of the respondents(abattoir staff 119899 = 113) of bTB in Bauchi State Nigeria
Variables Number () of respondentsAbattoir location
vaccine while 301 (34113) had not and 283 (32113) hadnot known their vaccination status (Figure 1)
4 Discussion
In the public health risk analysis of bTB found in this studythere were more respondents in Bauchi abattoir (5310)compared to Misau and Katagum abattoirs Butchers madeup of most of the respondents were then followed by otherabattoir staff and veterinarians Many of them had not usedprotective clothing despite the protection it gives againstzoonotic transmission clearly indicating their high risk ofcontracting bTBby occupationThis study showed significant(119875 lt 005) association between awareness of the respondents(abattoir staff) of bTB and their occupational status ageand duration of exposure to cattle carcasses However mostof the abattoir staff believed in the importance of use ofprotective clothing while working but very few of them didnot know the importance Likewise on its zoonotic naturemost of them knew that bTB can be contracted from cattleSome of the respondents had even received prophylactic BCGvaccine while others had not received it and few did not knowtheir vaccination statusTherefore this clearly indicated theirawareness of bTB and its zoonotic risk probably due toawareness campaign and researchers that visit the abattoir forsampling and data collection
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
YesNo
Do not know
Aware of Aware of Know the Use of Vaccinationzoonoses bTB as a
zoonoticdisease
symptoms ofTB
protectiveclothing
history
Figure 1 Level of respondentsrsquo awareness of bTB as a zoonoticdisease attitude and practices of abattoir staff (by their knowledgeof disease transmission from cattle the zoonotic nature of bTBcommon clinical signs of TB in humans importance of use ofprotective clothing and vaccination history resp) in Bauchi StateNigeria
Public health (zoonotic) risk associated with the respon-dentsrsquo awareness and practices of bTB found in this studyhad agreed with the report of Cadmus and Adesokan [8]who reported an economic loss of N13 871014annum withassociated public health implications due to tuberculosis(795) asmajor reasons for condemnations in some abattoirsin Western Nigeria This also agreed with the report ofCadmus et al [21] and Bello et al [22] on managementof slaughter houses in Northern Nigeria who reported thatnone of themajor abattoirs in NorthernNigeria met themin-imum hygienic standard of operation as recommended bythe Codex Alimentarius and they could not have supportedthe production of safe meat and meat products for humanconsumption
The statistically significant association between aware-ness of the respondents of bTB and occupational status foundin this study had agreed with the report of Tigre et al[23] who carried out a survey on dairy farms in Ethiopiaand reported a significant association (119875 = 0001) betweenreactor cattle and human TB cases in households indicatingthe high zoonotic risk of bTB among exposed individualsDespite their awareness of the zoonotic risk these figures hadclearly indicated their high risk of contracting the disease dueto exposure and negligence as only few of the respondents(3238) used protective clothing in practical sense More-over the exception was that a significant number (5981)of abattoir personnel of Bauchi State reported consumingboiled milk in recognition of the risk of contracting bTB andBrucellosis in freshmilk (unpasteurisedmilk)These findingswere contrary to the report of Tigre et al [23] in a cross-sectional study on public health implication of bTB in dairycattle and dairy farm owners in South Western Ethiopiain which most of the respondents used either raw milkor nontreated soured milk while some of the respondentsconsumed mixed (raw and cooked) meat and only few of therespondents were aware that cattle had TB among which only
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Risk analysis of some variables and other practices during work (use of protective clothing) among abattoir staff in Bauchi StateNigeria
Variables Use of protective clothing by respondents OR 95 CI on OR 119875 valueYes No
Age group of respondents16ndash25 9 7 729 151ndash352326ndash35 28 15 1058 267ndash419936ndash45 14 16 496 120ndash2055 lowast00028ge46 3 17 lowastlowast1
Sex of respondentsMales 47 51 026 005ndash133 0161Females 7 2 lowastlowast1
Duration of contact with cattlelt1 year 8 3 32 080ndash1287 018351ndash3 years 6 4 18 047ndash683gt3 years 40 48 lowastlowast1
Duration of exposure to cattle carcasseslt1 year 17 4 674 206ndash2204 lowast000131ndash3 years 8 4 317 088ndash1149gt3 years 29 46 lowastlowast1
Awareness that the disease can be contracted from cattleYes 52 51 203 036ndash1162 04440No 2 4 lowastlowast1
Awareness that humans contract TB from cattleYes 52 46 452 091ndash2239 00930No 2 8 lowastlowast1
lowast119875 lt 005 regarded as significant lowastlowastreference values (1)
257 of them recognised bTB as zoonotic The differencesbetween Ethiopiansrsquo and Nigeriansrsquo bTB awareness may beattributed to the differences in their norms and cultures aswell as feeding habits
Mycobacterium bovis the cause of tuberculosis in cat-tle sometimes causes disease in humans the finding thatmajority of the respondents have had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) could be a risk factor that promotestransmission from cattle to humans Transmission from cattleto humans is mainly by ingestion of raw cattle products frominfected animals and transmission by inhalation is possiblewhen there is prolonged contact This agreed with the reportof Byarugaba et al [24] a risk assessment study carried outin tuberculosis patients from Mbarara major cattle keepingregion in Uganda to determine species of Mycobacteriumresponsible for the disease whether M bovis causes diseasein humans Conclusions from this study showed that largeproportions of the respondents (9027) were aware ofzoonotic bTBHowever some (3238) used protectionwhileworking with cattle carcasses This showed their high risk ofcontracting bTB and other zoonoses endemic in the studyarea These findings also demonstrated the urgent need forthe state public health authorities to intervene The risk of
bTB transmission as indicated by the practices and awarenesslevels of the abattoir personnel in Bauchi State could beprevented through the use of protective clothing
Recommendation
The government and relevant agencies should educate andenlighten the public on bTB preventivemeasures and enforcethe use of protection (PPE) by all abattoir workers Collabora-tion between professionals in the state should be encouragedto bridge the existing gap between the public health and bTBawareness
Conflict of Interests
Theauthors unanimously agreed and declared that there is noconflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Theauthors are indebted to theMinistry of Animal Resourcesand Nomadic Resettlement Bauchi State and Bauchi AreaVeterinary Clinic Bauchi metropolitan abattoir Azare and
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
Katagum slaughter houses managements and other abattoirstaff for cooperation and assistance during the research fieldwork
References
[1] OM Radostits D Blood K Hinchey et al EterinaryMedicineA Textbook of Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats Saunders LtdPhiladelphia Pa USA 10th edition 2007
[2] LMOrsquoReilly andC J Daborn ldquoThe epidemiology ofMycobac-terium bovis infections in animals and man a reviewrdquo Tubercleand Lung Disease vol 76 supplement 1 pp 1ndash46 1995
[3] J E Shitaye W Tsegaye and I Pavlik ldquoBovine tuberculosisinfection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia areviewrdquo Veterinarni Medicina vol 52 no 8 pp 317ndash332 2007
[4] WHO ldquoWorld Health Organization reportrdquo Fact Sheet 104WHO 2002 httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetswho104enprinthtml
[5] J P Caffrey ldquoStatus of bovine tuberculosis eradication pro-grammes in Europerdquo Veterinary Microbiology vol 40 no 1-2pp 1ndash4 1994
[6] L M Shehu Survey of tuberculosis and tubercle bacilli in Fulaniherds ldquoNonordquo and some herdsmen in Zaria area Nigeria [MSthesis] Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 1988
[7] I A Raufu and J A Ameh ldquoPrevalence of bovine tuberculosisin Maidguri Nigeriamdashan abbattoire studyrdquo Bulletin of AnimalHealth and Production in Africa vol 58 no 2 pp 119ndash123 2010
[8] S I B Cadmus and H K Adesokan ldquoCauses and implicationsof bovine organsoffal condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol41 no 7 pp 1455ndash1463 2009
[9] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoThe bovine tubercle bacillusrdquoJournal of Applied Bacteriology vol 55 no 1 pp 13ndash29 1983
[10] U Pfeiffer ldquoTuberculosis in animalsrdquo in Clinical Tuberculosis PD Deviewa Ed Arnold Publisher London UK 3rd edition2003
[11] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoZoonotic implication ofMycobacterium bovis infectionrdquo International Veterinary Jour-nal vol 41 pp 363ndash366 1987
[12] C OThoen P A Lobue D A Enarson J B Kaneene and I Nde Kantor ldquoTuberculosis a re-emerging disease in animals andhumansrdquo Veterinaria Italiana vol 45 no 1 pp 135ndash181 2009
[13] JM Grange ldquoMycobacterium bovis infection in human beingsrdquoTuberculosis vol 81 no 1-2 pp 71ndash77 2001
[14] O Cosivi J M Grange C J Daborn et al ldquoZoonotic tuber-culosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countriesrdquoEmerging Infectious Diseases vol 4 no 1 pp 59ndash70 1998
[15] J Francis Tuberculosis in Animals and Man Cassell LondonUK 1958
[16] M Gilbert A Mitchell D Bourn J Mawdsley R Clifton-Hadley and W Wint ldquoCattle movements and bovine tubercu-losis in Great Britainrdquo Nature vol 435 no 7041 pp 491ndash4962005
[17] Bauchi state Diary 2009 httpwwwnigeriagalleriacomNigeriaStates NigeriaBauchi Statehtml
[20] J Waller K McCaffery and J Wardle ldquoMeasuring cancerknowledge comparing prompted and unprompted recallrdquoBritish Journal of Psychology vol 95 no 2 pp 219ndash234 2004
[21] S I B Cadmus H K Adesokan and A E J Awosanya ldquoPublichealth issues and observations made during meat inspectionat Bodija Municipal Abattoir Ibadan Oyo State NigeriardquoNigerian Veterinary Journal vol 29 no 2 pp 43ndash47 2009
[22] M Bello M K Lawan T Aluwong and M Sanusi ldquoManage-ment of slaughter houses in Northern-Nigeria and the safety ofmeat produced for human consumptionrdquo Food Control vol 49pp 34ndash39 2015
[23] W Tigre G Alemayehu T Abetu and B Deressa ldquoPreliminarystudy on public health implication of bovine tuberculosis injimma town South Western Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol6 no 4 pp 369ndash373 2011
[24] F Byarugaba P Grimaud S Godreuil and E Etter ldquoRiskassessment in zoonotic tuberculosis in Mbarara the main milkbasin of Ugandardquo Bulletin of Animal Health and Production inAfrica vol 58 no 2 pp 125ndash132 2010
as major reasons for condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern-Nigeria
Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium boviswhich is a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex[9 10] The aetiological agents of mammalian tuberculosisclassified as members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) include Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mbovis M microti M caprae M africanum M canettii andM pinnipedii Mycobacterium africanum consists of a ratherheterogeneous group of strains isolated from humans inAfrica [11] Mycobacterium bovis otherwise known as thebovine tubercle bacillus is the cause of bovine tuberculosisand the organism may be transmitted by aerosol or dropletsof exudates containing the bacilli It can be transmitted byingestion of feed and water contaminated with urine faecalmaterial or exudates from diseased animals that containthe tubercle bacilli [12] In rare cases humans can becomeinfected with M bovis via direct inoculation [13] Referredto as Butcherrsquos Wart (analogous to Prosectorrsquos Wart which iscaused byM tuberculosis and is an occupational risk associ-ated with performing autopsies) this skin lesion can occur inpersons handling infected meat It is very rare and generallyself-limiting Because M bovis is either enzootic or foundsporadically in much of the developing world there is clearlya risk of cow to human transmission by either ingestionor inhalation [14] As a result of the lack of surveillancedata the actual scope of the problem is unknown Howeverfrom the public health perspective eradication programsin cattle and universal pasteurization of milk remain themain stays of the prevention of a disease in humans that iscaused by transmission from cowsThesemeasures should beaugmented by public education efforts explaining the dangersof consuming unpasteurized dairy products in areas whereM bovis disease in humans is more common
The bovine tubercle bacilli is usually assigned to bTB incattle and sometimes could be used to denote M bovis ofthe tubercle bacillus irrespective of the host Bovine tuberclebacillus has one of the broadest host ranges of all knownpathogens The species has been reported in domesticatedand feral Bovidae Other species in which the disease hasbeen reported include goat sheep pig horse cat dog fennecfox bison buffalo badger wild and feral pig antelopecamelman and nonhuman primates [15] Cattlemovementsparticularly those from areas where bTB is reported are thebest predictors of disease occurrence [16]
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area Bauchi State occupies a total land area of49119 km2 representing about 53 of Nigeriarsquos total landmass and is located between latitudes 9∘ 31015840 and 12∘ 31015840 northof the equator and longitudes 8∘ 501015840 and 11∘ east of the Green-wichMeridian [17]The state is bordered by Kano and JigawaState to the north Taraba State and Plateau State to the southGombe State and Yobe State to the east and Kaduna to thewest The state is highly populated with cattle mainly ownedby Fulani herdsmen The cattle population is estimated at1789000 about 13 of the Nigerian cattle population of
13900000 [18] The state has a human population of 4653066 which ranked 11th of the 36 states density of 95 km2(250 gm2) and per capita income of $983 [19]
Bauchi State has a total of 55 tribal groups inwhichHausaFulani Gerawa Sayawa Jarawa Bolewa Karekare KanuriFarsquoawa Butawa Warjawa Zulawa and Badawa are the maintribes This study was carried out in Bauchi Katagum andMisau Local Government Areas (out of the 20 LGAs) eachrepresenting the three senatorial zones as Bauchi southBauchi north and Bauchi central with populations of 493810295970 and 263487 respectively
22 Questionnaire Distribution A total of 113 structuredclose-ended questionnaires were retrieved from and analysedafter the distribution to abattoir staff focused on assessing thelevel of knowledge attitude and practice of bTB transmissionfrom slaughtered cattle to man and vice versa Assessment oftheir level of awareness was based on biodata (demographicfeatures) knowledge (zoonotic nature and symptoms of TBin humans) attitude (vaccination status of abattoir staff)practice (use of protection while handling carcasses) andother risk factors and scoring recall format of ldquo0ndash8rdquo wasadopted as criteria for a respondent to be regarded foranalysis as described byWaller et al [20] Personnel selectionfrom each abattoir included in the study was also based oncompliance with the interviewer and punctuality in dailyabattoir activities
23 Data Analysis Data were analysed using statistical pack-age for social sciences (SPSS) version 200 Chi- square (1205942)was used to determine possible association between variablesand M bovis Odds ratio (OR) and 95 confidence intervalwere calculated to measure the strengths of associationbetween variables and bTB (M bovis) Tables and bar chartswere constructed using Microsoft Excel 2010 Values of 119875 lt005 were considered significant
3 Results
Majority of the respondents had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) (Table 1) A significant number (57(5046)) of them did not wear protective clothing whenbeing in contact with cattle carcasses despite the protection itgives against zoonotic transmissionThis indicated their highrisk of the zoonotic transmission with the exception that asignificant number (5981) of abattoir personnel consumeboiled milk in recognition of the risk of contracting bTB andBrucellosis in fresh milk (unpasteurised milk) This studyshowed significant (119875 lt 005) association between awarenessof the respondents of bTB and their occupational status ageand duration of exposure to cattle carcasses and the oddsof being aware of bTB by their level of awareness were 936729 and 206 respectively (Table 2) Howevermajority of therespondents believed in the importance of use of protectiveclothing while working 947 (107113) and 360 (4113)had not Likewise on its zoonotic nature 903 (102113)knew that bTB can be contracted from cattle Some of therespondents (416 (47113)) had received childhood BCG
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3
Table 1 Demographic features and awareness of the respondents(abattoir staff 119899 = 113) of bTB in Bauchi State Nigeria
Variables Number () of respondentsAbattoir location
vaccine while 301 (34113) had not and 283 (32113) hadnot known their vaccination status (Figure 1)
4 Discussion
In the public health risk analysis of bTB found in this studythere were more respondents in Bauchi abattoir (5310)compared to Misau and Katagum abattoirs Butchers madeup of most of the respondents were then followed by otherabattoir staff and veterinarians Many of them had not usedprotective clothing despite the protection it gives againstzoonotic transmission clearly indicating their high risk ofcontracting bTBby occupationThis study showed significant(119875 lt 005) association between awareness of the respondents(abattoir staff) of bTB and their occupational status ageand duration of exposure to cattle carcasses However mostof the abattoir staff believed in the importance of use ofprotective clothing while working but very few of them didnot know the importance Likewise on its zoonotic naturemost of them knew that bTB can be contracted from cattleSome of the respondents had even received prophylactic BCGvaccine while others had not received it and few did not knowtheir vaccination statusTherefore this clearly indicated theirawareness of bTB and its zoonotic risk probably due toawareness campaign and researchers that visit the abattoir forsampling and data collection
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
YesNo
Do not know
Aware of Aware of Know the Use of Vaccinationzoonoses bTB as a
zoonoticdisease
symptoms ofTB
protectiveclothing
history
Figure 1 Level of respondentsrsquo awareness of bTB as a zoonoticdisease attitude and practices of abattoir staff (by their knowledgeof disease transmission from cattle the zoonotic nature of bTBcommon clinical signs of TB in humans importance of use ofprotective clothing and vaccination history resp) in Bauchi StateNigeria
Public health (zoonotic) risk associated with the respon-dentsrsquo awareness and practices of bTB found in this studyhad agreed with the report of Cadmus and Adesokan [8]who reported an economic loss of N13 871014annum withassociated public health implications due to tuberculosis(795) asmajor reasons for condemnations in some abattoirsin Western Nigeria This also agreed with the report ofCadmus et al [21] and Bello et al [22] on managementof slaughter houses in Northern Nigeria who reported thatnone of themajor abattoirs in NorthernNigeria met themin-imum hygienic standard of operation as recommended bythe Codex Alimentarius and they could not have supportedthe production of safe meat and meat products for humanconsumption
The statistically significant association between aware-ness of the respondents of bTB and occupational status foundin this study had agreed with the report of Tigre et al[23] who carried out a survey on dairy farms in Ethiopiaand reported a significant association (119875 = 0001) betweenreactor cattle and human TB cases in households indicatingthe high zoonotic risk of bTB among exposed individualsDespite their awareness of the zoonotic risk these figures hadclearly indicated their high risk of contracting the disease dueto exposure and negligence as only few of the respondents(3238) used protective clothing in practical sense More-over the exception was that a significant number (5981)of abattoir personnel of Bauchi State reported consumingboiled milk in recognition of the risk of contracting bTB andBrucellosis in freshmilk (unpasteurisedmilk)These findingswere contrary to the report of Tigre et al [23] in a cross-sectional study on public health implication of bTB in dairycattle and dairy farm owners in South Western Ethiopiain which most of the respondents used either raw milkor nontreated soured milk while some of the respondentsconsumed mixed (raw and cooked) meat and only few of therespondents were aware that cattle had TB among which only
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Risk analysis of some variables and other practices during work (use of protective clothing) among abattoir staff in Bauchi StateNigeria
Variables Use of protective clothing by respondents OR 95 CI on OR 119875 valueYes No
Age group of respondents16ndash25 9 7 729 151ndash352326ndash35 28 15 1058 267ndash419936ndash45 14 16 496 120ndash2055 lowast00028ge46 3 17 lowastlowast1
Sex of respondentsMales 47 51 026 005ndash133 0161Females 7 2 lowastlowast1
Duration of contact with cattlelt1 year 8 3 32 080ndash1287 018351ndash3 years 6 4 18 047ndash683gt3 years 40 48 lowastlowast1
Duration of exposure to cattle carcasseslt1 year 17 4 674 206ndash2204 lowast000131ndash3 years 8 4 317 088ndash1149gt3 years 29 46 lowastlowast1
Awareness that the disease can be contracted from cattleYes 52 51 203 036ndash1162 04440No 2 4 lowastlowast1
Awareness that humans contract TB from cattleYes 52 46 452 091ndash2239 00930No 2 8 lowastlowast1
lowast119875 lt 005 regarded as significant lowastlowastreference values (1)
257 of them recognised bTB as zoonotic The differencesbetween Ethiopiansrsquo and Nigeriansrsquo bTB awareness may beattributed to the differences in their norms and cultures aswell as feeding habits
Mycobacterium bovis the cause of tuberculosis in cat-tle sometimes causes disease in humans the finding thatmajority of the respondents have had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) could be a risk factor that promotestransmission from cattle to humans Transmission from cattleto humans is mainly by ingestion of raw cattle products frominfected animals and transmission by inhalation is possiblewhen there is prolonged contact This agreed with the reportof Byarugaba et al [24] a risk assessment study carried outin tuberculosis patients from Mbarara major cattle keepingregion in Uganda to determine species of Mycobacteriumresponsible for the disease whether M bovis causes diseasein humans Conclusions from this study showed that largeproportions of the respondents (9027) were aware ofzoonotic bTBHowever some (3238) used protectionwhileworking with cattle carcasses This showed their high risk ofcontracting bTB and other zoonoses endemic in the studyarea These findings also demonstrated the urgent need forthe state public health authorities to intervene The risk of
bTB transmission as indicated by the practices and awarenesslevels of the abattoir personnel in Bauchi State could beprevented through the use of protective clothing
Recommendation
The government and relevant agencies should educate andenlighten the public on bTB preventivemeasures and enforcethe use of protection (PPE) by all abattoir workers Collabora-tion between professionals in the state should be encouragedto bridge the existing gap between the public health and bTBawareness
Conflict of Interests
Theauthors unanimously agreed and declared that there is noconflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Theauthors are indebted to theMinistry of Animal Resourcesand Nomadic Resettlement Bauchi State and Bauchi AreaVeterinary Clinic Bauchi metropolitan abattoir Azare and
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
Katagum slaughter houses managements and other abattoirstaff for cooperation and assistance during the research fieldwork
References
[1] OM Radostits D Blood K Hinchey et al EterinaryMedicineA Textbook of Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats Saunders LtdPhiladelphia Pa USA 10th edition 2007
[2] LMOrsquoReilly andC J Daborn ldquoThe epidemiology ofMycobac-terium bovis infections in animals and man a reviewrdquo Tubercleand Lung Disease vol 76 supplement 1 pp 1ndash46 1995
[3] J E Shitaye W Tsegaye and I Pavlik ldquoBovine tuberculosisinfection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia areviewrdquo Veterinarni Medicina vol 52 no 8 pp 317ndash332 2007
[4] WHO ldquoWorld Health Organization reportrdquo Fact Sheet 104WHO 2002 httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetswho104enprinthtml
[5] J P Caffrey ldquoStatus of bovine tuberculosis eradication pro-grammes in Europerdquo Veterinary Microbiology vol 40 no 1-2pp 1ndash4 1994
[6] L M Shehu Survey of tuberculosis and tubercle bacilli in Fulaniherds ldquoNonordquo and some herdsmen in Zaria area Nigeria [MSthesis] Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 1988
[7] I A Raufu and J A Ameh ldquoPrevalence of bovine tuberculosisin Maidguri Nigeriamdashan abbattoire studyrdquo Bulletin of AnimalHealth and Production in Africa vol 58 no 2 pp 119ndash123 2010
[8] S I B Cadmus and H K Adesokan ldquoCauses and implicationsof bovine organsoffal condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol41 no 7 pp 1455ndash1463 2009
[9] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoThe bovine tubercle bacillusrdquoJournal of Applied Bacteriology vol 55 no 1 pp 13ndash29 1983
[10] U Pfeiffer ldquoTuberculosis in animalsrdquo in Clinical Tuberculosis PD Deviewa Ed Arnold Publisher London UK 3rd edition2003
[11] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoZoonotic implication ofMycobacterium bovis infectionrdquo International Veterinary Jour-nal vol 41 pp 363ndash366 1987
[12] C OThoen P A Lobue D A Enarson J B Kaneene and I Nde Kantor ldquoTuberculosis a re-emerging disease in animals andhumansrdquo Veterinaria Italiana vol 45 no 1 pp 135ndash181 2009
[13] JM Grange ldquoMycobacterium bovis infection in human beingsrdquoTuberculosis vol 81 no 1-2 pp 71ndash77 2001
[14] O Cosivi J M Grange C J Daborn et al ldquoZoonotic tuber-culosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countriesrdquoEmerging Infectious Diseases vol 4 no 1 pp 59ndash70 1998
[15] J Francis Tuberculosis in Animals and Man Cassell LondonUK 1958
[16] M Gilbert A Mitchell D Bourn J Mawdsley R Clifton-Hadley and W Wint ldquoCattle movements and bovine tubercu-losis in Great Britainrdquo Nature vol 435 no 7041 pp 491ndash4962005
[17] Bauchi state Diary 2009 httpwwwnigeriagalleriacomNigeriaStates NigeriaBauchi Statehtml
[20] J Waller K McCaffery and J Wardle ldquoMeasuring cancerknowledge comparing prompted and unprompted recallrdquoBritish Journal of Psychology vol 95 no 2 pp 219ndash234 2004
[21] S I B Cadmus H K Adesokan and A E J Awosanya ldquoPublichealth issues and observations made during meat inspectionat Bodija Municipal Abattoir Ibadan Oyo State NigeriardquoNigerian Veterinary Journal vol 29 no 2 pp 43ndash47 2009
[22] M Bello M K Lawan T Aluwong and M Sanusi ldquoManage-ment of slaughter houses in Northern-Nigeria and the safety ofmeat produced for human consumptionrdquo Food Control vol 49pp 34ndash39 2015
[23] W Tigre G Alemayehu T Abetu and B Deressa ldquoPreliminarystudy on public health implication of bovine tuberculosis injimma town South Western Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol6 no 4 pp 369ndash373 2011
[24] F Byarugaba P Grimaud S Godreuil and E Etter ldquoRiskassessment in zoonotic tuberculosis in Mbarara the main milkbasin of Ugandardquo Bulletin of Animal Health and Production inAfrica vol 58 no 2 pp 125ndash132 2010
vaccine while 301 (34113) had not and 283 (32113) hadnot known their vaccination status (Figure 1)
4 Discussion
In the public health risk analysis of bTB found in this studythere were more respondents in Bauchi abattoir (5310)compared to Misau and Katagum abattoirs Butchers madeup of most of the respondents were then followed by otherabattoir staff and veterinarians Many of them had not usedprotective clothing despite the protection it gives againstzoonotic transmission clearly indicating their high risk ofcontracting bTBby occupationThis study showed significant(119875 lt 005) association between awareness of the respondents(abattoir staff) of bTB and their occupational status ageand duration of exposure to cattle carcasses However mostof the abattoir staff believed in the importance of use ofprotective clothing while working but very few of them didnot know the importance Likewise on its zoonotic naturemost of them knew that bTB can be contracted from cattleSome of the respondents had even received prophylactic BCGvaccine while others had not received it and few did not knowtheir vaccination statusTherefore this clearly indicated theirawareness of bTB and its zoonotic risk probably due toawareness campaign and researchers that visit the abattoir forsampling and data collection
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
YesNo
Do not know
Aware of Aware of Know the Use of Vaccinationzoonoses bTB as a
zoonoticdisease
symptoms ofTB
protectiveclothing
history
Figure 1 Level of respondentsrsquo awareness of bTB as a zoonoticdisease attitude and practices of abattoir staff (by their knowledgeof disease transmission from cattle the zoonotic nature of bTBcommon clinical signs of TB in humans importance of use ofprotective clothing and vaccination history resp) in Bauchi StateNigeria
Public health (zoonotic) risk associated with the respon-dentsrsquo awareness and practices of bTB found in this studyhad agreed with the report of Cadmus and Adesokan [8]who reported an economic loss of N13 871014annum withassociated public health implications due to tuberculosis(795) asmajor reasons for condemnations in some abattoirsin Western Nigeria This also agreed with the report ofCadmus et al [21] and Bello et al [22] on managementof slaughter houses in Northern Nigeria who reported thatnone of themajor abattoirs in NorthernNigeria met themin-imum hygienic standard of operation as recommended bythe Codex Alimentarius and they could not have supportedthe production of safe meat and meat products for humanconsumption
The statistically significant association between aware-ness of the respondents of bTB and occupational status foundin this study had agreed with the report of Tigre et al[23] who carried out a survey on dairy farms in Ethiopiaand reported a significant association (119875 = 0001) betweenreactor cattle and human TB cases in households indicatingthe high zoonotic risk of bTB among exposed individualsDespite their awareness of the zoonotic risk these figures hadclearly indicated their high risk of contracting the disease dueto exposure and negligence as only few of the respondents(3238) used protective clothing in practical sense More-over the exception was that a significant number (5981)of abattoir personnel of Bauchi State reported consumingboiled milk in recognition of the risk of contracting bTB andBrucellosis in freshmilk (unpasteurisedmilk)These findingswere contrary to the report of Tigre et al [23] in a cross-sectional study on public health implication of bTB in dairycattle and dairy farm owners in South Western Ethiopiain which most of the respondents used either raw milkor nontreated soured milk while some of the respondentsconsumed mixed (raw and cooked) meat and only few of therespondents were aware that cattle had TB among which only
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Risk analysis of some variables and other practices during work (use of protective clothing) among abattoir staff in Bauchi StateNigeria
Variables Use of protective clothing by respondents OR 95 CI on OR 119875 valueYes No
Age group of respondents16ndash25 9 7 729 151ndash352326ndash35 28 15 1058 267ndash419936ndash45 14 16 496 120ndash2055 lowast00028ge46 3 17 lowastlowast1
Sex of respondentsMales 47 51 026 005ndash133 0161Females 7 2 lowastlowast1
Duration of contact with cattlelt1 year 8 3 32 080ndash1287 018351ndash3 years 6 4 18 047ndash683gt3 years 40 48 lowastlowast1
Duration of exposure to cattle carcasseslt1 year 17 4 674 206ndash2204 lowast000131ndash3 years 8 4 317 088ndash1149gt3 years 29 46 lowastlowast1
Awareness that the disease can be contracted from cattleYes 52 51 203 036ndash1162 04440No 2 4 lowastlowast1
Awareness that humans contract TB from cattleYes 52 46 452 091ndash2239 00930No 2 8 lowastlowast1
lowast119875 lt 005 regarded as significant lowastlowastreference values (1)
257 of them recognised bTB as zoonotic The differencesbetween Ethiopiansrsquo and Nigeriansrsquo bTB awareness may beattributed to the differences in their norms and cultures aswell as feeding habits
Mycobacterium bovis the cause of tuberculosis in cat-tle sometimes causes disease in humans the finding thatmajority of the respondents have had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) could be a risk factor that promotestransmission from cattle to humans Transmission from cattleto humans is mainly by ingestion of raw cattle products frominfected animals and transmission by inhalation is possiblewhen there is prolonged contact This agreed with the reportof Byarugaba et al [24] a risk assessment study carried outin tuberculosis patients from Mbarara major cattle keepingregion in Uganda to determine species of Mycobacteriumresponsible for the disease whether M bovis causes diseasein humans Conclusions from this study showed that largeproportions of the respondents (9027) were aware ofzoonotic bTBHowever some (3238) used protectionwhileworking with cattle carcasses This showed their high risk ofcontracting bTB and other zoonoses endemic in the studyarea These findings also demonstrated the urgent need forthe state public health authorities to intervene The risk of
bTB transmission as indicated by the practices and awarenesslevels of the abattoir personnel in Bauchi State could beprevented through the use of protective clothing
Recommendation
The government and relevant agencies should educate andenlighten the public on bTB preventivemeasures and enforcethe use of protection (PPE) by all abattoir workers Collabora-tion between professionals in the state should be encouragedto bridge the existing gap between the public health and bTBawareness
Conflict of Interests
Theauthors unanimously agreed and declared that there is noconflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Theauthors are indebted to theMinistry of Animal Resourcesand Nomadic Resettlement Bauchi State and Bauchi AreaVeterinary Clinic Bauchi metropolitan abattoir Azare and
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
Katagum slaughter houses managements and other abattoirstaff for cooperation and assistance during the research fieldwork
References
[1] OM Radostits D Blood K Hinchey et al EterinaryMedicineA Textbook of Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats Saunders LtdPhiladelphia Pa USA 10th edition 2007
[2] LMOrsquoReilly andC J Daborn ldquoThe epidemiology ofMycobac-terium bovis infections in animals and man a reviewrdquo Tubercleand Lung Disease vol 76 supplement 1 pp 1ndash46 1995
[3] J E Shitaye W Tsegaye and I Pavlik ldquoBovine tuberculosisinfection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia areviewrdquo Veterinarni Medicina vol 52 no 8 pp 317ndash332 2007
[4] WHO ldquoWorld Health Organization reportrdquo Fact Sheet 104WHO 2002 httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetswho104enprinthtml
[5] J P Caffrey ldquoStatus of bovine tuberculosis eradication pro-grammes in Europerdquo Veterinary Microbiology vol 40 no 1-2pp 1ndash4 1994
[6] L M Shehu Survey of tuberculosis and tubercle bacilli in Fulaniherds ldquoNonordquo and some herdsmen in Zaria area Nigeria [MSthesis] Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 1988
[7] I A Raufu and J A Ameh ldquoPrevalence of bovine tuberculosisin Maidguri Nigeriamdashan abbattoire studyrdquo Bulletin of AnimalHealth and Production in Africa vol 58 no 2 pp 119ndash123 2010
[8] S I B Cadmus and H K Adesokan ldquoCauses and implicationsof bovine organsoffal condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol41 no 7 pp 1455ndash1463 2009
[9] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoThe bovine tubercle bacillusrdquoJournal of Applied Bacteriology vol 55 no 1 pp 13ndash29 1983
[10] U Pfeiffer ldquoTuberculosis in animalsrdquo in Clinical Tuberculosis PD Deviewa Ed Arnold Publisher London UK 3rd edition2003
[11] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoZoonotic implication ofMycobacterium bovis infectionrdquo International Veterinary Jour-nal vol 41 pp 363ndash366 1987
[12] C OThoen P A Lobue D A Enarson J B Kaneene and I Nde Kantor ldquoTuberculosis a re-emerging disease in animals andhumansrdquo Veterinaria Italiana vol 45 no 1 pp 135ndash181 2009
[13] JM Grange ldquoMycobacterium bovis infection in human beingsrdquoTuberculosis vol 81 no 1-2 pp 71ndash77 2001
[14] O Cosivi J M Grange C J Daborn et al ldquoZoonotic tuber-culosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countriesrdquoEmerging Infectious Diseases vol 4 no 1 pp 59ndash70 1998
[15] J Francis Tuberculosis in Animals and Man Cassell LondonUK 1958
[16] M Gilbert A Mitchell D Bourn J Mawdsley R Clifton-Hadley and W Wint ldquoCattle movements and bovine tubercu-losis in Great Britainrdquo Nature vol 435 no 7041 pp 491ndash4962005
[17] Bauchi state Diary 2009 httpwwwnigeriagalleriacomNigeriaStates NigeriaBauchi Statehtml
[20] J Waller K McCaffery and J Wardle ldquoMeasuring cancerknowledge comparing prompted and unprompted recallrdquoBritish Journal of Psychology vol 95 no 2 pp 219ndash234 2004
[21] S I B Cadmus H K Adesokan and A E J Awosanya ldquoPublichealth issues and observations made during meat inspectionat Bodija Municipal Abattoir Ibadan Oyo State NigeriardquoNigerian Veterinary Journal vol 29 no 2 pp 43ndash47 2009
[22] M Bello M K Lawan T Aluwong and M Sanusi ldquoManage-ment of slaughter houses in Northern-Nigeria and the safety ofmeat produced for human consumptionrdquo Food Control vol 49pp 34ndash39 2015
[23] W Tigre G Alemayehu T Abetu and B Deressa ldquoPreliminarystudy on public health implication of bovine tuberculosis injimma town South Western Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol6 no 4 pp 369ndash373 2011
[24] F Byarugaba P Grimaud S Godreuil and E Etter ldquoRiskassessment in zoonotic tuberculosis in Mbarara the main milkbasin of Ugandardquo Bulletin of Animal Health and Production inAfrica vol 58 no 2 pp 125ndash132 2010
Age group of respondents16ndash25 9 7 729 151ndash352326ndash35 28 15 1058 267ndash419936ndash45 14 16 496 120ndash2055 lowast00028ge46 3 17 lowastlowast1
Sex of respondentsMales 47 51 026 005ndash133 0161Females 7 2 lowastlowast1
Duration of contact with cattlelt1 year 8 3 32 080ndash1287 018351ndash3 years 6 4 18 047ndash683gt3 years 40 48 lowastlowast1
Duration of exposure to cattle carcasseslt1 year 17 4 674 206ndash2204 lowast000131ndash3 years 8 4 317 088ndash1149gt3 years 29 46 lowastlowast1
Awareness that the disease can be contracted from cattleYes 52 51 203 036ndash1162 04440No 2 4 lowastlowast1
Awareness that humans contract TB from cattleYes 52 46 452 091ndash2239 00930No 2 8 lowastlowast1
lowast119875 lt 005 regarded as significant lowastlowastreference values (1)
257 of them recognised bTB as zoonotic The differencesbetween Ethiopiansrsquo and Nigeriansrsquo bTB awareness may beattributed to the differences in their norms and cultures aswell as feeding habits
Mycobacterium bovis the cause of tuberculosis in cat-tle sometimes causes disease in humans the finding thatmajority of the respondents have had contact with cattle forover 3 years (8140) could be a risk factor that promotestransmission from cattle to humans Transmission from cattleto humans is mainly by ingestion of raw cattle products frominfected animals and transmission by inhalation is possiblewhen there is prolonged contact This agreed with the reportof Byarugaba et al [24] a risk assessment study carried outin tuberculosis patients from Mbarara major cattle keepingregion in Uganda to determine species of Mycobacteriumresponsible for the disease whether M bovis causes diseasein humans Conclusions from this study showed that largeproportions of the respondents (9027) were aware ofzoonotic bTBHowever some (3238) used protectionwhileworking with cattle carcasses This showed their high risk ofcontracting bTB and other zoonoses endemic in the studyarea These findings also demonstrated the urgent need forthe state public health authorities to intervene The risk of
bTB transmission as indicated by the practices and awarenesslevels of the abattoir personnel in Bauchi State could beprevented through the use of protective clothing
Recommendation
The government and relevant agencies should educate andenlighten the public on bTB preventivemeasures and enforcethe use of protection (PPE) by all abattoir workers Collabora-tion between professionals in the state should be encouragedto bridge the existing gap between the public health and bTBawareness
Conflict of Interests
Theauthors unanimously agreed and declared that there is noconflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Theauthors are indebted to theMinistry of Animal Resourcesand Nomadic Resettlement Bauchi State and Bauchi AreaVeterinary Clinic Bauchi metropolitan abattoir Azare and
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
Katagum slaughter houses managements and other abattoirstaff for cooperation and assistance during the research fieldwork
References
[1] OM Radostits D Blood K Hinchey et al EterinaryMedicineA Textbook of Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats Saunders LtdPhiladelphia Pa USA 10th edition 2007
[2] LMOrsquoReilly andC J Daborn ldquoThe epidemiology ofMycobac-terium bovis infections in animals and man a reviewrdquo Tubercleand Lung Disease vol 76 supplement 1 pp 1ndash46 1995
[3] J E Shitaye W Tsegaye and I Pavlik ldquoBovine tuberculosisinfection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia areviewrdquo Veterinarni Medicina vol 52 no 8 pp 317ndash332 2007
[4] WHO ldquoWorld Health Organization reportrdquo Fact Sheet 104WHO 2002 httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetswho104enprinthtml
[5] J P Caffrey ldquoStatus of bovine tuberculosis eradication pro-grammes in Europerdquo Veterinary Microbiology vol 40 no 1-2pp 1ndash4 1994
[6] L M Shehu Survey of tuberculosis and tubercle bacilli in Fulaniherds ldquoNonordquo and some herdsmen in Zaria area Nigeria [MSthesis] Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 1988
[7] I A Raufu and J A Ameh ldquoPrevalence of bovine tuberculosisin Maidguri Nigeriamdashan abbattoire studyrdquo Bulletin of AnimalHealth and Production in Africa vol 58 no 2 pp 119ndash123 2010
[8] S I B Cadmus and H K Adesokan ldquoCauses and implicationsof bovine organsoffal condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol41 no 7 pp 1455ndash1463 2009
[9] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoThe bovine tubercle bacillusrdquoJournal of Applied Bacteriology vol 55 no 1 pp 13ndash29 1983
[10] U Pfeiffer ldquoTuberculosis in animalsrdquo in Clinical Tuberculosis PD Deviewa Ed Arnold Publisher London UK 3rd edition2003
[11] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoZoonotic implication ofMycobacterium bovis infectionrdquo International Veterinary Jour-nal vol 41 pp 363ndash366 1987
[12] C OThoen P A Lobue D A Enarson J B Kaneene and I Nde Kantor ldquoTuberculosis a re-emerging disease in animals andhumansrdquo Veterinaria Italiana vol 45 no 1 pp 135ndash181 2009
[13] JM Grange ldquoMycobacterium bovis infection in human beingsrdquoTuberculosis vol 81 no 1-2 pp 71ndash77 2001
[14] O Cosivi J M Grange C J Daborn et al ldquoZoonotic tuber-culosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countriesrdquoEmerging Infectious Diseases vol 4 no 1 pp 59ndash70 1998
[15] J Francis Tuberculosis in Animals and Man Cassell LondonUK 1958
[16] M Gilbert A Mitchell D Bourn J Mawdsley R Clifton-Hadley and W Wint ldquoCattle movements and bovine tubercu-losis in Great Britainrdquo Nature vol 435 no 7041 pp 491ndash4962005
[17] Bauchi state Diary 2009 httpwwwnigeriagalleriacomNigeriaStates NigeriaBauchi Statehtml
[20] J Waller K McCaffery and J Wardle ldquoMeasuring cancerknowledge comparing prompted and unprompted recallrdquoBritish Journal of Psychology vol 95 no 2 pp 219ndash234 2004
[21] S I B Cadmus H K Adesokan and A E J Awosanya ldquoPublichealth issues and observations made during meat inspectionat Bodija Municipal Abattoir Ibadan Oyo State NigeriardquoNigerian Veterinary Journal vol 29 no 2 pp 43ndash47 2009
[22] M Bello M K Lawan T Aluwong and M Sanusi ldquoManage-ment of slaughter houses in Northern-Nigeria and the safety ofmeat produced for human consumptionrdquo Food Control vol 49pp 34ndash39 2015
[23] W Tigre G Alemayehu T Abetu and B Deressa ldquoPreliminarystudy on public health implication of bovine tuberculosis injimma town South Western Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol6 no 4 pp 369ndash373 2011
[24] F Byarugaba P Grimaud S Godreuil and E Etter ldquoRiskassessment in zoonotic tuberculosis in Mbarara the main milkbasin of Ugandardquo Bulletin of Animal Health and Production inAfrica vol 58 no 2 pp 125ndash132 2010
Katagum slaughter houses managements and other abattoirstaff for cooperation and assistance during the research fieldwork
References
[1] OM Radostits D Blood K Hinchey et al EterinaryMedicineA Textbook of Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats Saunders LtdPhiladelphia Pa USA 10th edition 2007
[2] LMOrsquoReilly andC J Daborn ldquoThe epidemiology ofMycobac-terium bovis infections in animals and man a reviewrdquo Tubercleand Lung Disease vol 76 supplement 1 pp 1ndash46 1995
[3] J E Shitaye W Tsegaye and I Pavlik ldquoBovine tuberculosisinfection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia areviewrdquo Veterinarni Medicina vol 52 no 8 pp 317ndash332 2007
[4] WHO ldquoWorld Health Organization reportrdquo Fact Sheet 104WHO 2002 httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetswho104enprinthtml
[5] J P Caffrey ldquoStatus of bovine tuberculosis eradication pro-grammes in Europerdquo Veterinary Microbiology vol 40 no 1-2pp 1ndash4 1994
[6] L M Shehu Survey of tuberculosis and tubercle bacilli in Fulaniherds ldquoNonordquo and some herdsmen in Zaria area Nigeria [MSthesis] Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 1988
[7] I A Raufu and J A Ameh ldquoPrevalence of bovine tuberculosisin Maidguri Nigeriamdashan abbattoire studyrdquo Bulletin of AnimalHealth and Production in Africa vol 58 no 2 pp 119ndash123 2010
[8] S I B Cadmus and H K Adesokan ldquoCauses and implicationsof bovine organsoffal condemnations in some abattoirs inWestern Nigeriardquo Tropical Animal Health and Production vol41 no 7 pp 1455ndash1463 2009
[9] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoThe bovine tubercle bacillusrdquoJournal of Applied Bacteriology vol 55 no 1 pp 13ndash29 1983
[10] U Pfeiffer ldquoTuberculosis in animalsrdquo in Clinical Tuberculosis PD Deviewa Ed Arnold Publisher London UK 3rd edition2003
[11] C H Collins and J M Grange ldquoZoonotic implication ofMycobacterium bovis infectionrdquo International Veterinary Jour-nal vol 41 pp 363ndash366 1987
[12] C OThoen P A Lobue D A Enarson J B Kaneene and I Nde Kantor ldquoTuberculosis a re-emerging disease in animals andhumansrdquo Veterinaria Italiana vol 45 no 1 pp 135ndash181 2009
[13] JM Grange ldquoMycobacterium bovis infection in human beingsrdquoTuberculosis vol 81 no 1-2 pp 71ndash77 2001
[14] O Cosivi J M Grange C J Daborn et al ldquoZoonotic tuber-culosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countriesrdquoEmerging Infectious Diseases vol 4 no 1 pp 59ndash70 1998
[15] J Francis Tuberculosis in Animals and Man Cassell LondonUK 1958
[16] M Gilbert A Mitchell D Bourn J Mawdsley R Clifton-Hadley and W Wint ldquoCattle movements and bovine tubercu-losis in Great Britainrdquo Nature vol 435 no 7041 pp 491ndash4962005
[17] Bauchi state Diary 2009 httpwwwnigeriagalleriacomNigeriaStates NigeriaBauchi Statehtml
[20] J Waller K McCaffery and J Wardle ldquoMeasuring cancerknowledge comparing prompted and unprompted recallrdquoBritish Journal of Psychology vol 95 no 2 pp 219ndash234 2004
[21] S I B Cadmus H K Adesokan and A E J Awosanya ldquoPublichealth issues and observations made during meat inspectionat Bodija Municipal Abattoir Ibadan Oyo State NigeriardquoNigerian Veterinary Journal vol 29 no 2 pp 43ndash47 2009
[22] M Bello M K Lawan T Aluwong and M Sanusi ldquoManage-ment of slaughter houses in Northern-Nigeria and the safety ofmeat produced for human consumptionrdquo Food Control vol 49pp 34ndash39 2015
[23] W Tigre G Alemayehu T Abetu and B Deressa ldquoPreliminarystudy on public health implication of bovine tuberculosis injimma town South Western Ethiopiardquo Global Veterinaria vol6 no 4 pp 369ndash373 2011
[24] F Byarugaba P Grimaud S Godreuil and E Etter ldquoRiskassessment in zoonotic tuberculosis in Mbarara the main milkbasin of Ugandardquo Bulletin of Animal Health and Production inAfrica vol 58 no 2 pp 125ndash132 2010
