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Research on Use of FGD Products in Ohio
Warren Dick and Liming Chen
The Ohio State University
FGD as Lime Substitute
Vermiculite and Perlite FGD, and Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Combustion Product to Agricultural Acid Soils
Calcium carbonate equivalency 50%
Application rates: 7.5 to 30 ton/acre
4
5
6
7
8
Control CFB(0.5xLR)
CFB(1.0xLR)
CFB(2.0xLR)
Ag-lime(0.5xLR)
Ag-lime(1.0xLR)
Ag-lime(2.0xLR)
E
C
AB
A
D
C
BC
15 months
Soil pH
Treatment
Soil pH as Affected by CFB vs. Ag-lime
Alfalfa Yields as Affected by CFB vs. Ag-lime
0
2
4
6
8
10
Control CFB Ag-lime
Dry
Wei
ght
of A
lalf
a (M
g h
a-1)
Treatment
C
A
B
Alfalfa Yields as Affected by Vermiculite and Perlite FGD (#2-7) vs. Ag-lime (#8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Treatment
Yie
lds
of
Alf
alfa
(M
g/h
a)
14.0
10.5
7.0
3.5
0
D
BC
ABA
ABC ABABC
C
Mineland Reclamation
Treatments:
(1) FGD:125 tons/acre
(2) FGD+Compost: 125 tons/acre of FGD and 50 tons/acre of yard-waste compost.
(3) Soil+lime: 70 tons/acre of agricultural limestone with 20 cm of soil.
FGD Used for Fleming Coal Mine Reclamation (1994)
Biomass as Affected by FGD (AFBC) and Other Materials in Fleming Site
Topsoil AFBC AFBC+Compost
Yie
ld (
ton
s ac
re-1
)0
12
3
Yie
ld (
ton
s ac
re-1
)0
12
3
FGD Used for Fleming Coal Mine Reclamation (2006)
Effect of FGD on Plant Roots in Coal Mine Soil
•
Amelioration of Problems Associated with Subsoil Acidity
• Blount soil has an acidic subsoil
• Application rates: 1500 to 3000 lb FGD-gypsum/acre
Typical pH profile for a Blount soil
3 4 5 6
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Depth
(cm)
pH7
pH
Al3+
Effects of Gypsum on Al in Soils
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 lbs/A Control
1500 lbs/A3000 lbs/A
% Al Saturation
So
il D
epth
(cm
)
Aluminum Toxicity in Ohio
Modfied from Ohio Report, 1976
Yield mapFrom a corn field at the Miller farm harvested in 2003
Wooster, Ohio
Year
FGD as S fertilizer
• FGD contains 5- 17% S– SO4
2- plants uptake directly
– SO32- oxidized to SO4
2- in soils, then uptake by plants
• FGD application rates: 14 to 60 lb S/acre
Table 4. Trace metal content1 of gypsum from different sources compared with U.S. EPA Part 503 pollutant concentration limits for excellent quality biosolids. Metal (ppm = mg kg-1)
Museum specimen
Synthetic gypsum
Natural gypsum Cast gypsum
Drywall gypsum
Part 503 Table 32
Arsenic <0.52 0.56 (0.05)3 <0.52 <0.52 0.98 (0.11) 41
Cadmium <0.48 <0.48 <0.48 <0.48 <0.48 39
Chromium 0.01 1.30 (0.85) 1.38 (0.32) 0.07 (0.00) 1.09 (0.09) 1200
Cobalt <0.48 <0.48 0.53 (0.04) <0.48 <0.48 NR4
Copper <0.48 1.16 (0.66) 1.33 ((0.30) 1.40 (0.21) 0.95 (0.14) 1500
Lead < 0.48 0.80 (.30) 2.92 (0.30) 0.57 (0.08) 0.70 (0.02) 300
Mercury <0.26 <0.26 <0.26 <0.26 <0.26 17
Molybdenum <0.24 0.51 (0.26) 1.28 (0.04) <0.24 <0.24 --5
Nickel <0.24 0.73 (0.18) 1.42 (0.23) < 0.24 0.83 (0.12) 420
Selenium <1.45 5.51 (3.47) <1.45 <1.45 1.85 (0.04) 36
Zinc <0.24 3.88 (2.78) 0.91 (0.49) <0.24 3.08 (0.45) 2800 1 Data obtained by EPA method 3050 (USEPA. 1996).
2 Part 503--Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge; 503.13, Table 3. (USEPA, 1993).
3 Standard deviation included in parentheses.
4NR = not regulated.
5Ceiling concentration limit for molybdenum is 75 ppm; 503.13, Table 1. (USEPA. 1993).
Wooster
OARDC
Sandusky
Hancock
Clark
Pike
Baker
Experimental Sites in Ohio
Alf
alfa
Yie
ld (
Mg/
ha)
Soy
bea
n Y
ield
(k
g/h
a)
N Rate (kg ha-1)
0 50 100 150 200 250
Ave
rage
Cor
n Y
ield
(M
g h
a-1)
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
Y=5.80+0.029x-0.00009x2 (R2=0.85)
Y=5.19+0.021x-0.00003x2 (R2=0.96)
SNo S
Average Corn Yields from 2002 to 2005 as Affected by Application of N and FGD products at the rate of 30 lb S/acre.
Improvement of Soil Physical Properties
• Application rate:2000-4000 lb/acre
• Increase water infiltration
• Maintain good soil structure
No-Tillage Crop Production on Clay Soils
• No-tillage has not been used on clay soils because poor aeration and water infiltration properties.
• Treatments:– No-tillage and plow-tillage– FGD-gypsum application rates: 1500-3000
lb/acre
Corn response to FGD gypsum in no-till and plow till plots at the OARDC Northwest Station in 2004
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
0 lb/A 1500 lb/A 3000 lb/A
No-till
Plow-till
FGD Gypsum Treatments
Co
rn Y
ield
(b
u/a
cre
)
Corn response to FGD gypsum in no-till and plow-till plots at the OARDC Northwest Station in 2005
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
0 lb/A 1500 lb/A 3000 lb/A
No-till
Plow-till
FGD Gypsum Treatments
Co
rn Y
ield
(b
u/a
cre
)
Synthetic Soils and Horticultural Uses
• A synthetic soil may be defined as a plant growth medium created by the blending of two or more materials.
• A large variety of synthetic soils were created using varied proportions of FGD-gypsum, bottom ash, peat, and several composts from biosolids, cow manure, and yard waste.
Biomass of wheat and tomato (seedlings 35 days) as affected by media created from coal combustion products
(CCPs) and composts.
FGD used in potting media (wheat)
FGD used in potting medium (tomato)
FGD used in nursery plant growth media