Research Paper (applied linguistics)

7/28/2019 Research Paper (applied linguistics)

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1st Kashmir InternationalConference on Linguistics

Institute of Languages & Department of English

UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR


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TOPIC

CODE MIXING IN PAKISTANI URDUNEWSPAPERS:

AN ANALYSIS OF SPORTS NEWS

PRESESENTED BY:

RABEAH SAEED KIANI

&

MUHAMMAD ANWAR-UL-HAQ


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Communication is a basic need for human beings. The maininstrument of communication is language.

Most of the people all over the world routinely use two or morelanguages in their daily lives. In most of the countries of United

Nations and Europe people speak more than one language.

This also happens to the Indonesian people who are usuallybilingual. People in Pakistan usually master at least the Nationallanguage (Urdu) and the regional language such as Punjabi, Sindhi ,Pushto and other for doing conversations.


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Educated people usually master foreign language,such as English, French, Chinese, etc. The fact thatpeople can use more than one language encouragethem to mix codes whenever they speak.

In a multilingual community, speaker tends to mix onelanguage to the other, which is commonly called ascode mixing. According to Suwito (2004: p60) Codemixing is the use of two or more languages by

entering the pieces of a language into another whilethe pieces of language which are inserted do not havetheir function.

Newspaper is one kind of digital media, the writtenlanguage that printed and published every month, everyweek, or every day. There is lot of information that can beachieved from newspapers, for example politics, economy,entertainment, and sports.


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1.3 Pakistani Context

Kachru (1997: p227)

pointed at the ideological,

cultural and elitist power of

English.

Power

practical

necessity

success

socialsuperiority

socialprestige

Opportunity

English


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1.5 Research Statement

There is frequent use of code mixing of English in Urdu

newspapers; however the frequency of code mixing varies in certain

linguistic categories within a newspaper and also relative to other

newspapers.

1.6 Research Question Why and which type of linguistic category of code mixing is frequent

in Pakistani Urdu newspapers in The Express, The Nawaiwaqt and

The Jang?

1.7 Aims and Objectives To check the frequency of code mixing of English in sports Page of

Urdu newspapers.

To find out the reasons of code mixing in Urdu newspapers.

To compare the frequency of occurrence of code mixing in sports

page in three Urdu newspapers.


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Delimitations

Only three newspapers are analyzed.

Only Sports page is analyzed from these newspapers.

Due to lack of time the researcher only analyzed the

data of 2 weeks.

Only codes mixed elements are analyzed to have

quantitative and qualitative findings.


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Reasons Of Code Mixing

Tse (1992) gives the following reasons for code mixing :

To serve as a solidarity marker of group membership;

To fill a lexical gap owing to high frequency, field specificEnglish vocabulary related to work or studies;

To show off; and

To serve as euphemism or some kind of emotional

buffer in place of the unwanted taboo words or wordscarrying emotive meaning in Cantonese


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Code mixing is a fact of bilingual and multilingual

societies. Linguists have defined it differently and dividedit into different types. Whatever be the definition of code

mixing, it is concerned with the use of two languages.

Code mixing is happening in almost all the languages of

the world. Like these languages, it is also happening

with Pakistani languages. Code mixing could be

observed in spoken and written language.


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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Nature of the research

Sample

The Express, The Nawai waqt and The Jang

Data for current research

Data Collection and research procedure


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4. DATA PRESENTATION AND

ANALYSIS

Categories ofData analysis

Within wordhybridization

words phrases

Adjectives Adverbs Nouns Noun Phrases Verb Phrases

Noun PhraseInsertion

Noun PhraseHybridization


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Hybridization within words

According to Bakhtin (1981) hybridization is an utterance that in terms of

grammar and composition belongs to a single speaker but actually has two

utterances, containing two speech manners, two styles and two languages

with two different systems.

In all the instances of hybridization in this category, a pattern of mixing of

English noun+ Urdu suffix can be observed.

Matchon = Match (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Wicketon= Wicket (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Teamon = Team (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Playeron = Player (singular English noun) + on (plural marker of Urdu)

Centurian = Century (singular English noun) + ian (plural marker of Urdu)

So it can be concluded that most of the hybridization is occurring for the

purpose of plural making.


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Comparison of Code mixing of hybridized words inthree newspapers


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Code mixing in Nouns

As noted by Chan (1998), Cantonese-English code-mixing most often takes

the form of single English words surrounded by Cantonese constituents.Most of these English words are content words, rather than function words

(Gibbons, 1987).

Concrete nouns: Injury, Festival, Board etc. Abstract nouns: Unfit,Condition, Advice, Fitness etc.

Countable nouns: Matches, Overs, Runs, and Stadium etc.Uncountable nouns: Police, Rush, and Bowling etc.

Equivalent in Urdu: Match, Players , injury, trick etc.

Dont have equivalents in Urdu: Trophy, Police, Schedule, and Seriesetc.

Borrowed words: Wicket, Fielding, Bowling and Credit Acronyms and abbreviations : ICC, IPL and WAPDA etc.

Compound Nouns : Quarter final, Mega event, Press Conference ,Fast Bowler etc.


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Comparison of code mixing of nouns in three

newspapers


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Code mixing in Noun Phrases: Noun Phrase Insertion

A noun phrase consists of s noun and its modifiers. The noun is the head

of a noun phrase and modifiers are the words, which modify or restrict

the meanings of a noun. Verbs as modifiers : Swimming Pole, Organizing Committee,

Practice Session etc.

Adjectives as modifiers : Green shirts, Fast Bowler, SocialNetworks etc.

Nouns as modifiers: Domestic cricket, World cup Cricket, SportsmanSpirit, etc.


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Comparison of frequencies of Code mixed noun

phrase insertion

Code mi ing in No n Phrases No n Phrase


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Code mixing in Noun Phrases: Noun Phrase

Hybridization

Hybridized noun phrases are those phrases in which Urdu and English

both languages are used.

Types of Hybridized Noun Phrases

1- Phrases having modifier of English and head of Urdu:

Upset Shikast , Security Ahalkaron , Knock Out Marhaly , WorldcupMuqablon , Senior Khilarion etc.

2-Phrases having modifiers of Urdu and head of English:Tofani Innings , Bharpor Form, Bara Challenge, Aalmi Cup , Aik Century,

Majmoi Score etc.

3- English phrases but having some influence of Urdu

language:

Fast bowleron, Main playeron, Foreign Visay, and Opening playeron

etc.


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Comparison of code mixing of noun phrase

hybridization in three newspapers


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Code mixing in Verb Phrases

One thing which is to be noted is

that these verb phrases havemain verbs of English languageand helping verb of Urdu

language. The helping verb ofUrdu language, which is used

most of the times, is karna(todo).

such as

Support

Karen, Join

Kar Lon Ga,

Bold Kiya,

and Catch

Bnaya etc.

Other

helping

verbs which

are usedwith English

main verbs

are lag gia

(no exact


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Comparison of code mixing of hybridized Verb

phrases in three newspapers

C l i


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Conclusion

Code mixing of English in three Urdu

newspapers


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5. CONCLUSION

The highest frequency of code mixing is observed inthe second category, which is that of nouns. Thereason of such large number is because insertion of asingle noun or compound noun of one language intothe other language is the easiest way of code mixing.

The lowest frequency is observed in the lastcategory, which is that of hybridized verb phrases.The reason for its lowest frequency is that use ofverb of one language into other languagedemands the helping verb of the dominant

language in order to adjust it in the sentence.

If we look at the results of the two categories of nounsand noun phrases, than we come to know that resultsof last two categories, which deals with hybridizednoun phrases and hybridized verb phrases, stand in

contrast with them.


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Sometimes rathermost of the timesthere are equivalentwords available inthe language beingused but code

mixing is happeningand the words ofEnglish arereplacing them.

e.g. Match

One of the mainreasons behind

such large amountof code mixing is

that as most of thenews in sports page

of thesenewspapers are

about internationalsports.

In addition to codemixing of English in

Urdu language,there is code mixingof English in all thelocal languages of

Pakistan. Forexample in Pushto,Punjabi and Sindhi

etc.


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Any Questions.

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