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Reshaping Cities:What can be done?
Professor Ivan Turok
Human Sciences Research Council
Outline
The national context
Diverse local contexts
Patterns and trends
Explanations
Policies
Renewed interest in spatial matters Our people still have to daily confront the impact of
urban segregation. Many still live in areas once designated for black people away from economic opportunities and civic services (President Zuma, 2010)
Spatial challenges continue to marginalize the poor … the situation has probably been aggravated since 1994, with many more people now living in poorly located settlements … The capacity of municipalities to plan effectively is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed, supported by the efforts of national and provincial government” (NPC, 2011)
The cost of living is an important contributor to wage levels. Diffuse settlement patterns and weak public transport systems undermine job search and the ‘cost of working’ (NPC, 2011)
Spatial dislocation between
jobs and population
is the key issue
The ‘spiky’ spatial economy - normal
% employed among 15-64 year olds
47%
52%
43%41%
43% 43%
29%
39%
56% 55%53%
43%
46%47%
29%
43%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Gauteng metros Cape Town eThekwini N Mandela Secondary cities Commercial fmg Ex-Bantustans Total SA
2002 2009
Big cities have seen the biggest increase in the employment rate, despite in-
migration
Household income: major transfers to ex-Bantustans
72%68%
60%56%
39%
4%4%
8%
7%
15%
11% 15% 21%26%
35%
13% 12% 11% 11% 11%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Gauteng metros Coastal metros Secondary cities Commercial farming Ex-Bantustans
Other/unspecified
Pensions/grants
Remittances
Salaries/wages
Population change – pressure on cities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1995 2010 1995 2010
Africans Other (white,coloured, Asian)
Mill
ions
Metros
Secondary Cities
Commercial farming areas
Mostly former Bantustan
Regional inequalities translate into urban inequalities1. ‘Regional’ = former Bantustans versus
metropolitan areas
2. ‘Urban’ = townships versus suburbs
‘Adjustment’ via migration and commuting is
very normal but complicated in SA
As a result, spatial frictions compound poverty and inequality1. Distance from jobs – ‘spatial mismatch’
Exclusion from well-located land
RDP housing policy
Transport subsidies to workers
2. ‘Area effects’ of concentrated poverty
Inferior basic services
Other facilities under extreme pressure
Vulnerability to fire, crime, disease
Social networks & access to information
Peer effects & socialisation
Impedes upward mobility – inter-generational
Size of economic node (Source: Sinclair-Smith & Turok)
Location of growth (2001-05)(Source: Sinclair-Smith & Turok)
Where workers live
Location is highly contested – Mitchells Plain
Location of population
Location of jobs
Source: Gerbrand Mans, CSIR
Transport, storage and communication
Manufacturing
Finance, insurance, real estate
Wholesale, retail, motor repair, hotels, restaurants
Community, social, government personal services
Spatial dislocation matters for the economy and environment too Imbalance creates excess travel & congestion
Cost of transport subsidies
Dispersed bulk infrastructure
Overheated property markets
Adverse environmental impacts
Cost of regular township disasters
Weaker place attachment, asset investment
Explanations
Housing
Employment
Transport subsidies
Reasons for poorly located housing Low household incomes relative to cost of land
Existing property owners fear of shacks
Constitutional property rights
Passive public sector land owners
Better availability of greenfield sites
Lower cost of developing greenfield sites
Lack of creativity in house-building industry &
among planners & regulators(?)
Reasons for remote employment locations Inertia in established employment centres
Central locations to maximise labour pool via
public transport
Shared services and infrastructure
Maintaining property values
Concerns about safety and security
Proximity to home of business owners
Sheer prejudice and herd instinct!
Policy responses
1. People closer to the jobs Subsidised well-located land & housing Acceptance, gradual upgrading & expansion
of well-located informal settlements Support services to enable labour market
and progression – info, advice, skills, childcare Mixed-use development & cross-subsidies Wider spectrum - housing ladder
Policy responses
2. Jobs closer to the people Township economic development with
priority area status in and around Land, infrastructure, premises Small business advice & financial support Public procurement & supply chain devt. Public Works & Community Works Prog. Need + potential
Policy responses
3. Improved public transport systems Efficient, low cost commuting Densification of transport corridors to knit
together the built environment Active zoning, incentives, guidance
Big opportunity with devolution of housing
and transport powers to the metros (& SPLUMB?)
Can you rise to the challenge?
3 forms of spatial planning ‘Spatially-blind’ - neutral
Not explicit, reactive to market & events
Reproduces dislocations and inequalities
‘Spatial targeting’ – concerted government action
Coordinated infrastructure, regulation, incentives …
Parachuting in, big projects, not embedded/sustainable
‘Integrated place-based’ - horizontal & vertical alignment
Driven by local needs and potential, local energy and initiative
Building indigenous capabilities, developing linkages, partnership,
negotiating transitions to green and inclusive economy
More research
Changing employment locations (by sector etc)
Shifting population (by skill, age, gender etc)
Changing land-use patterns
Underlying drivers
Creative use of planning & infrastructure
policies