Resource Guide to Housing in South Africa 1994-2010 (SERI): Legislation, Policy, Programmes and...

7/30/2019 Resource Guide to Housing in South Africa 1994-2010 (SERI): Legislation, Policy, Programmes and Practice- Tissing…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/resource-guide-to-housing-in-south-africa-1994-2010-seri-legislation-policy 1/124

A Vi|cyvli Oybmi }c Dcy|bhobh \cy}d Ajvbla 122=+6010

Eiob|ea}bch% Pceblr% Pvcovakki| ahm Pval}bli



Mi|boh ahm Earcy}7 www(bh}c}diebkiebod}(lc(a



Na}i ]b||bho}chJifvyavr 6011

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A Vi|cyvli Oybmi }c Dcy|bhobh \cy}d Ajvbla 122=+6010



AVi|cyvliOybmi}cDcy|bhobh\cy}dAjvbla122=6010


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/resource-guide-to-housing-in-south-africa-1994-2010-seri-legislation-policy 5/124b

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/resource-guide-to-housing-in-south-africa-1994-2010-seri-legislation-policy 6/124bb


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Ha}bchae Dcy|bho \yf|bmr \ldiki $HD\\" 61% 66% 94% :0+:=

Ha}bchae Dcy|bho \yf|bmr Ma}afa|i $HD\MF" 66% ?:% ??% 46% 20% 2?

Ha}bchae Hcvk| ahm \}ahmavm| 12+60 % 6<% 6:% :1% ?:% 4?% 2<% 29

Ha}bchae Ypovambho \yppcv} Pvcovakki $HY\P" 26+2<

Hcnc}raha =6% 9<+9: % 49% 20

Cebzba Vcam 1:% 1?% =6 % =9+=? % 99% ?0

cpiva}bch| ahm kabh}ihahli $C#K" 4?% 22% 106

PI Kyhblbpaeb}r 1:% =9% =:% 90

Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli|| $PDP"

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pvbza}i eahm 6<% =<% =:

pvcovi||bzi viaeb|a}bch 16% 6?+62 % =6% ==% =9% =4+=2

via|chafeihi|| 6?% 62% ==% 91% 9=% 9:

Vilch|}vyl}bch ahm Miziecpkih} Pvcovakki $VMP" 2% 61% 92

viecla}bch 6:% <?% =4+9<% 99+9:% :4% 4:+26% 2=+2:

vih}ae dcy|bho 1<% 14+12 % 66% <4+=0% 94% ?0% ?9% 41% 2?+109

Vih}ae Dcy|bho Al}“ 14+12

Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae“ 14+12 % <2% ?0

|ahb}a}bch

2+11% 1<% 60% 69+6:% <9% 90% 9<+99% 9:% 42% 2<% 2=+29|clbae dcy|bho 60% 6=% <4+=0 % :?% :2+?0% 4:% 20% 2?% 24+106 % 10<

\clbae Dcy|bho Al}“ 60 % 6=% :?% 24

\clbae Dcy|bho Vioyea}cvr Ay}dcvb}r $\DVA"“ 60% 6= % ?0% 24+106% 109

\clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki“ 60% :?% ?0% 2?% 24+106

|yf|bmr 19% 61+6< % <1+<9% 91% 99% 94+:1 % :=+:?% ?=+?9% ?:+?4% 41+4=% 49+26% 2<+2=% 2=+29% 2?+24% 24+106% 10<

Dcy|bho \yf|bmr \r|}ik $D\\"“ 66% ?:% 46

bhmbzbmyae |yf|bmr“ 66+6<% =1% :0% ?=+?9 % ?:% 46% 4:% 42% 21% 2<+29% 2?% 101

bh|}b}y}bchae |yf|bmr“ 66% =0% 2?+24 % 22+106% 10<

}ihah}| 1:+12 % <2% 94% ?6% ?9% 2?% 10=+109

}vah|b} lakp cv }ikpcvavr viecla}bch avia $]VA" 2% 6:% <?% =4+96 % 44% 20% 2=+2:

}vi|pa||

1:yhjabv pval}bli| 14+12 % <2

yheawjye cllypbiv|% pvc}il}bch cj 1:+14 % =:% =4+=2% 96+9<

yvfahb|a}bch <=% <2% :1% ::

wa}iv 4+11% 1<% 1=% 60% 69+6:% <9% 90% 9=% 92% 42% 2<% 2=+29% 2:% 10=

_db}i Papiv ch Dcy|bho 1=% 61 % <<% 92+:6 % ::+:?


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Ldap}iv 1Bh}vcmyl}bch

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bh }di pvcli|| cj lckpei}bch $fr pvczbhli"> dcy|bho ovah} aeecla}bch| ahm al}yae miebzivr |bhli 600=> i|}bka}imdcy|bho miebzivr jvck 6004 }c 601= $fr pvczbhli"> hiim jcv amiqya}i |die}iv i|}bka}i| $dcy|bho falneco"

jvck 122= }c 6002> mb|}vbfy}bch cj dcy|idcem| fr kabh mwieebho $fr pvczbhli"> ahm hykfiv ahm pivlih}aoi cj

dcy|idcem| ebzbho bh bhjcvkae mwieebho| $fr kagcv lb}r"(

\}vyl}yvicj }di Oybmi


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Bh 600=% }di Fvianbho Hiw Ovcyhm pceblr akihmkih} itpeabhim }da} }di afczi pvcdbfb}bch ch |ieebho oczivhkih}+

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yhbh}ihmim lch|iqyihli cj yhmivkbhbho fihilbavr ldcbli ahm dcy|bho kcfbeb}r ahm da| lvia}im a |bohblah}

favvbiv }c jcvkae |ilchmavr }vah|al}bch|(‛<= Fvianbho Hiw Ovcyhm |}a}im }da} ah akihmkih} }c |il}bch 10A cj

}di Dcy|bho Al} wcyem fi bh}vcmylim }c vimyli }di pvcdbfb}bch pivbcm jceecwbho cllypa}bch }c zi riav|( Bh

Milikfiv 600:% }di Dcy|bho Akihmkih} Fbee cj 600: wa| bh}vcmylim jcv pyfebl lckkih}( ]di Fbee |cyod} }c

akihm bh}iv aeba |il}bch| 10A ahm 10F cj }di pvbhlbpae Al}% dcwiziv b} da| }c ma}i hc} fiih ihal}im(<9

64 \ii |yfldap}iv ?(: fiecw jcv kcvi ch }di dcy|bho ldap}iv| bh Bh}iova}im Miziecpkih} Peah| $BMP|"(62 Jcv kcvi ch kyhblbpae allvimb}a}bch |ii |yfldap}iv ?(= cj }db| oybmi fiecw(<0 ]di Ha}bchae Mipav}kih} cj Dcy|bho $HMcD" ldahoim b}| haki }c }di Mipav}kih} cj Dykah \i}}eikih}| $MD\" bh Kar

6002(<1 Allcvmbho }c }di mihb}bch pvczbmim bh }di Dcy|bho Al}% ―pvclyvikih} kiah| }di pvcli|| fr wdbld cvoah| cj |}a}i pvclyvi

occm|% |ivzbli| ahm wcvn| jvck% mb|pc|i cj kczafei pvcpiv}r% dbvi cv ei} ahr}dbho% cv ovah} vbod}| }c }di pvbza}i |il}cv(‛<6 Ldave}ch * Nbda}c $hc}i 1? afczi" 6:<(<< ]db| mci| hc} appiav }c kiah }da} cwhiv| cj |}a}i+|yf|bmb|im VMP cv FHO dcy|i| lahhc} vih} }dibv pvcpiv}bi| bj }dir |c

ldcc|i(<= HMcD ―Fvianbho Hiw Ovcyhm7 A Lckpvidih|bzi Peah jcv }di Miziecpkih} cj \y|}abhafei Dykah \i}}eikih}|‛ $600=" 6(=(

_dihiziv }db| oybmi lb}i| jvck FHO% b} wbee vijiv }c }di vieizah} |il}bch $a| cppc|im }c paoi hykfiv" cj }di mclykih}(<9 ―Dcy|bho Akihmkih} Fbee% 600:‛ Oczivhkih} Oai}}i Hc}bli 1496 cj 600: $66 Milikfiv 600:"(




1:

6(6(6 ]di PBI Al} $1224"

]di PBI Al} b| ah bkpcv}ah} pbili cj ha}bchae eiob|ea}bch ihal}im }c obzi ijjil} }c |il}bch 6:$<" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch(

]di PBI Al} pvczbmi| |ajioyavm| aoabh|} }di izbl}bch cj yheawjye cllypbiv| ebzbho ch fc}d pvbza}ier+ ahm pyfebler+

cwhim eahm( B} da| fiih }di |yfgil} cj a hykfiv cj dbod pvcei Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} la|i| avcyhm izbl}bch|

“ bhleymbho Ovcc}fcck% PI Kyhblbpaeb}r % Cebzba Vcam % Gci \eczc ahm Afadeaeb “ ahm }di|i wbee fi mb|ly||im

jyv}div bh ldap}iv 9 cj }db| oybmi( ]di PBI Al} lcziv| aee }dc|i hc} pvc}il}im fr c}div eiob|ea}bch wdbld pvczbmi|pvc}il}bch jcv |pilbl bhmbzbmyae| cv lckkyhb}bi| jalbho izbl}bch( ]di|i bhleymi }di7

Eahm Vijcvk $Eafcyv ]ihah}|" Al} < cj 122: + pvc}il}| eafcyv }ihah}|>

Bh}ivbk Pvc}il}bch cj Bhjcvkae Eahm Vbod}| Al} <1 cj 122: + pvc}il}| cllypbiv| cj lckkyhae% ha}bzi }vy|}

cv c}div bhmboihcy| eahm>

It}ih|bch cj \ilyvb}r cj ]ihyvi Al} :6 cj 122? $I\]A" + pvc}il}| cllypbiv| cj javk eahm(<:

]di PBI Al} b| appeblafei }c izivrchi wdc cllypbi| eahm cv pvcpiv}r wb}dcy} }di itpvi|| cv }alb} lch|ih} cj }di

cwhiv cv }di piv|ch bh ldavoi cj }di eahm cv pvcpiv}r( ]db| bhleymi| }dc|i wdc cllypbim eahm eawjyeer a} |cki

pcbh} bh }di pa|} fy} wdc hc echoiv dazi }di lch|ih} cj }di cwhiv }c cllypr }di eahm bh qyi|}bch% a| wiee a|

}c }dc|i wdc }ccn cllypa}bch cj eahm yheawjyeer bh }di v|} peali( Bh }di 6006 la|i Hmeczy z Hlocfc> Finniv

ahm Ahc}div z Gbna<? a lch|cebma}im milb|bch wa| }anih fr }di \ypviki Lcyv} cj Appiae $\LA" }da} }di }ivk―yheawjye cllypbiv‛% a| mihim bh |il}bch 1 cj }di PBI Al}% vijiv| }c piv|ch| wdc yheawjyeer }ccn pc||i||bch cj

eahm a| wiee a| piv|ch| wdc chli dam eawjye pc||i||bch fy} wdc|i pc||i||bch |yf|iqyih}er filaki yheawjye(

]db| ea}}iv la}iocvr bhleymi| piv|ch| wdc avi i||ih}baeer ―dcembho+cziv(‛<4 Bh }di|i |b}ya}bch| yheawjye cllypbiv|

avi pvc}il}im fr }di PBI Al} ahm ah izbl}bch cvmiv ky|} fi |cyod} bh }ivk| cj }db| eiob|ea}bch $a| cppc|im }c%

jcv itakpei% }di ]vi|pa|| Al} : cj 1292"(<2

Pvizbcy|er% }di lckkch eaw yhmiv|}ahmbho cj ovah}bho ah izbl}bch cvmiv wa| }da} ah cwhiv |bkper hiimim }c

i|}afeb|d cwhiv|dbp cj }di pvcpiv}r ahm }di cllypbiv lch|iqyih}er dam hc vbod} }c vikabh bh pc||i||bch cj }di

pvcpiv}r( ]di PBI Al} bh}ivpvi}a}bch cj ovah}bho ah izbl}bch + wdivi }di lcyv} hiim| }c mi}ivkbhi wdi}div }di

izbl}bch b| ―gy|} ahm iqyb}afei‛ }anbho bh}c allcyh} |pilbae lbvlyk|}ahli| “ da| ldahoim }db|> dcwiziv% lckkch

eaw pvbhlbpei| |}bee apper }c ajyih} }ihah}|( ]di cher vieizah} lbvlyk|}ahli| bh }di|i ea}}iv la|i| wcyem fi

}da} }di eahmecvm b| }di cwhiv% }da} }di eia|i da| lcki }c ah ihm ahm }da} }di ei||ii b| dcembho cziv( _dbei

}di pvclimyvae viqybvikih}| cj }di PBI Al} |}bee apper }c ajyih} }ihah}|% ah izbl}bch wcyem kc|} pvcfafer fi

ovah}im qyb}i ia|ber fr a gymoi obzih }di|i lbvlyk|}ahli|(=0

Pvclimyvae viqybvikih}| jcv a eawjye izbl}bch

\il}bch| = ahm : cj }di PBI Al} |}bpyea}i a hykfiv cj |}vbl} pvclimyvae viqybvikih}| jcv izbl}bch| }c fi eawjye

b(i( |}ip| }da} ky|} fi }anih bh cvmiv }c oi} ah izbl}bch cvmiv% wdbld piv}abh }c fc}d pvbza}i fcmbi| ahm }di |}a}i

vi|pil}bzier(=1 ]di|i viqybvikih}| jyv}div aeecw lcyv}| }c vijy|i }c ovah} ah izbl}bch cvmiv wdivi b} wcyem hc}

<: ]di lch}vcziv|bae Eahm ]ihyvi \ilyvb}r Fbee cj 6010 $cy} jcv pyfebl lckkih} bh Gahyavr 6011 ahm aeviamr vilibzbho kyldlvb}blb|k jvck eahm vbod}| al}bzb|}|" |iin| }c ammvi|| a hykfiv cj ldaeeihoi| wb}d I\]A ahm }di Eahm Vijcvk $Eafcyv]ihah}|" Al}( Bj ihal}im% }di Fbee wbee vipeali fc}d }di|i pbili| cj eiob|ea}bch(

<? Hmeczy z Hlocfc> Finniv ahm Ahc}div z Gbna 600< $1" \A 11< $\LA"<4 ―Dcembho+cziv‛ vijiv| }c wdih }ihah}| lch}bhyi }c cllypr a pvcpiv}r aj}iv }di }ivkbha}bch cj a eia|i cv wdih it+cwhiv|

vikabh bh a pvcpiv}r aj}iv b} da| fiih vipc||i||im fr }di fahn ahm |cem(<2 B} b| hc} yhy|yae jcv cwhiv| ahm eahmecvm| }c appvcald a Kaob|}va}i‒| Lcyv} y|bho }di ]vi|pa|| Al} }c oi} ah cllypbiv

igil}im jvck a pvcpiv}r( Dcwiziv% }di ]vi|pa|| Al} |dcyem hc} fi y|im }c izbl} yheawjye cllypbiv| jvck }dibv dcki|ahm ah appebla}bch bh }ivk| cj }di PBI Al} |dcyem fi kami |c }da} aee }di vieizah} lbvlyk|}ahli| avi lch|bmivim fr akaob|}va}i cv gymoi $viqybvim fr |il}bch 6:$<" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch"( ]di jabvhi|| ahm lch|}b}y}bchaeb}r cj y|bho a lvbkbhae|}a}y}i }c pyv|yi }di lbzbe vikimr cj igil}kih} b| qyi|}bchafei(

=0 LAE\ ―Lckkih} ch Oihivae Hc}bli 1491 cj 600:7 Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye Cllypa}bch cj Eahm

Akihmkih} Fbee 600:‛ $60 Jifvyavr 600?" 10+11(=1 Bj ah izbl}bch appebla}bch b| fvcyod} bh }di Dbod Lcyv}% a hc}bli cj kc}bch a| piv Vyei : cj }di Yhbjcvk Vyei| cj Lcyv}|dcyem fi |ivzim bh ammb}bch }c hc}bli |ivzim bh }ivk| cj |il}bch =$6" cj }di PBI Al}( A lch|cebma}im hc}bli kar fi |ivzimwdih ah izbl}bch appebla}bch b| fvcyod} bh }di Kaob|}va}i‒| Lcyv}( Jcv a |}ip+fr+|}ip oybmi }c }di izbl}bch pvcli|| |ii \DJ* Yvfah EahmKavn ―Izbl}bch Pvcli|| Kappbho Oybmi7 A Kahyae jcv Vih}ae Dcy|bho Kahaoiv| * ]ihah}|‛ $Gyhi 6010"(





6

1?

fi ―gy|} ahm iqyb}afei‛ }c mc |c% a}}aldbho |pilbae lch|bmiva}bch }c }di piv|chae lbvlyk|}ahli| cj cllypbiv|( ]c

fi eawjye% ah izbl}bch appebla}bch eayhldim bh }ivk| cj }di PBI Al} ky|} jceecw liv}abh pvclimyvae viqybvikih}|%

|ykkavb|im fiecw7

cher }di cwhiv cv piv|ch bh ldavoi cj eahm#pvcpiv}r kar apper jcv ah izbl}bch cvmiv>

}di cwhiv cv piv|ch bh ldavoi ky|} a}}ikp} }c kiahbhojyeer ihoaoi wb}d }di cllypbiv$|" fijcvi

lckkihlbho ah izbl}bch pvcliimbho>=6

bh }ivk| cj |il}bch =$6" cj }di PBI Al} }di cwhiv ky|} |ivzi }di cllypbiv$|" wb}d ―wvb}}ih ahm ijjil}bzi

hc}bli‛=< cj bh}ih}bch }c lckkihli ah izbl}bch pvcliimbho a} eia|} 1= mar| fijcvi }di mar cj }di lcyv}

diavbho wdbld ky|}>

|}a}i }da} }di pvcliimbho| avi fibho bh|}b}y}im bh }ivk| cj }di PBI Al} jcv izbl}bch cj ah yheawjye“

cllypbiv>

bhleymi }di ma}i ahm }bki cj }di lcyv} pvcliimbho|>“

|i} cy} }di ovcyhm| jcv }di pvcpc|im izbl}bch $y|yaeer bh }di jcvk cj a jcyhmbho ajmazb}"> ahm“

|}a}i }da} }di yheawjye cllypbiv da| }di vbod} }c appiav fijcvi lcyv} ahm dazi alli|| }c eioae abm>“

}di |aki hc}bli ky|} ae|c fi |ivzim ch }di kyhblbpaeb}r wb}d gyvb|mbl}bch cziv }di eahm cv pvcpiv}r(

\yf|}ah}bzi mijihli| }c ah izbl}bch

]di PBI Al} ae|c vab|i| |yf|}ah}bzi mijihli| + b(i( via|ch| }da} a piv|ch kar obzi }c pvizih} }dibv izbl}bch + }da}

a lcyv} ky|} lch|bmiv wdih ovah}bho ah izbl}bch cv hc}( ]c vab|i |yf|}ah}bzi mijihli| yhmiv }di PBI Al}% ah

yheawjye cllypbiv ky|} |dcw }da} }dir dazi ebzim ch }di eahm#pvcpiv}r jcv a} eia|} |bt kch}d| ahm avi }divijcvi

viea}bzier |i}}eim( Bj ah yheawjye cllypbiv da| fiih bh cllypa}bch cj }di pvcpiv}r jcv echoiv }dah |bt kch}d|%

}di Al} |ar| }da} a lcyv} ky|} lch|bmiv wdi}div eahm b| azabeafei }c wdbld }dir kar fi viecla}im% cv wdi}div

eahm lah via|chafer fi kami azabeafei fr }di cwhiv cv }di eclae kyhblbpaeb}r( ]dc|i wdc dazi ebzim ch eahm#

pvcpiv}r jcv ei|| }dah |bt kch}d| ae|c dazi vbod}| yhmiv }di PBI Al}% ae}dcyod }dir dazi jiwiv vbod}| a| vioavm|

}c wda} }di cwhiv cv kyhblbpaeb}r ky|} mc vioavmbho }di pvczb|bch cj ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch(

]di kabh mijihli azabeafei }c yheawjye cllypbiv| yhmiv }di PBI Al} b| }c mikch|}va}i }di piv|chae cv dcy|idcem

lbvlyk|}ahli| cj aee yheawjye cllypbiv| cj }di pvcpiv}r ahm }di ebniebdccm }da} dckiei||hi|| wbee vi|ye} bj }dircllypbiv| avi izbl}im( \il}bch| =$:" ahm =$?" cj }di PBI Al} |}a}i }da} a lcyv} ky|} lch|bmiv }di vbod}| ahm hiim| cj

liv}abh zyehivafei ovcyp| cj yheawjye cllypbiv| fijcvi ovah}bho ah izbl}bch% wdbld bhleymi }di iemiver% ldbemvih%

jikaei+diamim dcy|idcem| ahm }di mb|afeim( A lcyv} wbee fi vieyl}ah} }c ovah} ah izbl}bch cvmiv bj b} b| |a}b|im

}da} dckiei||hi|| wbee vi|ye} ahm }da} }divi b| hc ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch azabeafei( Bhmiim% Lch|}b}y}bchae

Lcyv} gyvb|pvymihli ch izbl}bch| da| eim }c a |b}ya}bch wdivi gymoi| avi di|b}ah} }c ovah} ah izbl}bch cvmiv bh

la|i| wdivi dckiei||hi|| kar vi|ye}% yh}be ahm yhei|| ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch b| pvczbmim(==

PBI Akihmkih} Fbee% 600:

Bh Milikfiv 600: }di HMcD pyfeb|dim }di Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye Cllypa}bch cj Eahm

Akihmkih} Fbee% 600: $PBI Akihmkih} Fbee" aecho wb}d a kikcvahmyk |}a}bho }da} b} wa| hc} }di bh}ih}bch}da} }di PBI Al} ―|dcyem apper }c }ihah}| ahm kcv}oaocv| wdc mijaye} bh }ivk| cj }dibv pvbcv aoviikih}| wb}d

eahmecvm| ahm hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch|% vi|pil}bzier( ]di Al} |dcyem lcziv cher }dc|i piv|ch| wdc yheawjyeer bhzami

=6 \ii }di Cebzba Vcam % Gci \eczc ahm Afadeaeb la|i| bh ldap}iv 9 cj }db| oybmi( ―Kiahbhojye ihoaoikih}‛ bh }di lch}it}cj izbl}bch| b| a pvcli|| wdivifr }di |}a}i cv pvbza}i cwhiv|#eahmecvm| ihoaoi wb}d }di bhmbzbmyae|% dcy|idcem| cvlckkyhb}bi| wdc|i lch|}b}y}bchae vbod}| wbee fi ajjil}im fr |}a}i cv pvbza}i al}bch% bh cvmiv }c hm cy} }dibv piv|chaelbvlyk|}ahli| ahm hiim|% ahm al} allcvmbhoer( ]di |}a}i b| yhmiv ah cfeboa}bch }c al} ypch }di bhpy}| vilibzim jvck }diajjil}im dcy|idcem| bh }di ihoaoikih} pvcli||( Jcv kcvi ch kiahbhojye ihoaoikih}7 \ Ebifihfivo \clbc+Ilchckbl

Vbod}| Amgymbla}bch yhmiv a ]vah|jcvka}bzi Lch|}b}y}bch $6010" =14+=6<> N KlEiah Lch|}b}y}bchae Mijivihli% Lcyv}|

ahm \clbc+Ilchckbl Vbod}| bh \cy}d Ajvbla $6002" 1=?+1:0> ahm E Ldihwb * N ]b||bho}ch ―Ihoaobho kiahbhojyeer wb}doczivhkih} ch |clbc+ilchckbl vbod}|7 A jcly| ch }di vbod} }c dcy|bho‛ $6010"(

=<

Bh Lapi Nbeeavhir Pvcpiv}r Bhzi|}kih}| $P}r" E}m z Kadakfa ahm C}div| 6000 $6" \A :? $L " }di lcyv} jcyhm }da} wdivipval}blae% a |il}bch =$6" hc}bli |dcyem fi bh a eahoyaoi ahm }dvcyod a kimbyk cj lckkyhbla}bch wdbld b| ebnier }c fiyhmiv|}ccm fr }dc|i }c wdck b} b| ammvi||im(

== ]db| gymblbae viqybvikih} da| fiih vibhjcvlim bh Cebzba Vcam % Gci \eczc ahm Afadeaeb( \ii ldap}iv 9 cj }db| oybmi jcv kcvich }di|i la|i|(




14

eahm wb}dcy} }di pvbcv lch|ih} cj }di eahmcwhiv cv piv|ch bh ldavoi cj }di eahm(‛=9 _dbei liv}abh a|pil}| cj

}di Fbee wivi wielckim fr eioae HOC| ahm c}div ovcyp| wdc kami |yfkb||bch| ch }di pvcpc|im Fbee% c}div

a|pil}| wivi diazber lvb}blb|im( ]di Lih}vi jcv Appebim Eioae \}ymbi| $LAE\" wielckim }di ammb}bch }c }di Fbee

cj ah bhley|bzi mihb}bch cj ―lch|}vyl}bzi izbl}bch‛ a| wiee a| }di vipiae cj }di mb|}bhl}bch fi}wiih cllypbiv|

ebzbho ch eahm jcv ei|| }dah |bt kch}d|% ahm }dc|i wdc dazi fiih ebzbho ch eahm jcv kcvi }dah |bt kch}d|(

Dcwiziv% LAE\ lvb}blb|im }di Fbee‒| havvcwbho cj }di |lcpi cj pvc}il}bch cj }di PBI Al} }c itleymi }dc|i wdc avi

i||ih}baeer ―dcembho+cziv‛% |}a}bho }da} bh }db| vi|pil} }di PBI Akihmkih} Fbee wcyem ―lvia}i yhmi|bvafei ahmlch|}b}y}bchaeer yhgy|}bafei bhiqyaeb}bi| fi}wiih ovcyp| cj cllypbiv| wdc avi iqyaeer bh hiim cj }di PBI Al}‒|

pvc}il}bch( B} wcyem bhlvia|i }di ebniebdccm ahm jviqyihlr cj izbl}bch| wdbld eiam }c dckiei||hi||(‛=:

]di PBI Akihmkih} Fbee wa| akihmim ahm bh}vcmylim aoabh> dcwiziv% bh Ayoy|} 6004 }di Pavebakih}avr

Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii ch Dcy|bho vilckkihmim }da} }di |ilchm PBI Akihmkih} Fbee fi vigil}im ahm |ih} faln

}c }di HMcD ahm }di Mipav}kih} cj Eahm Ajjabv| jcv jyv}div vizbiw( ]divijcvi }di pvcpc|im akihmkih}| dazi

hc} }anih ijjil}(

6(6(< ]di Vih}ae Dcy|bho Al} $1222"

]di Vih}ae Dcy|bho Al} b| a pbili cj ha}bchae eiob|ea}bch }da} vioyea}i| }di viea}bch|dbp fi}wiih eahmecvm|

ahm }ihah}| bh aee }rpi| cj vih}ae dcy|bho( \il}bch 6$1"$a"$b" cj }di Al} |}bpyea}i| }da} b} b| }di oczivhkih}‒|

vi|pch|bfbeb}r }c ―pvckc}i a |}afei ahm ovcwbho kavni} }da} pvcovi||bzier kii}| }di ea}ih} mikahm jcv

ajjcvmafei vih}ae dcy|bho akcho piv|ch| db|}cvblaeer mb|amzah}aoim fr yhjabv mb|lvbkbha}bch ahm pccv piv|ch|%

fr }di bh}vcmyl}bch cj bhlih}bzi|% kildahb|k| ahm c}div kia|yvi| }da} bkpvczi lchmb}bch| bh }di vih}ae dcy|bho

kavni}(‛

Yhjabv pval}bli| ahm }di Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae|

\il}bch ? cj }di Vih}ae Dcy|bho Al} pvczbmi| jcv }di i|}afeb|dkih} cj pvczbhlbae Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae| }c

vi|cezi mb|py}i| fi}wiih eahmecvm| ahm }ihah}| lchlivhbho ―yhjabv pval}bli|‛( ]di ea}}iv avi mihim bh |il}bch 1cj }di Al} a| }dc|i al}| cv ckb||bch| fr a eahmecvm cv }ihah} bh lch}vazih}bch cj }di Al} cv pval}bli| pvi|lvbfim

a| a pval}bli yhvia|chafer pvigymblbho }di vbod}| cv bh}ivi|}| cj a }ihah} cv a eahmecvm( Allcvmbho }c |il}bch

19$1"$j"% yhjabv pval}bli| lah bh}iv aeba viea}i }c7 }di ldahobho cj ecln|> mipc|b}|> makaoi }c pvcpiv}r> mikceb}bch|

ahm lchziv|bch|> jcvlim ih}vr ahm cf|}vyl}bch cj ih}vr> Dcy|i Vyei|> bh}bkbma}bch> b||ybho cj vilibp}|> }ihah}|

lckkb}}ii|> kyhblbpae |ivzbli|> hyb|ahli|> czivlvcwmbho ahm diae}d ka}}iv|> }ihah} al}bzb}bi|> kabh}ihahli>

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ovcyp iavhbho fi}wiih V1 :00 ahm V< 600 piv kch}d% }di }c}ae jcvkae vih}bho viqybvikih} fi}wiih 600:

ahm 6011 wbee bhlvia|i fr ah azivaoi cj appvctbka}ier ? pivlih} piv ahhyk bh ki}vcpceb}ah avia|% wb}d dbodiv

bhlvia|i| bh |cki avia| |yld a| Gcdahhi|fyvo(1<0 Bh 600?% 49(: pivlih} cj \cy}d Ajvblah dcy|idcem| iavhim V<

600 cv ei|| piv kch}d(1<1 ]divi b| yhmcyf}imer |bohblah} yhki} mikahm jcv ajjcvmafei allckkcma}bch bh niryvfah lih}vi|( Allcvmbho }c }di \DJ%

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Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh% Inyvdyeihb ahm ]|dwahi(((wb}dbh }di|i kavni}| |bohbjblah} ovcw}d bh

mikahm jcv vih}ae allckkcma}bch b| |}vchoi|} bh ecwiv bhlcki kavni} |iokih}|(

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Gcdahhi|fyvo aechi b} b| i|}bka}im }da} fr 6016% }di mikahm jcv vih}ae dcy|bho wbee fi <1? 000 yhb}|% wb}d

41 000 yhb}| bh }db| bhlcki fahm(1<<

A| b} |}ahm|%

pvbza}i eahmecvm| cjjivbho kcvi ajjcvmafei allckkcma}bch bh bhhiv lb}r Gcdahhi|fyvo mc

hc} dazi }c eccn jcv }ihah}|( Mikahm bh }da} kavni} b| ldaval}ivbim fr pvcpiv}r cwhiv|

a| —bh|a}bafei‒% —a fc}}ckei|| pb}‒ ahm vih}ae| dazi bhlvia|im |bohbjblah}er cziv }di pa|} jiw

riav|(1<=

]di fy|bi|} cj }di pvczbhlbae Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae| b| }di Oay}iho Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae% wdbld wa|

i|}afeb|dim bh 6001( Allcvmbho }c a vilih} vipcv} fr }di ]vbfyhae% b} wa| jcvkim myvbho a }bki wdih }di vih}ae

dcy|bho |il}cv bh Oay}iho wa| ldaval}ivb|im fr a dbod hykfiv cj mb|py}i| fi}wiih eahmecvm| ahm }ihah}|>

a ealn cj kabh}ihahli }c vih}ae pvcpiv}r% pav}blyeaver kye}b+}ihah}im fybembho|> }di bhza|bch cj fybembho| fr

yh|lvypyecy| }ihah}| lckkb}}ii|% lbzbl cvoahb|a}bch|% |c+laeeim i|}a}i aoih}| ahm |ilyvb}r vk|> }di jabeyvi cj

eclae ay}dcvb}bi| }c ihjcvli }dibv cwh fr+eaw|> i|}a}i aoih}| lch}vazihbho }di I|}a}i Aoihlr Ajjabv| Al} ahm

b}| lcmi cj lchmyl}> ahm a oihivae milar bh ebzbho ihzbvchkih}|(1<9 \bhli 6001% }di ]vbfyhae‒| la|i ecam da|

bhlvia|im jvck 991 la|i| piv riav }c 6 061 la|i| piv riav bh 6002% wb}d 4= pivlih} cj }di|i la|i| cllyvvbho

bh Ovia}iv Gcdahhi|fyvo $kc|}er bh }di bhhiv lb}r"( ]di kagcvb}r cj }di|i la|i| dazi fiih viea}im }c yheawjye

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ldavoi| ahm vih}ae mi}ivkbha}bch| $10 pivlih}"% ahm ealn cj kabh}ihahli $10 pivlih}"(1<: A| pvbza}i eahmecvm|

mc hc} dazi }c eccn jcv }ihah}|% a| }di mikahm jcv allckkcma}bch b| bh|a}bafei% }dir avi mi+bhlih}bzb|im jvck

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1<0 MD\ $hc}i 90 afczi" <1(1<1 Ha}bchae ]via|yvr $hc}i 12 afczi" 21(1<6

Yvfah EahmKavn * \DJ $hc}i : afczi" <1+<6(1<< Bfbm(1<= Bfbm 6(1<9 Fabeir $hc}i =? afczi"% =(1<: Bfbm 16(




=0

Bh viea}bch }c }di hiim jcv ka|| pyfebl dcy|bho bh \cy}d Ajvbla% }di Ha}bchae ]via|yvr da| |}a}im }da} }divi b| a

vb|n }da} oczivhkih}‒| pyfebl dcy|bho bh}ivzih}bch| ―wbee hc} fi fcem ihcyod‛ ahm

dcy|bho |}cln kar fi cj ebkb}im ilchckbl cv |clbae zaeyi }c fihijblbavbi|% ahm kar ae|c fi

ecla}im jav jvck ilchckbl cv |clbae cppcv}yhb}bi|( Pccver ecla}im dcy|bho kar vi|ye} bh }di

miipihbho cj aeviamr dbod eizie| cj bhiqyaeb}r ahm bhijjblbihlr bh \cy}d Ajvblah }cwh| ahm

lb}bi|( ]db| kar bkpc|i echo }ivk lc|}| ch dcy|idcem| ahm ovcwbho pvi||yvi ch }di pyfebl|il}cv }c jyhm alli|| }c fa|bl bhjva|}vyl}yvi ahm }vah|pcv} |ivzbli|(1<?

Bh 6010% }di Kbhb|}iv cj \clbae Miziecpkih} mi|lvbfim dcw }di oczivhkih} wcyem bhlvia|i }di va}i cj ajjcvmafei

vih}ae dcy|bho miebzivr }c <00 000 yhb}| piv riav fr 601=( ]di 6004 Ha}bchae Vih}ae Dcy|bho \}va}ior jcv

\cy}d Ajvbla ihzb|aoi| }di miebzivr cj 100 000 vih}ae yhb}| fr 6011#6016( Cj }di|i yhb}|% ?9 000 wbee fi |clbae

dcy|bho jcv kbmmei+bhlcki iavhiv| + }dc|i iavhbho fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V? 900 piv kch}d + ahm 69 000

wbee fi Lckkyhb}r Vi|bmih}bae Yhb}| $LVY|" jcv ecw+bhlcki iavhiv|(1<4 ]di dcy|bho pvcovakki| mi|bohim }c

ammvi|| }di mikahm jcv ecw+bhlcki ahm ajjcvmafei vih}ae allckkcma}bch| avi }di \clbae Dcy|bho ahm LVY

Pvcovakki|% }coi}div wb}d }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr( ]di|i pvcovakki| wbee fi mb|ly||im bh kcvi mi}abe bh

|yfldap}iv| ?(1< }c ?(19 cj }db| oybmi(

=(6(< Ajjcvmafei dcy|bho

―Ajjcvmafei dcy|bho‛ b| a }ivk cj}ih y|im qyb}i ecc|ier( Dcwiziv% b} mi|lvbfi| qyb}i a |pilbl |iokih} cj

dcy|bho }da} lckpvb|i| yhb}| zaeyim a} yhmiv V900 000% bhleymbho dcy|bho bh jcvkiv Ajvblah% lcecyvim cv Bhmbah

}cwh|dbp|% oczivhkih}+|yf|bmb|im dcy|bho ahm hiw dcy|bho miziecpim fr }di pvbza}i |il}cv( Allcvmbho }c a

hiw bhb}ba}bzi laeeim }di Ajjcvmafei Eahm * Dcy|bho Ma}a Lih}vi $ae.dml"% cziv ?0 pivlih} cj \cy}d Ajvblah| avi

cher afei }c ajjcvm dcy|i| cj ei|| }dah V900 000 ahm ―wdbei kc|} cj }di pcpyea}bch ebzi| bh |yld dcy|i|% zivr

eb}}ei b| nhcwh afcy} }db| kavni} |iokih}(‛1<2 Kcvicziv% dcy|idcem| }da} iavh fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V4 000 piv

kch}d ―avi jaeebho }dvcyod }di lvaln|( ]dir mch‒} qyaebjr jcv |yf|bmb|im dcy|bho% fy} ae|c mch‒} iavh ihcyod}c |ilyvi a fahn ecah(‛ Allcvmbho }c }di ae.dml% ―}c la}iv jcv |cavbho mikahm% oczivhkih} ahm }di pvbza}i

|il}cv wbee hiim }c fybem :00 000 hiw ajjcvmafei dcy|bho yhb}|(‛1=0 JbhKavn ]vy|} i|}bka}im }da} }divi wa| a

|dcv}jaee cj hiaver :2= 000 yhb}| bh }di V6 900 }c V? 900 vahoi bh 600:#0?% wdbld wbee vb|i }c hiaver ?6? 000 yhb}|

fr 6002#10(1=1 ]db| bhmbla}i| }da} mikahm b| ovcwbho lch|bmivafer ja|}iv }dah }di |ypper cj dcy|bho yhb}|% a}

a va}bc cj afcy} = }c 1( Ammvi||bho }db| dcy|bho hiim fr 601= wcyem kiah ivil}bho 1?0 000 hiw dcy|i| iald

riav jcv zi riav|(1=6

]di MD\ da| vilih}er |}a}im }da} chi cj }di kagcv pvcfeik| bh }di dcy|bho |il}cv b| }da} b} b| mbjlye} }c hm a

dcy|i }da} lc|}| ei|| }dah V<00 000 $wdbld wcyem bh ahr la|i viqybvi ah bhlcki cj V10 000 cv kcvi piv kch}d%

ahm wcyem viqybvi a mipc|b} a| fahn| hc echoiv viamber obzi 100 pivlih} dcki ecah|"( Dbod dcy|idcem mif} b|

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fibho ovah}im }c dcy|idcem|( ]di|i dcy|idcem| avi ae|c vijivvim }c a| }di ―oap kavni}(‛ _dbei }di oap kavni}

b| mihim a| }di V< 900 }c V? 000 piv kch}d bhlcki fvalni} bh }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi% }di MD\ lyvvih}er

mihi| }di oap kavni} viaeb|}blaeer a| fibho a| }dc|i iavhbho fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V16 900 piv kch}d% a| |i} fr

}di fahn|(1=< B} b| i|}bka}im }da} ―|cki 1? pivlih} cj dcy|idcem| lch|bmivim }c fi ebzbho bh bhamiqya}i dcy|bho

iavh fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V16 400 piv kch}d ahm avi itleymim jvck }di jyeer+|yf|bmb|im a| wiee a| kcv}oaoi+

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Bfbm(1=1 Ha}bchae ]via|yvr $hc}i 12 afczi" 26(1=6 Bfbm(1=< MD\ ―Fvbiho ch }di i|}afeb|dkih} cj }di V1fh Oyavah}ii Jyhm‛ Pavebakih}avr Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii ch Dykah

\i}}eikih}| $6= Ayoy|} 6010"(




=

=1

hahlim dcy|bho kavni}(‛ ]di bhlcki ovcyp iavhbho fi}wiih V? 900 ahm V19 000 b| lyvvih}er yhafei }c alli||

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avi amgy|}im(‛1==

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wcyem% bh }dicvr% bkpeikih} kcv}oaoi bh|yvahli bh cvmiv }c jalbeb}a}i ah bhlvia|im |ypper cj ajjcvmafei dcy|bho

hahli }c }di oap kavni}( ]di Kbhb|}iv cj Dykah \i}}eikih}| ahm }di Kbhb|}iv cj Jbhahli avi pvckc}bho }db|

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Ebhnim Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki $JEB\P" kcvi vi|pch|bzi }c ajjcvmafbeb}r ldaeeihoi| jalim fr }di }avoi}

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abk b| }c aeecw ecw+bhlcki iavhiv| }c alli|| a tim bh}ivi|} va}i }da} wcyem hc} yl}ya}i cziv }bki ahm ―wcyem

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pvcli||i| wdbld vi|ye} bh ―}bki miear|% bhlvia|im lc|}|% yhliv}abh}r ahm ebkb}im |ypper cj dcy|bho yhb}|(‛ 190 A

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jvck }di ecw+bhlcki dcy|bho kavni}" viea}im }c bh}iv aeba7 it}ihmim }bki myva}bch ahm miear| itpivbihlim bh

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bh }di viob|}va}bch cj }b}ei ahm kcv}oaoi| a}}vbfy}im }c bhamiqya}i lapalb}r a} kc|} Miim| Cjli|> ahm a ealn

cj alli|| }c wiee+ecla}im ahm via|chafer pvblim eahm ahm }di ealn cj a||ikfebho cj pyfebl eahm jcv ecw+bhlcki

dcy|bho fr eclae ay}dcvb}bi|(191 Allcvmbho }c }di Fahnbho A||clba}bch cj \cy}d Ajvbla $FA\A" bh 6004% }di dbod

lc|} cj eafcyv ahm fybembho ka}ivbae| avi ae|c lch}vbfy}bho jal}cv| }c ealn cj dcy|bho miebzivr bh }di ajjcvmafei

dcy|bho kavni}(196

1== MD\ $hc}i 16< afczi" : ahm =<(1=9 Hc}i 161 afczi(1=: Hc}i ? afczi(1=? JEB\P dam a katbkyk |yf|bmr cj V99 000 ahm wa| jcv dcy|idcem| iavhbho fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V? 000( ]di Pvcovakki

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A||clba}bch cj \cy}d Ajvbla $Milikfiv 6009" 69+6?(196 MD\ $hc}i 1=< afczi"(




=6

A viea}bzier dbod hykfiv cj dcy|bho vbod}| la|i| dazi vialdim }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} |bhli b}| bhlip}bch bh

1229( _dbei aee cj }di|i la|i| dazi miae} i||ih}baeer wb}d hioa}bzi bhjvbhoikih}| cj }di vbod} }c dcy|bho cv

wb}d izbl}bch| $wb}d }di itlip}bch cj Hcnc}raha"% }di gyvb|pvymihli ch dcy|bho hiziv}diei|| jyv}div viziae|

oczivhkih} jabeyvi| bh pceblr bh}ivpvi}a}bch ahm bkpeikih}a}bch(

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cj }di|i vbod}|% ahm ah itakbha}bch cj dcw }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} da| appebim }di|i oihivae pvbhlbpei|

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Hcnc}raha “ bh kcvi mi}abe( ]di ldap}iv ae|c itakbhi| }di it}ih} }c wdbld }di gymokih} bh iald la|i ajjil}im

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Lcyv} la|i|(

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mizb|bho kimbyk+ ahm echo+}ivk peah|(

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kia|yvi }c jalbeb}a}i }di dcy|bho miziecpkih} pvcovakki(120

Mipy}r Ldbij Gy|}bli Kc|ihini jcyhm bh db| gymokih} }da} }di Dbod Lcyv} dam kb|yhmiv|}ccm }di |yfkb||bch|

kami ch fidaej cj }di vi|bmih}|( Allcvmbho }c Kc|ihini MLG7

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wivi }anih bh myi lcyv|i( Bh c}div wcvm|% }di cllypbiv| wivi bkpeblb}er aeecwim ch a

}ikpcvavr fa|b| }c lch}bhyi }c cllypr }di eahm yh}be dcy|bho wcyem fi pvczbmim ch a

pvcovi||bzi fa|b|( ]c dcem c}divwb|i% a| }di Dbod Lcyv} mbm% bh ijjil}% kiah| }da} ae}dcyod

cyv lch|}b}y}bchae |ldiki allip}| }da} }di vbod} }c dazi alli|| }c amiqya}i dcy|bho wbee fi

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}c fi pvczbmim dcy|bho mc |c a| pivpi}yae cy}eaw| ahm avi }dy| cpih }c izbl}bch a| yheawjye

cllypbiv|( Bh kr zbiw% }di lcvvil} pc|b}bch }c }ani b| }da} cvmbhavber }ikpcvavr cllypa}bch

cj }db| nbhm cllyv| wb}d }di lch|ih} cj }di |}a}i ih}b}r }da} cwh| }di eahm |yfgil} }c b}|

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ahm }di H6 Oa}iwar Pvcgil}% lch|}b}y}i —via|chafei eiob|ea}bzi ahm c}div kia|yvi| wb}dbh ^}di oczivhkih}‒|[

azabeafei vi|cyvli|% }c aldbizi }di pvcovi||bzi viaeb|a}bch cj ^}di vbod} cj alli|| }c amiqya}i dcy|bho[‒ a|

lch}ikpea}im bh |il}bch 6:$6" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch(‛126 Holcfc LG mi|lvbfi| dcw }di oczivhkih} bhb}ba}im }di

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hykfiv cj picpei fy} }c a wbmiv vahoi cj picpei(‒ ]divi avi }dc|i wdc lah ajjcvm }c fyr

dcy|i| ahm }divi avi }dc|i wdc lahhc}( Bhlcki mi}ivkbhi| wda} jcvk cj dcy|bho picpei

lah ajjcvm( Bh miziecpbho a pceblr }c pvczbmi alli|| }c amiqya}i dcy|bho% }di oczivhkih}

ky|} ihmiazcyv }c ammvi|| aee }di|i hiim|( Ahm }di pvbkavr cfeboa}bch }c aldbizi }di

pvcovi||bzi viaeb|a}bch cj }di vbod} cj alli|| }c amiqya}i dcy|bho vi|}| ch oczivhkih}(

B} ky|} mi}ivkbhi dcw ahm wdih }db| |dcyem fi mchi( ]db|% dcwiziv% b| |yfgil} }c }di

viqybvikih} cj }di pvcovi||bzi viaeb|a}bch cj }di vbod} “ b} ky|} pvcovi||bzier jalbeb}a}i

alli||bfbeb}r( Dcw ahm wdih }di cfeboa}bch ky|} fi jyejbeeim mipihm| ch }di azabeafbeb}r cj

vi|cyvli|% bh pav}blyeav% }di azabeafbeb}r cj eahm(129

120 Bfbm 119(121

Bfbm 19=(126 Bfbm 662(12< Bfbm 664(12= Bfbm 6<9(129 Bfbm 690(




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obzih }di dyoi hykfiv| cj picpei ebzbho bh bhamiqya}i cv kani|dbj} dcy|bho bh Lapi ]cwh $ahm bhmiim kahr

cj cyv kyhblbpaeb}bi|"% ahm obzih }di jal} }da} }db| b| a pbec} pvcgil}% b} b| hc} |yvpvb|bho }da} b} da| hc} fiih

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c}div bhamiqya}ier dcy|im picpei |}ccm }c fihi} jvck }di pvcgil} ahm dam aeviamr lc+cpiva}im wb}d }di

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allckkcma}bch |dcyem b} izbl} a |i}}eim lckkyhb}r ahm }c ihoaoi kiahbhojyeer wb}d }di ajjil}im bhmbzbmyae|(

]di zavbcy| gymoi| bh }dibv gymokih}| miae} it}ih|bzier wb}d }wc b||yi|7 wdi}div }di cllypbiv| dam lch|ih} }c

cllypr }di eahm% ahm wdi}div b} wcyem fi gy|} ahm iqyb}afei }c izbl} }di appeblah}| bh }ivk| cj |il}bch : cj }di

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}di la|i b} wa| mbjlye} }c lchleymi }da} b} wa| gy|} ahm iqyb}afei }c jcvlbfer izbl} }di appeblah}| ahm ―viecla}i

}dik jav awar jvck }dibv dcki| ahm kcmi|} lckjcv} chi| bh cvmiv }c obzi war }c }di lch|}vyl}bch cj hiw

|yf|bmb|im dcki|(‛ Dcwiziv% lch|bmivbho }da} }di appeblah}| wcyem fihi} mbvil}er jvck }di miziecpkih}% di

jcyhm }da} }db| a|pil} vihmivim }di izbl}bch gy|} ahm iqyb}afei(12? Bh }ivk| cj bh |b}y ypovambho% allcvmbho }c

Holcfc LG bh db| gymokih}% ―b} b| hc} jcv }di lcyv}| }c }iee }di oczivhkih} dcw }c ypovami }di avia( ]db| b| a

ka}}iv jcv }di oczivhkih} }c milbmi(‛124 C‒Vioah G bh div gymokih} |}a}im }da} ―}di appeblah}| avi mb|karim

fr }di jal} }da} }di peah mci| hc} pvczbmi jcv bh |b}y ypovambho% fy} ae}dcyod bh |b}y ypovambho kar cj}ih fi

mi|bvafei% b} lahhc} fi |abm }da} bh hc} pvczbmbho jcv b} }di peah b| yhvia|chafei(‛122

Mi|pb}i b}| kb|obzbho| ch }di qyaeb}r cj }di ihoaoikih} fi}wiih }di |}a}i ahm }di vi|bmih}| avcyhm }di pvcgil}%

}di Lcyv} wih} adiam }c |ahl}bch }di izbl}bch( B} }ccn }db| pc|b}bch mi|pb}i b}| cwh pvilimih} }da} lcyv}| |dcyem

fi vieyl}ah} }c ovah} ah izbl}bch cvmiv wdivi kiahbhojye ihoaoikih} dam hc} }anih peali b(i( PI Kyhblbpaeb}r

ahm Cebzba Vcam ( ]di Lcyv} ihmcv|im }di milb|bch }c viecla}i }di Gci \eczc lckkyhb}r }c }ikpcvavr vi|bmih}bae

yhb}| $]VY|" bh Miej} cv c}div appvcpvba}i ecla}bch|% ahhitbho a viecla}bch }bki}afei }c b}| gymokih} }da} mi}abeim

}di ma}i| fr wdbld dcy|idcem| wcyem fi kczim(600 Ah bh}ivi|}bho a|pil} cj }di Lcyv}‒| cvmiv b| }di mi}abe bhwdbld b} |pilbim }di qyaeb}r ahm ha}yvi cj }di }ikpcvavr dcy|bho }c fi pvczbmim% bhleymbho }di pvczb|bch cj

|ivzbli| ahm jalbeb}bi|( ]di Lcyv} cvmivim }da} itb|}bho ]VY| dam }c lckper wb}d liv}abh |pilbla}bch| ahm hiw

chi| dam }c fi cj iqybzaeih} cv |ypivbcv qyaeb}r( ]di yhb}| dam }c7

fi a} eia|} 6=k6 bh |bi>

fi alli||bfei y|bho }avvim vcam|>

fi bhmbzbmyaeer hykfivim jcv bmih}bla}bch pyvpc|i|>

dazi waee| lch|}vyl}im wb}d Hy}il>

dazi oaezahb|im bvch vccj|>

fi |yppebim wb}d ieil}vblb}r }dvcyod a pvipabm ieil}vblb}r ki}iv>

fi |b}ya}im wb}dbh via|chafei pvctbkb}r cj a lckkyhae afey}bch jalbeb}r>

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12: Bfbm <06+<0<(12?

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9

91

}dc|i viecla}im> }di pvczb|bch cj }vah|pcv} jcv }dc|i }c fi viecla}im ahm jcv }dibv pc||i||bch|> }di pvczb|bch cj

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viecla}im }c }ikpcvavr allckkcma}bch% bhleymbho bhjcvka}bch ch }dibv lyvvih} pc|b}bch ch }di dcy|bho wab}bho

eb|} ahm a||b|}ahli bh lckpei}bho dcy|bho |yf|bmr appebla}bch jcvk|(606 Jcv mb|ly||bch cj }di pvcfeik| a||clba}im

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96

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9(9 Afadeaeb

Ahc}div mbvil} appiae }c }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} bh 6002 laki bh }di jcvk cj }di Afadeaeb la|i% 609 wdbld wa|

a gymblbae ldaeeihoi }c }di NwaWyey+Ha}ae Iebkbha}bch ahm Pvizih}bch cj Vi+ikivoihli cj \eyk| Al} : cj 600?

$NWH \eyk| Al}" fr }di Myvfah+fa|im |dalnmwieeiv kczikih} Afadeaeb fa|iKgchmcec $AfK"( ]di echo }b}ei cj

}di Al} viil}| b}| }dvii pyvpc|i| lchlivhim wb}d |eyk|7 }di pvcovi||bzi iebkbha}bch cj |eyk|% kia|yvi| jcv }di

pvizih}bch cj }di vi+ikivoihli cj |eyk| ahm }di ypovambho ahm lch}vce cj itb|}bho |eyk|( ]di NWH \eyk| Al}

abkim }c ―iebkbha}i |eyk|‛ bh NwaWyey+Ha}ae fr mi jal}c ihafebho ahm ihlcyvaobho izbl}bch| }c cllyv wb}dcy}kiahbhojye ihoaoikih}( AfK% aecho wb}d c}div cvoahb|a}bch|% dam a}}ikp}im iaver ch }c bkpimi }di pa||bho

cj }di \eyk| Fbee> dcwiziv% wivi yh|ylli||jye( ]dibv itpivbihli| cj beeioae izbl}bch| ahm mikceb}bch| bh Myvfah

kami }dik it}vikier wavr cj }di bkpal} cj }di Fbee bj pa||im% ahm }dir milbmim }c kcyh} a lch|}b}y}bchae

ldaeeihoi(60: ]dir ldaeeihoim }di lch|}b}y}bchaeb}r cj }di Al} bh }di Myvfah Dbod Lcyv} bh Hczikfiv 6004%

dcwiziv }dir wivi yh|ylli||jye ahm }di appebla}bch wa| mb|kb||im(

Ch 1= Kar 6002 }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} diavm avoykih}| viea}bho }c zavbcy| a|pil}| cj }di NWH \eyk| Al}%

kc|} |pilblaeer avcyhm }di pvcfeika}bl |il}bch 1: cj }di Al} wdbld |}a}i| }da} a kyhblbpaeb}r ky|} |}av}

pvcliimbho| jcv }di izbl}bch cj yheawjye cllypbiv| bj }di cwhiv cv piv|ch bh ldavoi cj }di eahm jabe| }c mc |c

wb}dbh }di }bki pivbcm pvi|lvbfim fr }di KIL( ]di appeblah}| avoyim }da} |il}bch 1: zbcea}im |il}bch 6:$6"

cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch bh }dvii war|7 b} pvileymim kiahbhojye ihoaoikih} fi}wiih kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm yheawjye

cllypbiv|> b} zbcea}im }di pvbhlbpei }da} izbl}bch| |dcyem fi a kia|yvi cj ea|} vi|cv}> ahm b} yhmivkbhim }di

pvilavbcy| }ihyvi cj yheawjye cllypbiv| fr aeecwbho }di izbl}bch pvcliimbho| }c fiobh wb}dcy} vijivihli }c }di

pvclimyvae |ajioyavm| lch}abhim bh }di PBI Al}( ]di Lcyv} vyeim }da} |il}bch 1: cj }di Al} wa| yhlch|}b}y}bchae

ahm bhzaebm% a| b} oazi }cc kyld pcwiv }c }di KIL ahm |ivbcy|er yhmivkbhim }di pvc}il}bch| bh |il}bch 6:$6" cj

}di Lch|}b}y}bch viam wb}d c}div dcy|bho eiob|ea}bch(

Bh }di kabh gymokih} wvb}}ih fr Kc|ihini MLG $wb}d aee }di gymoi| itlip} Ralccf G lchlyvvbho60?" ahm dahmim

mcwh ch 1= Cl}cfiv 6002% }di Lcyv} jcyhm }da}% ―}di pvcpiv zbiw b| }da} |il}bch 1: lahhc} fi vilchlbeim wb}d

}di ha}bchae Dcy|bho Al} ahm }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi% fc}d cj wdbld dazi fiih pa||im }c obzi ijjil} }c

|il}bch 6:$6" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch(‛604

Di ae|c diem }da} }di KIL‒| pcwiv }c b||yi a hc}bli a| ihzb|bchim bh |il}bch1: b| ―bvva}bchae ahm czivfvcam(‛602 Kc|ihini MLG jyv}div jcyhm }da} |il}bch 1: lcyem hc} fi bh}ivpvi}im bh

a war }da} pvckc}im }di c|}ih|bfei cfgil}bzi| cj iebkbha}bho ahm pvizih}bho |eyk| ahm pvczbmbho amiqya}i

609 Afadeaeb fa|iKgchmcec Kczikih} \A ahm Ahc}div z Pvikbiv cj }di Pvczbhli cj NwaWyey+Ha}ae ahm C}div| ^6002[ WALL <1$ Afadeaeb"

60: Jcv kcvi ch }di pval}bli cj izbl}bch| ahm mikceb}bch| bh Myvfah% |ii LCDVI ―Fy|bhi|| a| Y|yae3 Dcy|bho Vbod}| ahm—\eyk Ivambla}bch‒ bh Myvfah% \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $\ip}ikfiv 6004"(

60? ]di gymokih} cj Ralccf G jcyhm }da} }di lch}i|}im pvczb|bch lcyem fi viam |yfgil} }c aee }di |ajioyavm| pvczbmim fr}di Lch|}b}y}bch ahm }di PBI Al} ahm }da} ch a pvcpiv lch|}vyl}bch cj }di NWH \eyk| Al} ah cwhiv cv kyhblbpaeb}r dam}c lckper wb}d }di PBI Al} ahm aee c}div vieizah} eiob|ea}bch fijcvi ah izbl}bch lcyem fi cvmivim( Db| hmbho| ch }di

eiob|ea}bzi lckpi}ihli avoykih} wivi allip}im fr }di ih}bvi Lcyv} ahm }di|i i||ih}baeer mb|kb||im }di appeblah}|‒lch}ih}bch }da} }di NWH \eyk| Al} wa| kcvi lchlivhim wb}d eahm va}div }dah dcy|bho% wdbld b| a ha}bchae lckpi}ihliahm hc} wb}dbh }di |lcpi cj }di pvczbhli }c pa||( Afadeaeb $hc}i 609 afczi" =< ahm =0(

604 Bfbm 119(602 Bfbm 114(




9

9<

dcy|bho( Di vijivvim }c }di jal} }da} }di ldaeeihoim Al} wa| a pbec} pbili cj eiob|ea}bch ahm c}div pvczbhli| wivi

―awab}bho oybmahli jvck }di Lcyv} fijcvi milbmbho ch |bkbeav eiob|ea}bch(‛610

Allcvmbho }c LAE\ $}di eioae cvoahb|a}bch }da} vipvi|ih}im AfK bh }di la|i"7

]di \eyk| Al} iqya}i| }di iebkbha}bch cj |eyk| wb}d }di izbl}bch cj picpei ebzbho bh }dik

ahm wa| bh}ihmim }c kani }da} a kyld kcvi jviqyih} ahm ia|ber jalbeb}a}im cllyvvihli( ]di

lcvi jcly| cj }di Al} b| ch jalbeb}a}bho ivambla}bch% hc} bh pvczbmbho amiqya}i dcy|bho( _dbei

b} c|}ih|bfer aeecw| oczivhkih} }c ja|} }valn dcy|bho miebzivr% }di Al} da| }di viae ahm

pivhblbcy| ijjil} cj al}bzier ihlcyvaobho }di izbl}bch cj yheawjye cllypbiv| ebzbho bh bhjcvkae

|i}}eikih}| ahm fybembho| wb}dcy} }anbho bh}c allcyh} }dibv lbvlyk|}ahli| cv }di pvczb|bch

cj ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch( ]divi b| a ealn cj alnhcweimokih} }da} bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}|

ahm |eyk lchmb}bch| avi a |rkp}ck cj a fbooiv pvcfeik bh \cy}d Ajvblah lb}bi| avcyhm wiee+

ecla}im eahm ahm alli|| }c ebziebdccm|(611

Nir hmbho| jvck }di Afadaeb gymokih} bhleymi }di milb|bch }da} bj ihoaoikih} }ani| peali aj}iv }divi da|

fiih a milb|bch }c bh|}b}y}i izbl}bch pvcliimbho|% b} lahhc} fi oihybhi cv kiahbhojye(616 Ahc}div bkpcv}ah}

hmbho wa| }da} pvcpiv ihoaoikih} bhleymi| }anbho bh}c lch|bmiva}bch }di hiim| cj }dc|i wdc wbee fi ajjil}im%}di pc||bfbeb}r cj ypovambho }di avia bh |b}y ahm }di pvczb|bch cj ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch wdivi hili||avr(

]di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} |}a}im }da}%

hc izbl}bch| ^bh }ivk| cj }di PBI Al}[ |dcyem cllyv yh}be }di vi|ye}| cj }di pvcpiv ihoaoikih}

pvcli|| avi nhcwh( Pvcpiv ihoaoikih} wcyem bhleymi }anbho bh}c pvcpiv lch|bmiva}bch }di

wb|di| cj }di picpei wdc avi }c fi izbl}im> wdi}div }di avia| wdivi }dir ebzi kar fi

ypovamim bh |b}y > ahm wdi}div }divi wbee fi ae}ivha}bzi allckkcma}bch(61<

]db| ajvk| }da} izbl}bch cv viecla}bch |dcyem cher iziv cllyv a| a ea|} vi|cv}% ahm cher aj}iv bh |b}y ypovambho

da| fiih lch|bmivim( ]di vizb|im ha}bchae bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| ypovambho pvcovakki “ }di YB\P “ vib}iva}i|}db| pvbhlbpei $|ii |yfldap}iv ?(10 cj }db| oybmi jcv kcvi ch }di YB\P"(

9(: Hcnc}raha

\dcv}er fijcvi }di Afadeaeb gymokih} wa| dahmim mcwh + wdbld |aw }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} vihmiv }di NWH

\eyk| Al} yhlch|}b}y}bchae ahm vilcohb|i }di bkpcv}ahli cj kiahbhojye ihoaoikih} ahm bh |b}y ypovambho cj

bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| + ahc}div la|i viea}bho }c bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho laki fijcvi }di Lcyv}( Ae}dcyod

hc} itpeblb}er a dcy|bho vbod}| la|i% Hcnc}raha 61= dbodebod}| a hykfiv cj jaye} ebhi| avcyhm }di war }di mbjjivih}

|pdivi| cj oczivhkih} appvcald $cv mc hc} appvcald" bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho ahm }di lvb|b| cj ealn cj alli|| }c fa|bl |ivzbli| bh }di|i |i}}eikih}|(

Vioavmbho }di jal}|% |bhli 600= a lckkyhb}r ebzbho bh Davvr Owaea bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}% ecla}im bh Inyvdyeihb

Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r bh Oay}iho% dam a}}ikp}im }c ihoaoi wb}d }di kyhblbpaeb}r }c dazi }di |i}}eikih}

ypovamim bh |b}y a| cppc|im }c fibho viecla}im $}di kyhblbpaeb}r dam }anih }di milb|bch }c vikczi }di cllypbiv|%

wb}dcy} lch|ye}a}bch% }c a viecla}bch |b}i 1<nk jvck }di |i}}eikih}"(

610 Bfbm 16:(611 LAE\ ―Afadeaeb fa|iKgchmcec lieifva}i| a| Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} mileavi| NWH \eyk| Al} yhlch|}b}y}bchae‛ $1= Cl}cfiv

6002"(616 Afadeaeb $hc}i 609 afczi" :2 ahm 160(61< Bfbm 11=(61= Gcdh|ch Ka}c}cfa Hcnc}raha ahm C}div| z Inyvdyeihb Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r ahm C}div| ^6002[ WALL <<

$Hcnc}raha"




9=

Allcvmbho }c Kavbi Dyldivkiriv% pvcji||cv a} }di \ldcce cj Avldb}il}yvi ahm Peahhbho a} }di Yhbziv|b}r cj

}di _b}wa}iv|vahm wdc da| vi|iavldim ahm wvb}}ih ch bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} pceblr ahm pval}bli bh \cy}d Ajvbla%

a hykfiv cj ovcyhmei|| itly|i| wivi amzahlim fr }di kyhblbpaeb}r a| }c wdr }di |i}}eikih} hiimim }c fi

viecla}im% ahm wdr b} lcyem hc} fi ypovamim a| piv }di Ldap}iv 1< Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih} Ypovambho Pvcovakki

bh }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi(619 Bh vi|pch|i }c }di Davvr Owaea lckkb}}ii‒| viqyi|}im leavb}r ch }di pvczb|bch

cj bh}ivbk |ivzbli| bh vi|pil} cj wa}iv% vijy|i vikczae ahm ieil}vblb}r pihmbho }di ypovambho bh |b}y cj }di

Davvr Owaea bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}% }di Oay}iho pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} lckkb||bchim a jia|bfbeb}r |}ymr bh 600:(Apperbho lchzih}bchae dcy|bho earcy} |}ahmavm|% }di |}ymr jcyhm }da} }di eahm rbiemim cher |cki <00 yhb}|(

Aj}iv ihoaoikih} wb}d }di lckkyhb}r% }di kyhblbpaeb}r viqyi|}im a vizb|im jia|bfbeb}r |}ymr jvck }di pvczbhli%

jcv ah bh |b}y ypovami va}div }dah a lchzih}bchae dcy|bho miziecpkih}(61: _b}d hc leavb}r vioavmbho }di milb|bch

afcy}% cv }bkijvaki jcv% }di bh |b}y ypovambho cj Davvr Owaea fr 6004% }di lckkb}}ii eayhldim appebla}bch jcv

bh}ivbk |ivzbli| “ bhleymbho |izih ammb}bchae }ap|% dbod ka|} ebod}bho% vijy|i lceeil}bch ahm |ahb}a}bch “ bh }di

\cy}d Oay}iho Dbod Lcyv}(61?

]di kyhblbpaeb}r avoyim }da} dcy|idcem| dam ebzim a} Davvr Owaea bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} jcv kahr riav| ahm

}divijcvi lcyem hc} qyaebjr jcv ikivoihlr a||b|}ahli% ahm }da} jia|bfbeb}r jcv a Ldap}iv 1< bh |b}y ypovami

hiimim }c fi i|}afeb|dim fijcvi bh}ivbk |ivzbli| lcyem fi pvczbmim( B} cjjivim }c pvczbmi |izih ammb}bchae }ap|

ahm }c vi|yki vijy|i lceeil}bch dcwiziv avoyim }da} |ahb}a}bch ahm ebod}bho wcyem hc} fi pvczbmim $yhei|| }di

cllypbiv| allip}im }c viecla}i"( Ch 6= Kavld 6002% Al}bho Gymoi Ip|}ibh dahmim mcwh a gymokih} wdivi di

mb|kb||im }di appeblafbeb}r cj Ldap}iv 16 ahm allip}im }di kyhblbpaeb}r‒| avoykih} }da} bh}ivbk |ivzbli| lcyem

cher fi pvczbmim yhmiv Ldap}iv 1< cj }di Dcy|bho Lcmi ―wdivi b} da| fiih milbmim }c miziecp ah bhjcvkae

|i}}eikih} bh |b}y‛ ahm }da} }di kyhblbpaeb}r dam hc cfeboa}bch }c pvczbmi bh}ivbk |ivzbli| yh}be b} dam fiih

milbmim }da} }di eahm lcyem fi miziecpim jcv vi|bmih}bae pyvpc|i|( Ip|}ibh AG jyv}div jcyhm }da} ―bh }di pvi|ih}

la|i% }divi b| hc |yooi|}bch% $hcv lcyem }divi fi |yf|}ahli }c |yld a |yooi|}bch"% }da} }di Kyhblbpaeb}r b| hc}

lavvrbho cy} b}| cfeboa}bch| }c }ani aee via|chafei ahm hili||avr |}ip| wb}dbh }di jvakiwcvn cj ha}bchae ahm

pvczbhlbae dcy|bho eiob|ea}bch ahm pceblr }c ih|yvi }da} |ivzbli| avi pvczbmim bh a kahhiv wdbld b| ilchckblaeer

ijlbih}(‛614

]di Davvr Owaea lckkyhb}r milbmim }c appiae }di milb|bch }c }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv}% |pilblaeer avcyhm

}di Dbod Lcyv} milb|bch hc} }c pvczbmi |ahb}a}bch cv dbod ka|} ebod}bho( Avoyafer a| a vi|ye} cj }di pvi||yvi

cj eb}boa}bch% }di kyhblbpaeb}r vizb|b}im b}| fymoi}| ahm lchlimim }c pvczbmi chi pcv}afei ldikblae }cbei} jcv

izivr }ih bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} dcy|idcem| alvc|| b}| gyvb|mbl}bch( Allcvmbho }c Dyldivkiriv% ―myi }c }di

yhvia|chafei miear bh }di milb|bch wdi}div }c ypovami Davvr Owaea% Ha}bchae ahm Pvczbhlbae oczivhkih}|

cjjivim ammb}bchae jyhmbho }c aeecw chi ldikblae }cbei} jcv izivr jcyv dcy|idcem| bh Davvr Owaea cher% |dcv}er

fijcvi }di Lcyv} diavbho ch 19 \ip}ikfiv 6002(‛612 A} }di diavbho% }di Lcyv} wielckim ah apcecor jvck a

pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} vipvi|ih}a}bzi }c }di Davvr Owaea lckkyhb}r ahm }di Lcyv} jcv }di }dvii riav miear

bh |ilyvbho a jia|bfbeb}r |}ymr }da} wcyem mi}ivkbhi wdi}div }di |i}}eikih} lcyem fi ypovamim bh |b}y( Ch

12 Hczikfiv 6002% Gy|}bli zah miv _i|}dybih dahmim mcwh a yhahbkcy| gymokih} bh Hcnc}raha wdbldmb|kb||im }di appiae( ]di gymokih} dcwiziv jcyhm }da} }di miear wa| yhlch|}b}y}bchae ch }di ovcyhm| cj hch+

lckpebahli wb}d |il}bch 6<? cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch% cv wb}d }di viqybvikih} cj via|chafeihi|| bkpc|im ch }di

oczivhkih} fr |il}bch 6:$6" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch wb}d vioavm }c alli|| }c amiqya}i dcy|bho( ]di Lcyv} cvmivim

}di KIL jcv Eclae Oczivhkih} ahm Dcy|bho }c }ani a hae milb|bch ch }di kyhblbpaeb}r‒| appebla}bch bh }ivk| cj

619 K Dyldivkiriv ―Ldap}iv ]ih7 A ldaeeihoi }c }di |}a}i‒| azcbmahli }c ypovami cj }di Davvr Owaea bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}‛bh Lb}bi| wb}d |eyk|7 jvck bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ivambla}bch }c a vbod} }c }di lb}r $pvczb|bchae }b}ei"% mvaj} kahy|lvbp}$jcv}dlckbho% YL] Pvi||"( Ldap}iv 1< b| hcw ―Pav} < Zce =7 Ypovambho cj Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih}| Pvcovakki‛ lch}abhim bh

}di 6002 Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi( \ii |yfldap}iv ?(10 cj }db| oybmi jcv kcvi ch }di pvcovakki(61: Bfbm(61? Allcvmbho }c }di _a}iv \ivzbli| Al} 104 cj 122?% izivr dcy|idcem ky|} fi wb}dbh a 600k vamby| cj a lckkyhae }ap(614 Gcdh|ch Ka}c}cfa Hcnc}raha ahm C}div| z Inyvdyeihb Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r La|i Hc( 04#1?419 pava <2(612 Dyldivkiriv $hc}i 619 afczi"(




9

99

Ldap}iv 1< cj }di Dcy|bho Lcmi% }c ypovami }di |i}}eikih}% wb}dbh 1= kch}d| cj }di cvmiv( ]db| wa| }di }bki

miikim hili||avr }c lckkb||bch a hiw jia|bfbeb}r |}ymr(660

Fbeldb} da| wvb}}ih }da} bh Hcnc}raha }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} }ccn ah it}vikier jcvkaeb|}bl appvcald }c }di

b||yi| fijcvi b}% ahm

azcbmim kanbho ahr milb|bch a| }c wdi}div }di hcvka}bzi lch}ih} cj | 6: bhleymi| fa|bl

|ahb}a}bch( ]di bhi|lapafei lchley|bch |iik| }c fi }da} jcv |cki via|ch }di lcyv} wa|

a}}ikp}bho }c y|i aee }di }cce| b} dam }c azcbm obzbho mijbhb}bzi lch}ih} }c |clbc+ilchckbl

vbod}|(661

Allcvmbho }c Dyldivkiriv% }dvii kch}d| fijcvi }db| lcyv} miamebhi% hc bhzi|}boa}bch bh}c }di jia|bfbeb}r cj bh

|b}y ypovambho% ahm hc izbmihli }da}% allcvmbho }c }di pvbhlbpei| cj Ldap}iv 1< cj }di Dcy|bho Lcmi% viecla}bch

b| fibho }via}im a| a ea|} vi|cv}(666 Bh Cl}cfiv 6010 a Mvaj} Ihzbvchkih}ae Bkpal} A||i||kih} $IBA" Vipcv}

wa| pvi|ih}im }c }di lckkyhb}r jcv lckkih}( ]di Mvaj} IBA b| hc} jcv bh |b}y ypovambho fy} jcv ―dbod mih|b}r

|yf|bmr ebhnim dcy|bho% wdbld wbee lch|b|} cj }dvii |}cvir kbtim waen yp lih}vi|‛ lch}abhbho a }c}ae cj 900

yhb}|% wb}d }di itpeblb} bh}ih}bch cj kavni}bho }di kagcvb}r cj }di|i yhb}| }c picpei alvc|| Oay}iho ahm hc} }c

aeecla}i }dik }c }di lyvvih} Davvr Owaea vi|bmih}|(66< Allcvmbho }c Kcvar Da}dcvh% a}}cvhir jcv }di Davvr Owaea

lckkyhb}r% a| cj Gahyavr 6011 }di 1= kch}d pivbcm jcv a milb|bch a| }c wdi}div }divi wbee fi bh |b}y ypovambho

lcki| }c ah ihm( ]diviaj}iv% jyv}div eioae al}bch wbee fi lch|bmivim bj appvcpvba}i milb|bch| dazi hc} fiih }anih

vioavmbho ypovambho(

9(? \ykkavr cj nir jbhmbho| jvckLch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} la|i|

]di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} da| pvchcyhlim ch a hykfiv cj dcy|bho+viea}im la|i| myvbho b}| }ihyvi% wb}d a

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afczi% }di hae mclykih} viil}im |yvpvb|bhoer eb}}ei cj }di vizbiw pvcli|| ahm ealnim }di bhzcezikih} cj nir

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cj eiob|ea}bzi cv pceblr ldahoi|( B} b| wbmi+vahobho ahm ammvi||i| a zavbi}r cj dcy|bho pvcovakki| kih}bchim

bh FHO% a| wiee a| vikczbho cem pvcovakki| ahm bhleymbho |cki hiw chi|( B} b| abkim a} |bkpebjrbho }di

bkpeikih}a}bch cj dcy|bho pvcgil}| fr fibho ei|| pvi|lvbp}bzi wdbei pvczbmbho leiav oybmiebhi|( Dcwiziv a}

cziv <0 zceyki| b} b| it}vikier mih|i ahm mbjlye} }c hazboa}i jcv }dc|i wb|dbho jcv ah bhjcvkim |hap|dc} cj

dcy|bho pceblr ahm pvcovakki| bh \cy}d Ajvbla wdbld cy}ebhi| pceblr abk|% }avoi}im ovcyp| ahm |cki cj }di

lyvvih} ldaeeihoi| wb}d bkpeikih}a}bch( ]di jceecwbho ldap}iv pvczbmi| }db| nbhm cj |ykkavr cj }di ha}bchae

dcy|bho pvcovakki|(




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Ldap}iv 6(= cj }db| oybmi fvbir cy}ebhim }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi( ]db| ldap}iv pvczbmi| a |ykkavr cj

}di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki| ahm |yf|bmr kildahb|k| bhleymim bh }di hiw Lcmi( <<= ]di MD\ bmih}bi|

}dvii pvcovakki| a| lcvi pvcovakki| jcv jy}yvi dcy|bho miebzivr + }di BVMP% YB\P ahm \clbae#Vih}ae Dcy|bho

Pvcovakki( _divi liv}abh nir pvcovakki| “ }dc|i wdbld ka}ld }c }di ovia}i|} dcy|bho hiim bh \cy}d Ajvbla

ahm }avoi} }di kc|} kavobhaeb|im + dazi hc} fiih }anih yp bh ebiy cj c}div —ia|r }avoi}‒ pvcovakki| bh }di

pa|}% cv wdivi }divi avi bkpcv}ah} jaye} ebhi| avcyhm liv}abh pvcovakki| ahm }dibv bkpeikih}a}bch% }di|i wbee

fi ahaer|im bh ovia}iv mi}abe( Vieizah} vilih} miziecpkih}| avcyhm |pilbl pvcovakki| avi ae|c mb|ly||im

ahm yhei|| c}divwb|i |}a}im% bhjcvka}bch da| fiih |ykkavb|im jvck }di dcy|bho pvcovakki| cy}ebhim bh }di

Lcmi(

?(1 Bhmbzbmyae Dcy|bho \yf|bmr Pvcovakki

]db| Bhmbzbmyae Dcy|bho \yf|bmr Pvcovakki<<9 pvczbmi| alli|| }c |}a}i a||b|}ahli wdivi qyaebjrbho dcy|idcem|

wb|d }c alqybvi ah itb|}bho dcy|i cv a zalah} |ivzblim vi|bmih}bae |}ahm% ebhnim }c a |kaee+kimbyk lch|}vyl}bch

lch}val} }dvcyod ah appvczim dcki ecah b(i( pvcpiv}bi| }da} avi azabeafei bh }di hcvkae |ilchmavr dcy|bho

kavni} cv }dc|i }da} dazi fiih miziecpim a| pav} cj pvcgil}| hc} hahlim }dvcyod chi cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho

Pvcovakki|( ]divi b| ae|c ah cp}bch }da} mci| hc} bhleymi kcv}oaoi hahli( ]di Pvcovakki b| cher azabeafei

}c }dc|i alqybvbho vi|bmih}bae pvcpiv}bi| bh viob|}ivim bhmbzbmyae cwhiv|dbp( ]di Pvcovakki ihlcyvaoi| }di

ovcw}d cj }di |ilchmavr vi|bmih}bae pvcpiv}r kavni}% ah cfgil}bzi cj FHO(

Fihilbavbi| avi }dc|i wdc qyaebjr bh }ivk| cj }di HD\\ $}dc|i wdc dazi alqybvim a |}ahm fijcvi wb}dcy}

|}a}i a||b|}ahli ahm viqybvi a |yf|bmr jcv a }cp+|}vyl}yvi avi ae|c iebobfei"% dcwiziv fihilbavbi| cj Lvimb}

Ebhnim \yf|bmbi| wbee fi |yfgil} }c ammb}bchae lvb}ivba a| |}bpyea}im fr }di hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch( ]di Bhmbzbmyae

Lch|cebma}bch \yf|bmr Pvcovakki $|ii ldap}iv ?(11 cj }db| oybmi fiecw jcv kcvi ch }db| pvcovakki" lah fi

alli||im fr fihilbavbi| wdc dazi pvizbcy|er vilibzim |}a}i+hahlim |ivzblim |}ahm| b(i( }dvcyod }di Eahm

Vi|}b}y}bch Pvcovakki(

]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| alli|| }c jyhmbho jcv }wc la}iocvbi|7

Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmbi|7

Bh la|i| wdivi }di appeblah} lah ajjcvm kcv}oaoi ecah hahli% }di appeblah}kar apper jcv a |yf|bmr }da} b| ebhnim }c lvimb} jvck hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch| wdbld avi appvczim fr }di KIL(

Appeblah}| apper }c }di hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch| mbvil}er% }di ea}}iv al}bho a| aoih}| cj }di KIL(

Hch+Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmbi|7 Bh la|i| wdivi }di appeblah} lahhc} ajjcvm kcv}oaoi ecah hahli cv mci|

hc} wah} }c alli|| |yld hahli% }dir kar apper jcv a |yf|bmr }c alqybvi ah itb|}bho dcy|i ih}bvier cy}

cj }di |yf|bmr ahm kar |yppeikih} }db| wb}d c}div jyhm| }da} kar fi azabeafei( Qyaebjrbho piv|ch| wdc

fcyod} zalah} |ivzblim |}ahm| jvck }dibv cwh vi|cyvli| ahm hiim a||b|}ahli }c lch|}vyl} a dcy|i kar

ae|c apper }di|i |yf|bmbi|(

Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmbi| avi amkbhb|}ivim ch fidaej cj }di KIL fr fahn|% hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch| ahm c}div appvczim

pvczbmiv| cj lvimb} wdc dazi lchleymim aoviikih}| wb}d }di KIL ahm wdc al} a| aoih}| cj }di KIL( \yf|bmr

<<= Myi }c }di yvfah jcly| cj }db| vipcv} }di vyvae bh}ivzih}bch| “ Lckkyhae Eahm Vbod}| Pvcovakki ahm Javk Vi|bmih}|\yf|bmr Pvcovakki “ dazi hc} fiih bhleymim bh }db| ahaer|b|(

<<9 MD\ ―Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki‛ Pav} < Zce < cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"(

Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|7Pceblr z| Bkpeikih}a}bch? l d

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appebla}bch| avi |yfkb}}im mbvil}er }c hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch| $eihmiv|" wdc pvcli|| }di appebla}bch|% lch|bmiv }di

ecah appebla}bch aoabh|} b}| lvimb} lvb}ivba ahm |yfkb} }di appebla}bch| jcv appvczae }c }di KIL( ]di KIL par|

}di |yf|bmr }c }di eihmiv ypjvch} chli b} da| fiih appvczim% cv ae}ivha}bzier bh }ivk| cj ah aoviim oyavah}ii

|ldiki $|ii |yfldap}iv =(6(< cj }db| oybmi jcv kcvi ch }di pvcpc|im Dcy|bho Oyavah}ii \ldiki"(

Hch+Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmr appebla}bch| avi |yfkb}}im }c }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} }coi}div wb}d a lchmb}bchae

miim cj |aei jcv }di vieizah} pvcpiv}r jcv izaeya}bch% ahm viqybvi }di KIL‒| appvczae( Bj |ylli||jye% }di

parkih} cj }di appvczim |yf|bmr jyhmbho b| amkbhb|}ivim bh }ivk| cj a oyavah}ii b||yim fr }di KIL }da} }di

appvczim |yf|bmr wbee fi pabm }c }di |ieeiv cj }di |}ahm wdih viob|}va}bch cj }di pvcpiv}r bh }di haki cj }di

|yf|bmr fihilbavr da| }anih peali( Bh }di la|i cj }di Miziecpiv Mvbzih Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr + wdivi |kaee+|laei

lch}val}cv| apper jcv }di pyvlda|i cj zalah} |ivzblim |}ahm| ahm }di lch|}vyl}bch cj a ebkb}im hykfiv cj dcy|i|

ch |yld |}ahm| jcv qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi| + }di appvczim |yf|bmr akcyh} b| pabm a| piv aoviikih} fi}wiih

}di KIL ahm }di |kaee+|laei lch}val}cv( Oihivaeer% 90 pivlih} cj }di |yf|bmr b| pabm ch viob|}va}bch cj }vah|jiv

cj }di |ivzblim |}ahm bh }di haki cj }di fihilbavr ahm }di faeahli b| pabm aj}iv }di lckpei}bch cj }di dcy|i

}c }di |a}b|jal}bch cj }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}( Pvccj cj lckpei}bch cj }di dcy|i }ani| }di jcvk cj a ―dappr

ei}}iv‛ |bohim fr }di fihilbavr a| wiee a| ah bh|pil}bch liv}bla}i(

]di aeecla}bch cj |yf|bmbi| b| mipihmih} ch hahlbae vi|cyvli| azabeafei( ]di lyvvih} |yf|bmr qyah}yk b|V99 ?0:( ]di KIL lah wb}dmvaw fc}d Lvimb} ahm Hch+Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmbi| bj pvcpiv}bi| avi hc} }vah|jivvim

wb}dbh }dvii kch}d| jvck }di ma}i wdih }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} par| }di |yf|bmr akcyh} }c }di lchzirahliv

cv hahlbae bh|}b}y}bch(

?(6 Ihdahlim It}ihmim Mb|lcyh} Fihijb}\ldiki $IIMF\"

]di Ihdahlim It}ihmim Mb|lcyh} Fihi} \ldiki $IIMF\"<<: vipeali| }di cem Mb|lcyh} Fihi} \ldiki $MF\"%

wdbld wa| jcyhm }c dazi pvcfeik| wb}d bkpeikih}a}bch( ]di IIMF\ b| bh}ihmim }c |}bkyea}i ahm jalbeb}a}i}di }vah|jiv cj pvi+122= dcy|bho |}cln }c qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi|#cllypah}|( B} a||b|}| piv|ch| }c alqybvi

|}a}i+hahlim vih}ae dcy|bho ahm aeecw| itb|}bho |aei| mif}cv| }c |i}}ei }di faeahli ch pyvlda|i pvbli| cj

pvcpiv}bi| alqybvim jvck }di pyfebl |il}cv cv }c |i}}ei pyfebler hahlim lvimb} }da} dam fiih y|im jcv dcy|bho

pyvpc|i|( ]di Pvcovakki appebi| }c |}a}i+hahlim pvcpiv}bi| v|} cllypbim fijcvi 1 Gyer 122<% ahm |}ahm|

cv yhb}| lch}val}im jcv fr <0 Gyhi 122<% ahm aeecla}im }c bhmbzbmyae| fijcvi 19 Kavld 122= $wdih }di HD\\

wa| bkpeikih}im"( ]di IIMF\ b| bh}ihmim }c aeecw dcy|idcem| }da} dam fiih pvczbmim wb}d |}a}i+jyhmim ahm

kahaoim dcy|bho |}cln bh }di pvi+122= pivbcm }di cppcv}yhb}r }c }ani cwhiv|dbp cj }di yhb}| bh wdbld }dir

dam ebzim(

]di Pvcovakki b| alli||bfei }c a hykfiv cj picpei% a| cy}ebhim bh }di pceblr jvakiwcvn% bhleymbho }dc|i wdc

$bh }ivk| cj }di jvakiwcvn" dazi a mbvil} dcy|bho avvahoikih} wb}d }di |}a}i cv dazi ah cy}|}ahmbho mif} wb}d

}di kyhblbpaeb}r cv }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}( ]di Pvcovakki b| ae|c azabeafei }c mi jal}c }ihah}|% wdivi }di

viob|}ivim }ihah} lahhc} fi jcyhm ahm }di bhmbzbmyae ahm#cv dcy|idcem cllyprbho }di dcy|bho yhb} b| hc} }di

viob|}ivim fihilbavr#}ihah} fy} lah pvczi }da} }dir dazi ib}div a lch}val} wb}d }di eioae cwhiv#}ihah}% cv

lah pvczi }da} }dir dazi lch|b|}ih}er }anih ch }di vi|pch|bfbeb}bi| cj a }ihah} ahm al}im allcvmbhoer( B} appebi|

}c dcy|bho |}cln wdbld bhleymi| jvii |}ahmbho% |ikb+mi}aldim% }ivvalim $vcw" ahm mypeit dcy|i| a| wiee a|

dbod vb|i#ecw vb|i a}| ahm lckkyhae dcy|bho( ]di |yf|bmr qyah}yk mbjjiv| fi}wiih bhlcki la}iocvbi| cj

dcy|idcem| ahm }di Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr kildahb|k b| y}beb|im( Pvclimyvi| avi py} bh peali jcv }dc|i wdc mc hc}

qyaebjr jcv }di IIMF\% ahm jcv mb|py}i vi|cey}bch fi}wiih cllypbiv| myvbho }di vioyeavb|a}bch pvcli||(

<<: MD\ ―Ihdahlim It}ihmim Mb|lcyh} Fihi} \ldiki‛ Pav} < Zce < cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"(




?:

?(< Pvczb|bch cj \clbae ahm Ilchckbl Jalbeb}bi|

]di Pvczb|bch cj \clbae ahm Ilchckbl Jalbeb}bi| Pvcovakki<<? abk| }c ammvi|| }di db|}cvbl pvcfeik cj hch+

pvczb|bch cj pvbkavr |clbae ahm ilchckbl jalbeb}bi| bh dcy|bho miziecpkih}|% wdbld cllyv| myi bh pav}

}c }di pvbcvb}b|a}bch cj falneco| bh itb|}bho |i}}eikih}| fr }di vieizah} ay}dcvb}bi|( \clbae ahm ilchckbl

jalbeb}bi| avi pyfebler+cwhim lceeil}bzi jalbeb}bi| wdbld bhleymi kimblae lebhbl|% lckkyhb}r daee|% lckkyhb}r

pavn|#pearovcyhm|% }atb vahn|% |pcv} jalbeb}bi|% bhjcvkae }vambho jalbeb}bi|% ahm fa|bl afey}bch jalbeb}bi| jcv }di

ajcvikih}bchim bhjva|}vyl}yvi( ]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| a||b|}ahli }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| wdbld mc hc} dazi }di

afbeb}r }c jyhm |yld jalbeb}bi| }dik|iezi|% ahm b| appeblafei }c fc}d itb|}bho ahm hiw dcy|bho miziecpkih}|

a| wiee a| wb}dbh bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho pvcgil}|( ]di Pvcovakki b| aebohim wb}d }di Itpahmim Pyfebl

_cvn| Pvcovakki $IP_P"( Kyhblbpaeb}bi| }ani ch }di vcei cj miziecpiv% lchmyl} a hiim| a||i||kih} ahm apper

}c }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} jcv jyhmbho% wdivi }di KIL lch|bmiv| }di appebla}bch ahm kani| a milb|bch ch

wdi}div }c vi|ivzi jyhmbho jcv }di pvcgil}(

?(= Allvimb}a}bch cj Kyhblbpaeb}bi|Lch|b|}ih} wb}d |il}bch 19:$=" cj }di Lch|}b}y}bch% }di allvimb}a}bch cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c amkbhb|}iv Ha}bchae

Dcy|bho Pvcovakki| da| fiih ikpda|b|im a| a nir oczivhkih} pvbcvb}r wb}d a zbiw }c ―ecla}i }di milb|bch+

kanbho ay}dcvb}r ahm jyhmbho lapalb}r jcv eclae miziecpkih} a} }di kc|} eclae |pdivi cj oczivhkih}(‛<<4 _dbei

}di pc||bfbeb}r cj allvimb}a}bch da| fiih bh itb|}ihli |bhli }di Dcy|bho Al}% b} da| }anih 1< riav| jcv b} }c fi

pvbcvb}b|im( ]di pvcli|| ih}abe| mieioa}bch<<2% ahm ye}bka}i a||bohkih}<=0% cj dcy|bho jyhl}bch| }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| |c

}dir avi vi|pch|bfei jcv milb|bch+kanbho wb}d vioavm| }c }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|(<=1

Bh cvmiv }c fi allvimb}im% kyhblbpaeb}bi| ky|} mikch|}va}i |yjlbih} lapalb}r }c peah% bkpeikih} ahm kabh}abh

pvcgil}| ahm pvcovakki| }da} avi bh}iova}im wb}dbh kyhblbpae BMP|( ]di abk b| jcv allvimb}a}bch }c vi|ye} bh

bkpvczim ijlbihlbi| bh }di dcy|bho miebzivr pvcli||(

]divi avi }dvii eizie| cj allvimb}a}bch% ahm kyhblbpaeb}bi| lah ldcc|i wdbld eizie }dir wb|d }c aldbizi mipihmih}

ch }dibv cwh miziecpkih} pvbcvb}bi|% dcy|bho hiim| ahm lapalb}r( Jcv iald eizie }divi b| liv}abh kyhblbpae lapalb}r

ahm jyhl}bch viqybvim% ahm allvimb}a}bch yhb}| avi }c fi i|}afeb|dim a} fc}d ha}bchae ahm pvczbhlbae eizie| }c fybem

viqybvim lapalb}r a| wiee a| }c a||i|| kyhblbpaeb}bi| jcv allvimb}a}bch aecho |}vbl} lvb}ivba( ]di }dvii eizie| avi7

Eizie Chi7 fihilbavr kahaoikih}% |yf|bmr fymoi} peahhbho ahm aeecla}bch% ahm pvbcvb}r pvcovakki

kahaoikih} ahm amkbhb|}va}bch $mieioa}im jyhl}bch|">

Eizie ]wc7 aee Eizie Chi jyhl}bch| a| wiee a| jyee pvcovakki kahaoikih} ahm amkbhb|}va}bch cj aee

ha}bchae ahm pvczbhlbae dcy|bho pvcovakki| wdbld bhleymi| pvcgil} izaeya}bch ahm appvczae% |yf|bmr

viob|}va}bch $zba }di D\\ bh}c }di HD\MF"% pvcovakki kahaoikih} $bhleymbho la|d cw pvcgil}bch ahm

kahaoikih}" ahm }ildhblae $lch|}vyl}bch" qyaeb}r a||yvahli $mieioa}im jyhl}bch|">

Eizie ]dvii7 aee Eizie Chi ahm Eizie ]wc jyhl}bch| avi jcvkiver a||bohim ahm }divi b| }di ammb}bchae

vi|pch|bfbeb}r cj hahlbae amkbhb|}va}bch bhleymbho |yf|bmr parkih} mb|fyv|ikih}| ahm hahlbae

vipcv}bho#vilchlbeba}bch $aee jyhl}bch| avi a||bohim"(

<<? MD\ ―Pvczb|bch cj \clbae ahm Ilchckbl Jalbeb}bi|‛ Pav} < Zce < cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"(<<4 MD\ ―Allvimb}a}bch cj Kyhblbpaeb}bi|‛ Pav} < Zce < cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" 2(<<2 ―Mieioa}bch‛ b| hc} a pivkahih} }vah|jiv cj jyhl}bch| ahm mci| hc} bhleymi }di }vah|jiv cj }di ay}dcvb}r vcei hcv mci| b}

ih}b}ei }di kyhblbpaeb}r }c eiob|ea}i ch }di b||yi cv mbvil} jyhmbho jvck }di |ly|( B} ih}abe| }di itivlb|i cj a jyhl}bch chfidaej cj }di mieioa}bho ay}dcvb}r a| ah ―aoih}‛ wdivi }di ye}bka}i ay}dcvb}r |}bee zi|}| bh }di mieioa}bho ay}dcvb}r b(i(

pvczbhlbae cv ha}bchae oczivhkih}(<=0 ―A||bohkih}‛ b| a pivkahih} }vah|jiv cj a jyhl}bch wdbld bhleymi| }di }vah|jiv cj }di ay}dcvb}r vcei( B} bhleymi| }di vbod}}c mbvil}er vilibzi }di jyhm| ahm a||i}| hili||avr }c pivjcvk }di jyhl}bch(

<=1 Liv}abh jyhl}bch| wbee fi vi}abhim a} pvczbhlbae eizie( ]di|i avi }di appvczae cj it}vacvmbhavr appebla}bch| b(i( |pilbaeappvczae cj hch+qyaebiv| ahm }di amkbhb|}va}bch cj }di Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki $fc}d Lvimb} Ebhnim ahm Hch+Lvimb} Ebhnim \yf|bmbi|"( MD\ $hc}i <<4 afczi" 66+6<(




} a } b c h

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Eizie Chi allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}bi| wbee bmih}bjr ahm peah jcv eclae dcy|bho pvcovakki| ahm pvcgil}| ahm

aeecla}i dcy|bho |yf|bmr jyhm| jvck }dibv ahhyae dcy|bho |yf|bmr jyhmbho aeecla}bch( Bh }db| vioavm% Eizie Chi

allvimb}a}bch mieioa}i| }di ay}dcvb}r ahm vi|pch|bfbeb}r }c vi|pchm }c ha}bchae dcy|bho pceblr mbvil}er( ]dir wbee

mi}ivkbhi }dibv dcy|bho peah| wdbld bmih}bjr }di |pilbl pvcovakki| ahm pvcgil}| }c fi yhmiv}anih wb}dbh }di

|lae riav bh }dibv kyhblbpae avia% ahm wbee miziecp |pilbl bhmbzbmyae dcy|bho pvcgil} peah| jcv |yfkb||bch }c

}di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} jcv appvczae( Jceecwbho }db| appvczae% }dir pvcliim wb}d bkpeikih}a}bch ch }di fa|b|

cj jyhmbho mb|fyv|ikih}| jvck }di pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} ch a la|d cw fa|b|(

Eizie ]wc allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}bi| wbee dazi }di ammim mieioa}im vi|pch|bfbeb}r jcv izaeya}bho ahm appvczbho

|pilbl dcy|bho pvcgil}| aoabh|} pvi+mi}ivkbhim pvcgil} lvb}ivba ahm yhmiv}anbho }di dcy|bho |yf|bmr

viob|}va}bch jyhl}bch jcv aee ha}bchae ahm pvczbhlbae dcy|bho pvcovakki|( ]db| viqybvi| }da} kyhblbpaeb}bi| py}

bh peali kyhblbpae dcy|bho |yf|bmr |r|}ik| }da} wbee fi }di it}ih|bch cj }di HD\MF( ]dir wbee ae|c hiim }c

i|}afeb|d }dibv cwh oczivhahli avvahoikih}| }c aeecw jcv }di hili||avr ldiln| ahm appvczae|(

Eizie ]dvii allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}bi| wbee dazi }di ay}dcvb}r jcv aee Eizie Chi ahm ]wc jyhl}bch|% ahm }di ay}dcvb}r

ahm vi|pch|bfbeb}r jcv }di hahlbae amkbhb|}va}bch cj dcy|bho miziecpkih} bh }dibv gyvb|mbl}bch( ]di kyhblbpae

jyhm aeecla}bch wbee fi mb|fyv|im ch a la|d cw fa|b| }c }di allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}r mbvil}er jvck }di MD\( ]di

kyhblbpaeb}r wbee vipcv} mbvil}er }c }di MD\ bh vi|pil} cj dcy|bho mvaw+mcwh| ahm hahlbae vilchlbeba}bch% ahmwbee pvczbmi a vioyeav hahlbae vilchlbeba}bch vipcv} }c }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} ch }dibv pvcovi|| bh vi|pil}

cj miebzivr(

?(=(1 Pvcfeik| wb}d }di allvimb}a}bch pvcli|| }c ma}iAllvimb}a}bch cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| wa| itpil}im }c cllyv cziv }ih riav| allcvmbho }c FHO% fiobhhbho bh

Milikfiv 600= wb}d hbhi kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm jceecwim fr 60 kcvi bh riav }wc yh}be aee 64= kyhblbpaeb}bi| dam

fiih allvimb}im(<=6 Bh \ip}ikfiv 6009% }di Dcy|bho KbhKIL appvczim }di Pceblr Jvakiwcvn ahm Oybmiebhi|

jcv }di allvimb}a}bch cj kyhblbpaeb}bi|( Jceecwbho }db|% }di Dcy|bho KbhKIL dam |izivae miebfiva}bch| ch

}di bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di kyhblbpae allvimb}a}bch pvcovakki ahm ch 1: Gahyavr 6004 a gcbh} kii}bho cj

}di Dcy|bho ahm Eclae Oczivhkih} KbhKIL wa| diem wdbld vilckkihmim a ―mbjjivih}ba}im appvcald }c

allvimb}a}bch cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| wb}d a zbiw }c ja|}+}valnbho }di allvimb}a}bch cj ki}vcpceb}ah kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c

eizie }wc hc} ea}iv }dah Gyhi 6010(‛ ]db| viqybvim }da} }di hili||avr itpiv}b|i fi a||ikfeim }c a||b|} pvczbhli|

}c yhmiv}ani }di lapalb}r ahm lckpebahli aymb} cj }di allvimb}a}bch cj pvbcvb}r kyhblbpaeb}bi| fijcvi jyhl}bch|

avi mieioa}im(<=<

Allcvmbho }c }di 6004#6002 HMcD Ahhyae Vipcv}% 14 kyhblbpaeb}bi| appebim jcv Eizie Chi allvimb}a}bch a|

piv }di appvczim Kyhblbpae Allvimb}a}bch Jvakiwcvn(<== Bh Gyhi 6002% }di MD\ i|}afeb|dim }di kyhblbpae

allvimb}a}bch Lapalb}r ahm Lckpebahli A||i||kih} Pahie $LLAP" }c a||i|| }di itb|}bho lapalb}r cj pvbcvb}r

kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c pivjcvk }di dcy|bho jyhl}bch bh }ivk| cj }di kyhblbpae allvimb}a}bch jvakiwcvn( ]di LLAP

lchleymim a||i||kih}| bh aee |bt ki}vcpceb}ah kyhblbpaeb}bi| a| wiee a| }dvii eclae kyhblbpaeb}bi|( Cy} cj 14pvbcvb}b|im kyhblbpaeb}bi|<=9% ibod} wivi |}bee }c fi a||i||im bh }di hahlbae riav 6010#6011( Allcvmbho }c }di

Ahhyae Vipcv} 6004#6002% a| cj Apvbe 6010 cher zi kyhblbpaeb}bi| “ Pcecnwahi% Ikaeadeihb% Fyjjaec Lb}r%

Hie|ch Kahmiea Far ahm i]dinwbhb “ dam fiih ovah}im Eizie Chi allvimb}a}bch% ahm }di pvczbhlbae dcy|bho

mipav}kih}| wivi jalbeb}a}bho }di }vah|jiv cj allvimb}im jyhl}bch| }c }di|i kyhblbpaeb}bi|( ]di MD\ dcpi| }da}

}di LLAP wbee a||b|} bh ja|}+}valnbho }di Eizie ]wc allvimb}a}bch cj aee }di ki}vcpceb}ah kyhblbpaeb}bi|( Bh db| 6010

<=6 HMcD $hc}i <= afczi" 9(6(<=< MD\ ―]ivk| cj Vijivihli + I|}afeb|dkih} cj Kyhblbpae Allvimb}a}bch7 Lapalb}r ahm Lckpebahli A||i||kih} Pahie‛ $12

Hczikfiv 6010"(<== HMcD ―Ahhyae Vipcv} 6004#6002‛ ::(<=9

Allcvmbho }c }di MD\% bh Milikfiv 6002 pvbcvb}r kyhblbpaeb}bi| bhleymim }di |bt ki}vcpceb}ah kyhblbpaeb}bi| $|ii hc}i162 afczi jcv a eb|} cj }di ki}vc|"> |izih eclae kyhblbpaeb}bi|7 Fyjjaec Lb}r Kyhblbpaeb}r% Ikaeadeihb Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r%Vy|}ihfyvo Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r% Kahoayho Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r% Pcecnwahi Kyhblbpaeb}r% \ce Peaa}gbi Kyhblbpaeb}r ahmIk}dahgihb Kyhblbpaeb}r> a| wiee a| zi kyhblbpaeb}bi| bh }di Hcv}divh Lapi7 b!Ndava Dab| Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r% Pbteir na\iki Mb|}vbl} Kyhblbpaeb}r% Jvahli| Faavm Mb|}vbl} Kyhblbpaeb}r% Gcdh ]acec Oai}|bwi Mb|}vbl} Kyhblbpaeb}r ahm HakaqyaMb|}vbl} Kyhblbpaeb}r( Hc}i 16< afczi% 69(




?4

Fymoi} Zc}i \piild% Dykah \i}}eikih}| Kbhb|}iv ]cnrc \itwaei ahhcyhlim }da} aee |bt ki}vc| ahm jcyv eclae

kyhblbpaeb}bi| dam fiih a||i||im }c mi}ivkbhi }dibv viambhi|| jcv allvimb}a}bch% ahm jyv}div a||i||kih}| wivi

fibho yhmiv}anih }c fvbho }di }c}ae cj pvbcvb}b|im kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c 6? bh ebhi wb}d Cy}lcki 4 cj }di pvi|bmih}bae

cy}lcki|(<=:

Kyhblbpaeb}bi| appiav iaoiv }c fi allvimb}im }c oi} avcyhm |cki cj }di pvcfeik| cj bh}iv+oczivhkih}ae

viea}bch| ahm }di mckbhah} vcei cj }di pvczbhli| bh dcy|bho miebzivr( ]di|i bh}iv+oczivhkih}ae pvcfeik|% jvck

}di kyhblbpae piv|pil}bzi% pav}blyeaver lchlivh7 }di aeecla}bch cj dcy|bho |yf|bmbi| ch ah am dcl fa|b| ahm

eclae oczivhkih}|‒ vi|ye}bho bhafbeb}r }c peah echo+}ivk> }di ealn cj a kildahb|k }c hioc}ba}i }di hykfiv cj

|yf|bmbi| aeecla}im% ahm lchjy|bch cziv wda} }c mc }c bkpvczi aeecla}bch|> eb}}ei lch}vce cziv }di appcbh}kih}

cj miziecpiv|> mbjlye}bi| bh kye}b+riav peahhbho bh dcy|bho miziecpkih}> ahm }di ealn cj |yjlbih}er echo+

}ivk aeecla}bch| }c ih|yvi }da} miziecpkih}| mc hc} |bkper }ani peali bh pivbpdivae avia| wdivi |ivzblim

|b}i| avi azabeafei(<=? Mi|pb}i }di|i pvcfeik|% pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} da| fiih yhwbeebho }c viebhqyb|d lch}vce

cziv }di dcy|bho miziecpkih} ahm miebzivr jyhl}bch ahm da| vi|b|}im }di allvimb}a}bch cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| bh

}di pa|}(<=4 Cher }di pvczbhlbae KIL lah appvczi allvimb}a}bch% bh ebhi wb}d }di pvczb|bch| cj |il}bch 10$6"

$a" cj }di Dcy|bho Al}( ]divi b| itpeblb} ah}aochb|k fi}wiih pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} ahm kyhblbpaeb}bi| cziv

allvimb}a}bch% pav}blyeaver cfzbcy| bh }di la|i cj _i|}ivh Lapi ahm Oay}iho pvczbhli|( Bh 6002 }di Lb}r cj Lapi

]cwh mileavim ah bh}ivoczivhkih}ae mb|py}i wb}d }di _i|}ivh Lapi wdih b} wa| }cem b} v|} dam }c fi a||i||im

fr }di Aymb}cv+Oihivae }c ih|yvi b} dam amiqya}i lapalb}r(<=2

?(9 Cpiva}bchae Lapb}ae Fymoi} $CP\#LAP"Pvcovakki

]di CP\#LAP Pvcovakki pvczbmi| pvczbhlbae oczivhkih}| wb}d a kildahb|k jcv }di vi|ivza}bch cj a liv}abh

pivlih}aoi cj }di ahhyae dcy|bho jyhmbho aeecla}im fr }di MD\% jcv }di pyvpc|i| cj appcbh}bho it}ivhae itpiv}b|i#

lapalb}r viqybvim fr pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}| ahm allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c a||b|} bh }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj

}di ha}bchae dcy|bho pvcovakki|( Pvbcvb}r pvcovakki| bhleymi }di YB\P% \clbae ahm Ilchckbl Akihb}bi|

Pvcovakki% pvcgil}| }da} pvckc}i bh}iova}bch ahm }di lvia}bch cj a hch+valbae |clbi}r ahm }di yhfeclnbho cj

|}aeeim pvcgil}|( _divi a Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki pvczbmi| jyhmbho jcv pvcgil} kahaoikih} pyvpc|i|%

|yld aeecwahli| kar hc} fi ayokih}im }dvcyod }di appebla}bch cj }di CP\#LAP Pvcovakki b(i( pvcgil}

kahaoikih} bh }di YB\P $|ii |yfldap}iv ?(10 cj }db| oybmi fiecw"(

?(: Dcy|bho Ldap}iv| cj ah Bh}iova}imMiziecpkih} Peah $BMP"

BMP| dazi hc} db|}cvblaeer lch}abhim dcy|bho ldap}iv|% wdbld da| kiah} a mb|gyhl}yvi ahm ealn cj aebohkih}

fi}wiih peahhbho ahm dcy|bho a} }di eclae ahm pvczbhlbae eizie|(<90 Bh ebhi wb}d FHO + wdbld vilcohb|i| }da} }di

|ypper cj |}a}i+a||b|}im dcy|bho ky|} vi|pchm }c }di dcy|bho mikahm ahm }da} }db| viea}bch|dbp b| fi|} palnaoim

a} a eclae eizie + }di hiw Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi pvczbmi| jcv }di bh}vcmyl}bch cj dcy|bho ldap}iv| bh BMP| ahm

ae|c kani| pvczb|bch jcv kyhblbpaeb}bi| wdc ealn bh+dcy|i lapalb}r }c mvaw yp }dibv cwh dcy|bho ldap}iv|% }c

<=: MD\ $hc}i ? afczi"(<=? K Kcnciha ahm E Kavab| ―]di Kb||bho Ebhn bh Lccpiva}bzi Oczivhahli ahm Dcy|bho Miebzivr7 Ei||ch| jvck Kahoayho

Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r‛ $600?" 14 Yvfah Jcvyk <14+<12(<=4 Dyldivkiriv $hc}i 64: afczi"( <=2

A Kanbhaha ―M+Mar |i} jcv Lapi‒| dcy|bho akfb}bch|‛ Lapi Avoy| $6? Ayoy|} 6002"(<90 Ah BMP b| a |bhoei% bhley|bzi |}va}iobl peah jcv }di miziecpkih} cj a kyhblbpaeb}r( B} ebhn|% bh}iova}i| ahm lccvmbha}i|peah| ahm }ani bh}c allcyh} pvcpc|ae| jcv }di miziecpkih} cj }di kyhblbpaeb}r( B} aeboh| vi|cyvli| ahm lapalb}r cj }dikyhblbpaeb}r wb}d }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di peah% lckpebi| wb}d }di viqybvikih}| cj }di Kyhblbpae \r|}ik| Al} ahm b|lckpa}bfei wb}d ha}bchae ahm pvczbhlbae miziecpkih} peah| ahm peahhbho viqybvikih}| fbhmbho ch }di kyhblbpaeb}r bh}ivk| cj eiob|ea}bch(




} a } b c h

?

?2

alli|| it}ivhae lapalb}r#itpiv}b|i( ]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| oybmahli ch }di jcvkyea}bch cj Dcy|bho Ldap}iv|

ahm i|}afeb|di| }di pvczb|bch cj ovah}| }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| + wdc mc hc} dazi |yjlbih} hahlbae ahm#cv dykah

vi|cyvli| }c ihafei }dik }c lckpbei a Dcy|bho Ldap}iv a| pav} cj }dibv BMP pvcli|| + }c mc |c(

]di Pvcovakki |i}| cy} }di mbjjivih} |}ip| }c bkpeikih} }di Dcy|bho Ldap}iv bh }di BMP% wdbld fiobh| wb}d }di

bmih}bla}bch cj a piv|ch cv }iak cj picpei wdc wbee ldakpbch }di dcy|bho b||yi| bh }di BMP ahm wdc yhmiv|}ahm

}vihm| bh dcy|bho mikahm i(o( bh+kbova}bch% cy}+kbova}bch% }ikpcvavr kbova}bch ahm falneco i}l( ]db| piv|ch

cv }iak b| }ivkim }di ―Dcy|bho Zcbli(‛ ]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| oybmiebhi| ch dcw }c mihi ahm |pilbjr

dcy|bho mikahm% }dvcyod }ildhblae ahm pav}blbpa}cvr+fa|im ahaer|b|( B} bmih}bi| }dvii pc}ih}bae ldakpbch| jcv

}di dcy|bho |il}cv ahm b}| pvcovakki7 v|} avi }ildhblae cjlbae| wb}dbh }di kyhblbpaeb}r wdc|i vcei| bhleymi

dcy|bho+viea}im jyhl}bch|> |ilchm avi lckkyhb}r% lbzbe |clbi}r% c}div HOC ahm pava|}a}ae |}anidcemiv| |b}}bho

ch pav}blbpa}cvr |}vyl}yvi| $b(i( pav} cj }di BMP Vipvi|ih}a}bzi Jcvyk cv lch|ye}im mbvil}er a| pav} cj pav}blbpa}cvr

al}bzb}bi|"> ahm }dbvm avi pvczbhlbae ahm MD\ cjlbae| pav}blbpa}bho bh nir BMP al}bzb}bi|% |yld a| }di |}va}iobi|

jcvkyea}bch wcvn |i||bch| ahm }di BMP Pvcgil} ]a|n ]iak|% cv pav} cj }di BMP Vipvi|ih}a}bzi Jcvyk(

Chli a kyhblbpaeb}r da| bmih}bim dcy|bho mikahm% jcvkyea}im b}| Dcy|bho Ldap}iv ahm pvbcvb}r b||yi|% ahm

pvbcvb}r dcy|bho pvcgil}| dazi fiih bmih}bim bh }di BMP% }di Karcv hiim| }c ih}iv bh}c ah aoviikih} wb}d

}di KIL }c |ilyvi jyhmbho jcv }di pvcgil}| jvck }di zavbcy| appeblafei dcy|bho pvcovakki|( Iald bhmbzbmyaepvcgil} aoviikih} fi}wiih pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} ahm kyhblbpaeb}r |dcyem bhlcvpcva}i }di appvczim fy|bhi||

peah a| ah ahhityvi( Pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} kar cher vier ch BMP| wdih aeecla}bho jyhmbho% ahm pvcgil}| }da}

avi hc} bhmbla}im bh }di kyhblbpae BMP| wbee bh jy}yvi hc} fi jyhmim jvck }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|(

?(? Vil}bjbla}bch cj liv}abh vi|bmih}bae yhb}|}da} wivi lvia}im yhmiv }di pvi+122=mb|pih|a}bch

]di Pvcovakki jcv }di vil}bla}bch cj liv}abh vi|bmih}bae yhb}| }da} wivi lvia}im yhmiv }di pvi+122=

mb|pih|a}bch<91 bh}ihm| }c bkpvczi }di qyaeb}r ahm lchmb}bch cj dcy|i| }da} wivi fybe} yhmiv apav}dibm ahm

avi |}bee |}a}i+cwhim% cv dazi fiih }vah|jivvim }c bhmbzbmyae fihilbavbi|( ]di kabh abk cj }di vil}bla}bch

pvcovakki b| }di bkpvczikih} cj kyhblbpae ihobhiivbho |ivzbli|% wdivi bhappvcpvba}i eizie| cj |ivzbli|

wivi miebzivim ahm#cv }di vihcza}bch% ypovambho cv lckpei}i vilch|}vyl}bch cj mwieebho| }da} avi |}vyl}yvaeer

lckpvckb|im ahm avi vioavmim a| bhappvcpvba}i jcv }vah|jiv bh}c cwhiv|dbp cj }di fihilbavr cv yh} jcv

dykah dafb}a}bch( Liv}abh kbhbkyk hcvk| ahm |}ahmavm| jcv }di }cp+|}vyl}yvi ahm jcv kyhblbpae ihobhiivbho

|ivzbli| avi bhleymim bh }di Pvcovakki( Jyhm| jvck }di Pvcovakki lah cher fi aeecla}im jcv }di ea}}iv wdivi

jyhmbho jvck }di KBO b| yhazabeafei% cv lahhc} fi kami azabeafei(

]di cfgil}bzi| cj }db| Pvcovakki avi aebohim wb}d }di cfgil}bzi| cj }di IIMF\ b(i( }di |aei ahm }vah|jiv cj qyaeb}r dcy|bho yhb}| }c }di vieizah} fihilbavbi|( ]di Pvcovakki itleymi| kyhblbpae ahm pvczbhlbae+cwhim

vih}ae |}cln }da} wbee hiziv fi |cem% dcy|i| }da} dazi aeviamr fiih }vah|jivvim }c fihilbavbi| wdc dazi aeviamr

vil}bim }di mijil}| y}beb|bho }dibv cwh vi|cyvli|% mijil}| }da} avi a}}vbfy}im }c pccv kabh}ihahli cv mijil}|

bh it}ih|bch| }c }di cvbobhae mwieebho( Jyhmbho b| bh }di jcvk cj ovah} }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm#cv pvczbhlbae

mipav}kih}|% wdc avi yvoim }c apper }di Pvcovakki bh cher }di kc|} mi|ivzbho cv ikivoihlr la|i|% a|

bmih}bim fr }di kyhblbpaeb}r(

<91 MD\ ―Vil}bla}bch cj Pvi+122= Vi|bmih}bae Pvcpiv}bi|‛ Pav} < Zce < cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"(




40

?(?(1 Vil}bjbla}bch cj VMP |}cln 122=+6006

]di 6000 Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi bhleymi| a Pvcovakki jcv }di Vil}bla}bch cj VMP \}cln 122=+6006% wdbld

vikabh| zaebm dcwiziv da| hc} fiih bhleymim bh }di hiw Lcmi( \bhli lckbho }c cjli bh 6002% }di Kbhb|}iv cj

Dykah \i}}eikih}| da| jcly|im diazber ch }di b||yi cj }di qyaeb}r cj VMP dcy|i| pvizbcy|er fybe}% a| wiee a|

lcvvyp}bch bh dcy|bho pvcgil}| }dvcyod db| ha}bchae aymb} }a|n }iak(<96 Allcvmbho }c }di 6002 Oihivae Dcy|idcem

\yvzir% alvc|| }di lcyh}vr% 1:(1 pivlih} cj dcy|idcem| ebzbho bh VMP cv |}a}i+|yf|bmb|im mwieebho| jie} }da} }diwaee| cj }dibv mwieebho| wivi wian#zivr wian% wdbe|} 1=(2 pivlih} jie} }da} }dibv vccj wa| wian#zivr wian( <9<

]divi wa| lch|bmivafei zavba}bch fi}wiih pvczbhli| bh pivlip}bch| afcy} dcy|bho qyaeb}r( Bh }di _i|}ivh Lapi

ahm Ia|}ivh Lapi% hiaver a }dbvm cj aee dcy|idcem| dam a pvcfeik wb}d }dibv waee| ahm vccj|( Bh }di Hcv}divh

Lapi% 1? pivlih} cj dcy|idcem| dam pvcfeik| wb}d }dibv waee| ahm 14 pivlih} dam pvcfeik| wb}d }dibv vccj|( Bh

NwaWyey+Ha}ae% 1=(2 pivlih} cj dcy|idcem| dam pvcfeik| wb}d }dibv waee|(

]di Kbhb|}iv ahhcyhlim }da} }di oczivhkih} wcyem fi y|bho V1(< fbeebch% vipvi|ih}bho 10 pivlih} cj }di

mipav}kih}‒| ahhyae fymoi}% }c mikceb|d ahm vil}bjr famer lch|}vyl}im VMP dcy|i|( ]db| lckkb}kih} bkpebim

}da} =0 000 dcy|i| wcyem dazi }c fi vifybe}(<9= ]di Ia|}ivh Lapi wcyem hiim appvctbka}ier V<92 kbeebch }c

mikceb|d }di pvczbhli‒| appvctbka}ier 60 000 |dcmmr VMP dcy|i|( ]cwavm| }di ihm cj 6002% di |}a}im }da}

di dam bmih}bim hiaver < 000 VMP dcy|i| bh }di Ia|}ivh Lapi ahm NwaWyey+Ha}ae }da} dam }c fi mikceb|dim

filay|i cj bhjivbcv wcvnkah|dbp( ]dir dam fiih fybe} bh }di 14 kch}d| pvbcv }c db| bmih}bla}bch cj }dik a|

bh}ceivafer pccv |}vyl}yvi|(<99 Yh|lvypyecy| ahm lcvvyp} dcy|bho lch}val}cv|% pyfebl |ivzah}|% eawriv| ahm i|}a}i

aoih}| dazi fiih }avoi}im( ]di Kbhb|}iv itpvi||im a mi|bvi }c |yi lch}val}cv| wdc dazi fybe} |yf|}ahmavm

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lah apper jcv a |yf|bmr yhmiv }di JEB\P jcv }di lch|}vyl}bch cj a dcy|i cv apper jcv vih}ae allckkcma}bch(

]di|i dcy|idcem| wbee kc|} pvcfafer hc} fi ch a dcy|bho ma}afa|i |c }di \}va}ior vilckkihm| }da} ―}di KIL

wbee dazi }c bhzb}i appebla}bch| }dvcyod pyfebl amziv}b|ikih}| ahm lch|bmiv }di appebla}bch| ch a v|} laki

v|} |ivzim fa|b|% ahm kar apper }di pvbcvb}r lvb}ivba wdivi |yld a hiim itb|}| ahm b| vioavmim a| jia|bfei(‛ <:?

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fyr a zalah} |ivzblim |}ahm a} }di lyvvih} kavni} zaeyi cj }di pvcpiv}bi|% wdbld }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} ky|}

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jcv vih}ae allckkcma}bch( Bh aee }di|i la|i| }di |ieil}bch lvb}ivba b| ch a ―v|} lcki v|} |ivzim‛ fa|b|(

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<:= Bh 6002 }di Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh miziecpim b}| cwh Dcy|bho Aeecla}bch Pceblr ahm bh Jifvyavr 6010 b}‒| Mvaj} Bkpeikih}a}bch

Oybmiebhi| }c miae wb}d }di Lb}r‒| hiim| vioavmbho }di aeecla}bch cj fihilbavbi| bh ecw+bhlcki dcy|bho miziecpkih}|(\ii L\\V * PMO $hc}i 26 afczi" 10(<:9 MD\ ―\}va}ior jcv }di Aeecla}bch cj Dcy|bho Cppcv}yhb}bi| Lvia}im }dvcyod }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|‛ $6004"

10+11(<:: Bfbm(<:? Bfbm(




4=

Allcvmbho }c }di P\L vipcv}% aeecla}bch ch a ―v|} lcki% v|} |ivzim‛ fa|b| b| pvcfeika}bl ahm a jabviv |r|}ik

|dcyem fi lch|bmivim% pc||bfer chi wdbld b| fa|im ch hiim va}div }dah }bki |pih} ch }di wab}bho eb|}( \pilbae

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dcy|idcem|" avi diepjye bh }db| vioavm% dcwiziv }di pcziv}r kia|yvi% bh ahm cj b}|iej% mci| hc} lch|bmiv

mipihmihlr va}bc $|bi cj dcy|idcem"% eiho}d cj }bki ch }di wab}bho eb|} i}l( ]db| eiam| }c mb||a}b|jal}bch wb}d }di

pivlibzim yhjabv aeecla}bch pvcli||(<:4

?(2 Ihdahlim Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli|| $iPDP"

]di Ihdahlim Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli|| $iPDP" wa| amcp}im bh Gyer 6004 ahm vceeim cy} bh Apvbe 6002% }c

vipeali }di pvizbcy| PDP pvcovakki( ]db| hiw pceblr wa| }di vi|ye} cj eiho}dr ahm mbjlye} hioc}ba}bch|

wb}d }di HMcD% ma}bho faln }c 600=% ch }di pav} cj a dahmjye cj HOC| bhleymbho Peahal}% MAO% }di Fybe}

Ihzbvchkih} \yppcv} Ovcyp $FI\O"% Aji|b|+lcvpeah% Yvfah \ivzbli| Ovcyp% Y}|dahb Jyhm ahm Jimiva}bch cj }di

Yvfah Pccv $JIMYP"(<:2 ]di|i HOC| dam jcv |cki }bki cfgil}im }c }di havvcw mihb}bch cj }di PDP a| ―|iej+

fybem‛ dcy|bho bhzcezbho lch}vbfy}bch| cj ―|wia} iqyb}r‛ a| cppc|im }c }di y|i cj lch}val}cv|( ]dir fiebizim b}

|dcyem jyhmakih}aeer lchlivh a lceeil}bzi% ―lckkyhb}r+fa|im pvcli|| cj milb|bch+kanbho }da} wcyem |iin }cammvi|| dcy|bho bh }di lch}it} cj c}div |clbae hiim| ahm lckkyhb}r pvbcvb}bi|(‛<?0 \ii |yfldap}iv :(< cj }db|

oybmi afczi jcv kcvi ch }di cvbobhae PDP(

]di hiw pceblr amcp}| a fvcamiv mihb}bch cj PDP% aeecwbho jcv ovia}iv itbfbeb}r ahm ldcbli wdbei kabh}abhbho

}di lih}vae pvbhlbpei| cj picpei+lih}vim miziecpkih}( ]di MD\ vilcohb|im }da} a hykfiv cj mbjjivih}

appvcaldi| }c lckkyhb}r miziecpkih} hiimim }c fi allckkcma}im wb}d ―lckkyhb}r bhzcezikih} bh }di

milb|bch+kanbho pvcli||i|% lckkyhb}r ikpcwivkih} ahm }di eizivaobho cj ammb}bchae vi|cyvli| fibho }di

mi}ivkbhbho jal}cv| jcv kanbho b} a pvcgil}(‛<?1 ]di fvcamihbho cj }di |lcpi cj }di PDP% wb}d a jcly| ch }di

cy}lcki| cj }di dcy|bho pvcli|| a| a wdcei va}div }dah gy|} dcw }di dcy|bho pvcmyl} b| miebzivim% bhjcvkim

}di miziecpkih} cj }di iPDP(

Allcvmbho }c }di MD\% }di iPDP pvczbmi| jcv a pvcli|| bh wdbld fihilbavbi| al}bzier pav}blbpa}i bh milb|bch+

kanbho cziv }di dcy|bho pvcli|| ahm dcy|bho pvcmyl} |c a| }c7 ikpcwiv fihilbavbi|% lvia}i pav}hiv|dbp|%

kcfbeb|i ahm vi}abh ―|clbae lapb}ae‛% fybem ―dcy|bho lb}bih|dbp‛% ihlcyvaoi fihilbavbi| wdc avi awavi cj }dibv

vbod}| ahm vi|pch|bfbeb}bi|% pvckc}i eclae ilchckbl miziecpkih}% jc|}iv |}afei lckkyhb}bi|% fybem dcy|i|

}da} avi fi}}iv |yb}im }c }di hiim| cj bhmbzbmyae dcy|idcem|% bhzcezi wckih ahm rcy}d kcvi mbvil}er% ahm

haeer% lvia}i |y|}abhafei ahm bhley|bzi dykah |i}}eikih}| wdbld avi kcvi vi|pch|bzi }c }di hiim| cj }di

lckkyhb}r(<?6

]di iPDP b| jyhmakih}aeer a lckkyhb}r+mvbzih pvcli|| }da} }ani| peali cziv a pivbcm cj }bki b(i( b} b| hc}

cvbih}a}im }cwavm| miebzivr a} |laei cziv ebkb}im }bkijvaki|( B} bhzcezi| }di pav}blbpa}bch cj cvoahb|im lckkyhb}r

ovcypbho| bh }di dcy|bho pvcli||% }dvcyod akcho|} bh}iv aeba }di pvczb|bch cj ―|wia} iqyb}r‛% wdbld vipeali| }dibv

viqybvikih} jcv a hahlbae lch}vbfy}bch( ―Lckkyhb}r‛ b| mihim ib}div fr ecla}bch ahm#cv fr lckkch bh}ivi|}

ahm lckkyhb}r ovcypbho| lah }ani }di jcvk cj a zceyh}avr a||clba}bch% lckkyhb}r }vy|}% lc+cpiva}bzi cv |il}bch

61 lckpahr( Ah appvczim Lckkyhb}r Vi|cyvli Cvoahb|a}bch $LVC" i(o( HOC% jab}d+fa|im cvoahb|a}bch i}l% b|

appcbh}im fr }di pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} }c pvczbmi }ildhblae ahm amkbhb|}va}bzi a||b|}ahli }c }di lckkyhb}r

cvoahb|a}bch( Fc}d cj }di|i ovcyp| dazi |pilbl vcei| ahm vi|pch|bfbeb}bi|% a| |i} cy} bh }di iPDP(

<:4 P\L $hc}i 1= afczi" <=(<:2

Jcv kcvi ch }di miziecpkih} cj }di PDP |ii Peahal} * Vccj}cp| Lahama ―\ylli|| a} a Pvbli7 Dcw HOC amzclalr eim }cldahoi| bh \cy}d Ajvbla‒| Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli||‛ $6002"(<?0 V Dbkebh ―Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli||7 Ihdahlim!‛ HOC Pye|i $Hczikfiv 6004"(<?1 MD\ ―Ihdahlim Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli||‛ Pav} < Zce = cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" 2(<?6 Bfbm 2+10(




} a } b c h

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49

]di iPDP b| appeblafei bh }wc mbjjivih} |lihavbc|7 ah cvoahb|im lckkyhb}r }da} wah}| }c pav}blbpa}i bh }di

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|ypper+eim appvcald( ]di iPDP pvczbmi| a||b|}ahli }c aee }dc|i wdc qyaebjr yhmiv }di HD\\ ahm lah fi appebim

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ahm vyvae dcy|bho miziecpkih}|( ]divi avi jcyv mbjjivih} jyhmbho |}viak| jcv }di iPDP wdbld bhleymi lapb}ae

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wdbld lcziv| }di }cp |}vyl}yvi fy} itleymi| }di lc|} cj bh}ivhae kyhblbpae ihobhiivbho |ivzbli| wdbld ky|} fi

hahlim jvck ae}ivha}bzi |cyvli|(

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alli||im jvck }di pvczbhli( ]di kyhblbpaeb}r b| vi|pch|bfei jcv aee eahm palnaobho ahm }cwh peahhbho#}cwh|dbp

i|}afeb|dkih} jyhmbho $bhleymbho }di yhmiv}anbho cj IBA| ahm vichbho" ahm lcyem pvczbmi eahm pyvlda|i

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LVC|‛% ahm }db| wcyem fi ch a pvcgil}+|pilbl fa|b| ahm wcyem fi kcfbeb|im ahm cvoahb|im fr }di LVC ahm }di

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fybembho jcv }di |il}cv> ahm jyhmbho jcv yhfeclnbho feclnim pvcgil}|(

]di iPDP cy}ebhi| a hykfiv cj lckkyhb}r lch}vbfy}bch|#iqyb}r }da} |dcyem ae|c fi bhlcvpcva}im bh}c ah

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}di Hcnc}raha la|i% kyhblbpaeb}bi| appiav yhwbeebho }c bkpeikih} }db| pvcovakki( Hiziv}diei||% }di Ha}bchae

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ypovami }di ebzbho lchmb}bch| cj kbeebch| cj pccv picpei fr pvczbmbho |ilyvi }ihyvi ahm alli|| }c fa|bl |ivzbli|

<?< \ii |yfldap}iv =(6(1 afczi jcv kcvi ch bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} falneco|% |yfldap}iv| 9(= ahm 9(: ch }di Gci \eczc ahm

Hcnc}raha la|i|% ahm |yfldap}iv :(=(6(6 ch }di —hiw‒ appvcald }c bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho cy}ebhim bh FHO(<?= MD\ ―Ypovambho cj Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih}| Pvcovakki‛ Pav} < Zce = cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"(




4:

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bhb}ba}bzi jcv }di MD\ ahm ha}bchae oczivhkih} bh oihivae(

_dc qyaebjbi| jcv }di YB\P3

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?(4(6 cj }db| oybmi% |dcyem fi jceecwim(

_da} jyhmbho b| azabeafei3

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Pvcovakki% Lch|cebma}bch \yf|bmr% iPDP% \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki% LVY( Jyhmbho yhmiv }di YB\P b| ebhnim

}c }di hykfiv cj piv|ch| wdc qyaebjr jcv a||b|}ahli b(i( b} b| bhmbzbmyae+fa|im a| cppc|im }c avia+fa|im( ]di

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alqyb|b}bch pvi+peahhbho ahm bh}ivbk ihobhiivbho |ivzbli|( Jyhmbho jcv Pda|i| 6 ahm < b| jcv mi}abeim }cwh

peahhbho% eahm |yvzirbho ahm pioobho% lch}cyv |yvzir% eahm |yvzir itakbha}bch jii% lbzbe ihobhiivbho jii|%

|b}i |ypivzb|bch jii|% pivkahih} ihobhiivbho |ivzbli| pvczb|bch ahm pvcgil} kahaoikih}( Viecla}bch ovah}|

lcziv }vah|pcv}a}bch ahm ecambho lc|}| jcv picpei ahm dcy|idcem ijjil}|% |clbae |ivzbli |yppcv} ahm viecla}bchjccm |yppcv} }c dcy|idcem|( Bh }ivk| cj }di lch|}vyl}bch cj |clbae ahm ilchckbl akihb}bi| i(o( |pcv} iem|%

lckkyhb}r lih}vi|% kyhblbpaeb}bi| lah apper }dcyod }di \clbae ahm Ilchckbl Akihb}bi| Pvcovakki jcv jyhmbho%

<?9 MD\ ―\bkpebim Oybmi }c }di Dcy|bho Lcmi‛ Pav} 1 Zce 1 cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" 1:(<?: Allcvmbho }c }di YB\P% bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| }rpblaeer kahbji|} }di jceecwbho ldaval}ivb|}bl|7 beeioaeb}r ahm bhjcvkaeb}r>

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v|} cp}bch(‛<40

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ahm avi ihlcyvaoim }c lch}vbfy}i kcvi ―lapb}ae lcyh}iv+jyhmbho‛ bj b} b| wb}dbh }dibv kiah|( ]dir avi ih}b}eim

}c y|i KBO jyhmbho }c hahli }dibv lcyh}iv+jyhmbho viqybvikih}| yhmiv }di YB\P( Kyhblbpaeb}bi| ky|} ae|c

a||yki vi|pch|bfbeb}r jcv }di cpiva}bch| ahm kabh}ihahli $C#K" cj aee ihobhiivbho bhjva|}vyl}yvi yhmiv }di

YB\P a| wiee a| aee C#K cj |clbae% lckkyhb}r ahm ilchckbl jalbeb}bi|( ]di|i C#K lc|}| avi cziv ahm afczi }di

lapb}ae lch}vbfy}bch ahm |dcyem lcki jvck hch+dcy|bho |cyvli| bh }di kyhblbpaeb}r(

_da} b| pvczbmim yhmiv }di YB\P3

]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| jyhmbho jcv }di bh|}aeea}bch cj fc}d bh}ivbk ahm pivkahih} kyhblbpae ihobhiivbho

|ivzbli| b(i( }di lvia}bch cj |ivzblim |}ahm|( Dcwiziv% bh}ivbk |ivzbli| ky|} aewar| fi yhmiv}anih ch }di fa|b|

}da} }dir lch|}b}y}i ―}di v|} pda|i cj }di pvczb|bch cj pivkahih} |ivzbli|(‛ ]di ha}yvi ahm eizie cj pivkahih}

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faeahli lckkyhb}r hiim|% pvijivihli|% ajjcvmafbeb}r bhmbla}cv| ahm |cyhm ihobhiivbho pval}bli( Bkpcv}ah}er%

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a zceyh}avr ahm lc+cpiva}bzi fa|b| a| a vi|ye} cj }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj ypovambho pvcgil}|‛ fi lch|bmivim(<41 B}

amzahli| chi pc||bfei via|ch jcv viecla}bch a| fibho }di hiim jcv mi+mih|bla}bch ahm |}a}i| }da} }di pvczb|bch|

cj }di YB\P wbee apper }c fc}d }di ypovamim |i}}eikih} ahm }di viecla}bch |b}i(

\ilyvb}r cj }ihyvi b| lih}vae }c }di YB\P ahm kar fi aldbizim }dvcyod a ―zavbi}r cj }ihyvi avvahoikih}| ahm

}di|i avi }c fi mihim }dvcyod a pvcli|| cj ihoaoikih} fi}wiih eclae ay}dcvb}bi| ahm vi|bmih}|‛% dcwiziv

}di ha}yvi cj }ihyvi vbod}| }c fi awavmim myvbho a pvcgil} $fijcvi }cwh|dbp i|}afeb|dkih} ahm }di Dcy|bho

Lch|cebma}bch Pda|i fiobh" b| a} }di mb|lvi}bch cj }di KIL(<46 ]di YB\P |}a}i| }da} }ihyvi vbod}| awavmim myvbho

Pda|i| 1 }c < lcyem bhleymi vih}ae aoviikih}| ahm#cv ova}yb}cy| ecah cj a |b}i jcv cllypa}bch fr }di vieizah}

dcy|idcem% nhcwh a| a Lckkcma}yk( ]di Ha}bchae Hcvk| ahm \}ahmavm| bh vi|pil} cj }di lvia}bch cj |ivzblim

|}ahm| mc hc} apper yhmiv }di YB\P% fy} lah |ivzi a| a oybmiebhi( ]di YB\P |}a}i| }da} ―}di earcy} cj bhjcvkae

|i}}eikih}| oihivaeer pvileymi| }di mi}ivkbha}bch cj yhbjcvk |}ahm |bi|( Alli||bfei |}ahm |bi| |dcyem ikivoi

}dvcyod a pvcli|| cj mbaecoyi fi}wiih eclae ay}dcvb}bi| ahm vi|bmih}|(‛<4<

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Lckkyhb}r pav}blbpa}bch b| alnhcweimoim a| fibho lvb}blaeer bkpcv}ah} }c }di YB\P ahm jyhmbho b| kami azabeafei

}c |yppcv} |clbae pvcli||i|( Allcvmbho }c }di YB\P% }db| pav}blbpa}bch ―|dcyem fi yhmiv}anih }dvcyod _avm

Lckkb}}ii| wb}d chocbho ijjcv} bh pvckc}bho ahm ih|yvbho }di bhley|bch cj nir |}anidcemiv| ahm zyehivafei

ovcyp| bh }di pvcli||(‛<4=

]di YB\P hc}i| }da} bh liv}abh lbvlyk|}ahli| }di a||b|}ahli cj Lckkyhb}r Miziecpkih}_cvniv| $LM_|" lah fi y|im bh lceeafcva}bch wb}d }di wavm |}vyl}yvi|( ]di kyhblbpaeb}r lah apper jcv jyhmbho

jcv it}ivhae lapalb}r }c a||b|} bh }di pav}blbpa}bch pvcli||i| eiambho yp }c }di lchley|bch cj }di pav}blbpa}bch

aoviikih} wb}d lckkyhb}bi| wdbld wcyem bhleymi yhmiv}anbho }di jceecwbho }a|n|7 |clbc+ilchckbl |yvzirbho

cj dcy|idcem|> jalbeb}a}bho lckkyhb}r pav}blbpa}bch> pvcgil} bhjcvka}bch+|davbho ahm pvcovi|| vipcv}bho> lchbl}

vi|cey}bch $wdivi appeblafei"> ahm dcy|bho |yppcv} |ivzbli| b(i( }vabhbho ahm imyla}bch ch dcy|bho vbod}|

ahm cfeboa}bch|% lapalb}r+fybembho cj dcy|bho fihilbavbi|% a||b|}ahli wb}d }di |ieil}bch cj dcy|bho cp}bch|%

kahaoikih} cj fybembho ka}ivbae|% ahm viecla}bch a||b|}ahli(

<40

MD\ $hc}i <?= afczi" 19(<41 Bfbm 2(<46 Bfbm 19 ahm <4(<4< Bfbm 1=(<4= Bfbm 19(




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Kyhblbpaeb}bi| }ani ch }di miziecpiv vcei yhmiv }di YB\P% pvczbmim }dir avi allvimb}im ahm lapalb}a}im }c mc

|c( _divi kyhblbpaeb}bi| avi hc} allvimb}im cv ealn lapalb}r% }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} a||b|}| ahm |ypivzb|i|

allcvmbhoer( Kyhblbpaeb}bi| + bh lceeafcva}bch wb}d }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} + bhb}ba}i% peah ahm jcvkyea}i

appebla}bch| jcv pvcgil}| yhmiv }di YB\P% wdbld avi |ih} }c }di KIL cv lckkih} ahm appvczae( ]di KIL da|

}di hae milb|bch+kanbho ay}dcvb}r ahm chli appvczim% }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} ky|} vi|ivzi% vipvbcvb}b|i

ahm aeecla}i jyhm| jvck b}| ahhyae fymoi} aeecla}bch ahm kahaoi% mb|fyv|i ahm lch}vce jyhm| aeecla}im jcv ah

appvczim pvcgil}% bh allcvmahli wb}d }dibv viqybvim Kikcvahmyk cj Yhmiv|}ahmbho $KcY" wb}d kyhblbpaeb}bi|(Jyv}div }dir ky|} a||b|} wb}d }di y|i#bkpeikih}a}bch cj allieiva}im peahhbho pvclimyvi| ahm kchb}cv }di

bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di pvcgil}( ]di MD\ ae|c da| a |yppcv} vcei bh }di YB\P ahm b| }a|nim wb}d kabh}abhbho

}di pceblr ahm pvcovakki% a||b|}bho wb}d bh}ivpvi}a}bch% pvczbmbho bkpeikih}a}bch a||b|}ahli ahm kchb}cvbho

}db| bkpeikih}a}bch( \ii |yfldap}iv ?(10(6 fiecw jcv kcvi ch }di vcei cj ha}bchae oczivhkih} bh }di bhjcvkae

|i}}eikih} ypovambho pvcovakki(

Viecla}bch a| a ea|} vi|cv} ahm bh ―ikivoihlr |b}ya}bch|‛

]di YB\P hc}i| }da} viecla}bch |dcyem cher fi lch|bmivim a| a ea|} vi|cv} ahm wdivi b} b| yhazcbmafei b} |dcyem

fi fa|im ch }di pvbhlbpei cj ―kbhbkae mb|vyp}bch }c }di ajjil}im piv|ch| ahm }c viecla}i }di piv|ch| }c a |b}i

a| lec|i a| pc||bfei }c }di itb|}bho |i}}eikih}(‛<49 A viecla}bch |}va}ior ky|} fi miziecpim bh lceeafcva}bch

wb}d }di lckkyhb}r( ]di Pvcovakki jyv}div vijiv| }c |b}ya}bch| wdivi }di yvoih} viecla}bch cj dcy|idcem|

b| viqybvim% ahm wdivi }di KIL kar appvczi }di appebla}bch cj }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki $|ii

|yfldap}iv ?(16 fiecw jcv kcvi ch }db| pvcovakki" bh ammb}bch }c }di YB\P( ]di jyhmbho azabeafei yhmiv

}di|i }wc pvcovakki| ky|} fi aebohim ahm ―kar hc} fi y|im bh a kahhiv }da} wbee ihdahli }di jyhmbho ebkb}|

azabeafei yhmiv }di pvcovakki|(‛<4:

Kczikih} cj dcy|idcem| wb}dbh |i}}eikih}|

]di YB\P dbodebod}| }di kahaoikih} cj }di kczikih} cj dcy|idcem| wb}dbh pvcgil} pda|i|% bhleymbho }di

mikceb}bch cj bhjcvkae |}vyl}yvi| wdih dcy|idcem| viecla}i }c jcvkae dcy|bho ahm }di bhyt cj hiw dcy|idcem|

}c }di avia% a| a ―lvb}blae |ylli|| jal}cv‛ jcv pvcgil} bkpeikih}a}bch(<4? ]di Pvcovakki |}a}i| }da} }di miziecpiv

ky|} ih|yvi }da} jcv iald jcvkae dcy|bho cppcv}yhb}r lvia}im ahm alli||im% }di bhjcvkae |}vyl}yvi zala}im fr

}di fihilbavr dcy|idcem ky|} fi mikceb|dim( Jyv}div% eahm zala}im fr }di dcy|idcem ky|} fi |ilyvim ahm

pvc}il}im aoabh|} vibhza|bch#cllypa}bch ―bh allcvmahli wb}d }di pvczb|bch| cj }di vieizah} eiob|ea}bch(‛<44

Dcy|bho lch|cebma}bch bh Pda|i =

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pvizbcy| cwhiv|dbp cj vi|bmih}bae pvcpiv}r% pvizbcy| alli|| }c a |}a}i dcy|bho |yf|bmr ahm lb}bih|dbp |}a}y|(

]di YB\P pvczbmi| oybmiebhi| wdbld kar fi lch|bmivim bh mi}ivkbhbho }di fihi}| }c fi awavmim( A |ykkavrcj }di|i oybmiebhi| b| pvczbmim fiecw7

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beeioae(

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la|i fa|b|> }dir lah alqybvi viob|}ivim cwhiv|dbp cj |}ahm| cv ldcc|i vih}ae allckkcma}bch bj }di|i avi

pvczbmim> cwhiv|dbp iebobfbeb}r b| a} }di mb|lvi}bch cj }di kyhblbpaeb}r ahm }di lckkyhb}r ―ch lchmb}bch

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}di |}ahm"(

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hc} qyaebjr jcv viob|}ivim cwhiv|dbp cj |}ahm| ahm lahhc} vilibzi ahr Lch|cebma}bch \yf|bmbi| jcv }di

lch|}vyl}bch cj dcy|i|> }dir lah fi allckkcma}im bh vih}ae allckkcma}bch cv |pilbae jalbeb}bi|> wdivi

eioae oyavmbah|dbp itb|}|% cwhiv|dbp kar fi }vah|jivvim a| pvczbmim fr }di oyavmbah|dbp avvahoikih} cv bh

}vy|}(

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?(10(1 Jaye} ebhi| avcyhm }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di YB\P

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la|i"(<20 Kbeebch| cj |dalnmwieeiv| bh \cy}d Ajvblah lb}bi| lch}bhyi }c ebzi bh ebji+}dvia}ihbho lchmb}bch|% wdivi }wc

cj }dibv fbooi|} }dvia}| lcki jvck vi<21 ahm mbavvdcia(<26 Fc}d cj }di|i }dvia}| lah fi ia|ber akiebcva}im wb}dbh

lyvvih} fymoi}avr ebkb}| fr pvczbmbho fa|bl |yppcv} }c |daln |i}}eikih}|% kc|} bkpcv}ah}er amiqya}i |ahb}a}bch

ahm wa}iv pvczb|bch fy} ae|c ieil}vblb}r( Allcvmbho }c Pb}dcy|i7

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dazi |}a}im }db| mbvil}er( Dcwiziv mi|pb}i }di eavoi hykfiv| cj dcy|i| fybe} zba }di |yf|bmr

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pceblbi| ahm pval}bli|% |daln| wbee |cch fi ivambla}im( Jcv }db| via|ch }di jabeyvi }c pvczbmi

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\bhli 600=% kc|} dcy|bho bh}ivzih}bch| avcyhm bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| dazi hc} jceecwim }di FHO pvbhlbpei| cv

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Ovcyhm‒‛ $6002" 9= ]cwh Peahhbho Gcyvhae 1+6(<21 Ch azivaoi bh \cy}d Ajvbla cziv }di ea|} zi riav| $6006+6004"% }divi wivi }ih |daln vi| a mar% wb}d |ckichi mrbho bh

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20

bmih}bim bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}|( \dalnmwieeiv| jvck bmih}bim |i}}eikih}| avi }dih alli||im }c |ii wdi}div

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pvizbcy|er vilibzim a |yf|bmr(

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$ahm bh allcvmahli wb}d pvbhlbpei| mihim bh }di pvcovakki"(<29 Bh kbm+6004 Pda|i 1 cj }di Dahofivo bhjcvkae

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cv kyhblbpaeb}bi|% wda} b| cj}ih vab|im $aj}iv jia|bfbeb}r |}ymbi| ahm IBA| avi lchmyl}im" b| }di jal} }da} }di eahm b|

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}di pdihckihch cj mceckb}i% wdbld viqybvi| kb}boa}bho kia|yvi| }c fi }anih bh cvmiv }c vidafbeb}a}i }di eahm

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\i}}eikih}| Pvcovakki‛ \yfkb||bch }c }di Ha}bchae Ypovambho \yppcv} Pvcovakki $: Ayoy|} 6010"( ]di jceecwbhoibod} |il}bch| cj }db| |yfldap}iv avi }anih jvck div |yfkb||bch(




} a } b c h

?

21

\}ahmavmb|im appvcald }c dcy|bho miziecpkih} |}bee ih}vihldim

Ldap}iv 1< wa| a |dbj} awar jvck }di bhmbzbmyae |yf|bmr qyaebla}bch ahm laelyea}bch cj jyhmbho allcvmbho }c

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B} wa| fa|im ch }di vilcohb}bch }da} |}ahmavmb|a}bch cj jyhmbho jcv bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho pealim |izivi

ebkb}a}bch| bh }ivk| cj wda} wa| pc||bfei jcv }di bkpvczikih} cj picpei‒| ebzi|( ]di vizb|im YB\P jcly|i| ch

jyhmbho fibho ebhnim }c qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi| ahm mci| hc} obzi leiav oybmahli }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| bkpeikih}bho

}di pvcovakki jcv }di v|} }bki afcy} dcw bh |b}y ypovambho mbjjiv| jvck }di ih}vihldim appvcald cj viob|}ivbho

|yf|bmr qyaebiv| ahm miebzivbho dcy|bho $cv |ivzblim |b}i| wb}d }di }cp |}vyl}yvi }c jceecw"(

Ealn cj leavb}r cziv viecla}bch ahm y|i cj }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki

―Yvoih} viecla}bch‛ b| hc} mihim bh }di YB\P ahm% obzih }di }ihmihlr cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c |iin yvoih} izbl}bch|

ch yhgy|}bim ovcyhm| cv }c vi|cv} }c }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki }c —}ikpcvavber‒ viecla}i dcy|idcem|

bhmihb}ier% }divi avi pvcfeik| wb}d ihlcyvaobho }db| cp}bch itpeblb}er bh }di YB\P( Ovcyhm| jcv ―yvoih}

viecla}bch‛ |dcyem }c fi leiaver mihim ahm appvczae |dcyem hc} kivier fi a} }di mb|lvi}bch cj }di KIL( ]di

bh}ival}bch fi}wiih }di YB\P ahm }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki |dcyem fi itakbhim kcvi lavijyeer(

\ieil}bch cj dcy|bho }rpi viqybvim }cc iaver bh }di pvcli||

]di YB\P a||yki| a lchzih}bchae dcy|bho miebzivr appvcald wdivi b} vijiv| }c ―dcy|bho cp}bch ieil}im‛ iaver bh

}di }cwh|dbp mi|boh ahm earcy} pda|i% pvi|yppc|bho }da} }di hae dcy|bho cp}bch b| a |}ahmavmb|im chi wdbld

b| leiav jvck }di |}av} cj }di pvcgil}( Bh viaeb}r% |cki dcy|idcem| wbee hc} qyaebjr jcv a |yf|bmr ahm wbee bhzi|} }dibv

cwh vi|cyvli| cziv a pivbcm cj }bki bh}c bkpvczbho }dibv |daln bh}c a jcvkae |}vyl}yvi( Filay|i }cp+|}vyl}yvi

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iaver ch bh }di pvcgil} }di ―dcy|bho cp}bch| ieil}im‛ fr dcy|idcem|( B} b| yhleiav bh }di YB\P a} wda} pcbh}

dcy|idcem| wbee vilibzi }di vbod} }c fybem pivkahih} |}vyl}yvi|% wdbld bmiaeer |dcyem fi a| iaver ch a| pc||bfeiahm hc} lch}bhoih} ch }dik apperbho jcv cwhiv|dbp cj }di |}ahm(

Ealn cj leavb}r cziv }ihyvi b||yi|

Bh Ldap}iv 1<% a wbmi vahoi cj }ihyvi cp}bch| wa| pvczbmim ahm }di ―Pivkb||bch }c Cllypr‛ cv Lckkcma}yk

wa| eb|}im a| }di pvijivvim cp}bch( ]di YB\P ealn| |yppcv} bhjcvka}bch }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c mb||yami }dik jvck

|bkper lch}bhybho wb}d jviidcem cwhiv|dbp a| }di pvijivvim }ihyvi }rpi% ahm cwhiv|dbp cp}bch| ebni ―lckkyhae

cwhiv|dbp |ldiki|‛ hiim }c fi lvia}im a} }di }ihyvi vioyeavb|a}bch% hc} gy|} bh Pda|i =( ]di }cp+|}vyl}yvi

|yf|bmr bh Pda|i = cj }di YB\P b| cher awavmim }c dcy|idcem| wdc cwh }dibv |}ahm% ahm }db| |dcyem it}ihm }c

}dc|i wb}d a Lckkcma}yk a| wiee(

Ealn cj hch+|yf|bmr ebhnim }cp+|}vyl}yvi |yppcv}

Fc}d Ldap}iv 1< ahm }di YB\P jabe }c pvczbmi jcv hch+|yf|bmr ebhnim }cp+|}vyl}yvi |yppcv} }c hch+qyaebjrbho

dcy|idcem| b(i( a||b|}ahli wb}d |azbho|+ebhnim lvimb}% }ildhblae amzbli% mb|fyv|ikih} cj fybembho ka}ivbae| i}l(

Obzih }di hiw ikpda|b| ch |ilyvbho }ihyvi% wdbld da| }di ijjil} }da} dcy|idcem| avi ihlcyvaoim }c kani

pivkahih} dcy|i bkpvczikih}|% |yld a||b|}ahli wcyem fi zivr bkpcv}ah}(

Bmih}bjbla}bch cj beeioae bkkbovah}| b| kb|pealim

]di bmih}bla}bch cj ―beeioae bkkbovah}|‛% pvi|ykafer }dvcyod mccv+}c+mccv |yvzir|% iaver ch bh }di pvcgil}

appiav| a} cmm| wb}d }di jia|bfbeb}r pda|i i(o( wdivi dcy|idcem hykfiv| avi kivier i|}bka}im( Ah i|}bka}i cj ―hykfiv| cj beeioae bkkbovah}|‛ wcyem |yjli% bj vieizah} a} aee(




26

Bh}ivhae |i}}eikih} viecla}bch kahaoikih} ahm |}va}ior b| pvcfeika}bl

]di YB\P‒| viqybvikih} cj a jvakiwcvn jcv a |}va}ior }c kahaoi }di kczikih} cj dcy|idcem| wb}dbh pvcgil}

pda|i| ahm }di mikceb}bch cj bhjcvkae |}vyl}yvi| a| ahm wdih dcy|idcem| viecla}i }c }dibv jcvkae dcy|bho

|ihm| }di |bohae }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| }da} }di YB\P b| a vioyeav dcy|bho miziecpkih} bh wdbld dcy|idcem| wbee fi

viecla}im }c }dibv jcvkae dcy|i| chli }dir dazi fiih fybe}( ]db| b| a} cmm| wb}d }di ypovambho appvcald( Jyv}div%

}di Pvcovakki‒| jcly| ch }di ―vi+bhza|bch cj eahm‛ fiecho| }c a vcee+cziv appvcald }c ypovambho% wdbld b| hc}

appeblafei bh ah bh |b}y ypovami wdivi dcy|idcem| vikabh ch }di eahm }dir cllypr% bhjva|}vyl}yvi b| pvczbmim

ahm }dir avi ihlcyvaoim }c bkpvczi }dibv |daln bh}c a pivkahih} |}vyl}yvi( _da} b| kb||bho bh }di |}va}ior

b| ah aeecla}bch appvcald }c hiw dcy|idcem| wb|dbho }c ih}iv ypovamim bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| wdivi a |bkpei

appvcald }c }di }vah|jiv cj cllypa}bchae vbod}| hiim| }c fi miziecpim iaver ch bh lchgyhl}bch wb}d }di |ilyvbho

cj }ihyvi $}db| b| mb|ly||im fvbir bh |yfldap}iv ?(4(6 afczi ch }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Aeecla}bch \}va}ior"(

Ealn cj leavb}r cziv ha}bchae oczivhkih} |yppcv} ahm vcei cj HY\P

]di vcei cj }di hiw Ha}bchae Ypovambho \yppcv} Pvcovakki $HY\P" wb}dbh }di MD\ b| hc} bhleymim bh }di

YB\P ahm }divi |dcyem fi a jcly| ch ha}bchae oczivhkih}| vcei bh }di mb||ikbha}bch cj bhjcvka}bch afcy}

}di YB\P% al}bzi pvckc}bch }dvcyod bhb}ba}bzi| }c ldahoi kbhm|i}| cj kyhblbpaeb}bi| bh viea}bch }c bhjcvkae

|i}}eikih}|% jalbeb}a}bch cj }vabhbho ahm nhcweimoi+|davbho jcv bkpeikih}a}bch ahm lapalb}r+fybembho a}

pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} eizie jcv |yppcv} }c kyhblbpaeb}bi|(

?(10(6 Vilih} miziecpkih}| viea}bho }c }di YB\P

Bh 6010 }di Pvi|bmih} yhmiv}ccn }c ypovami =00 000 dcy|idcem| ch wiee+ecla}im eahm cziv }di hit} jcyv riav|%

ahm a miebzivr aoviikih} wa| |bohim wb}d }di Kbhb|}iv cj Dykah \i}}eikih}| wdbld bhleymim }db| cy}py}(

Allcvmbho }c }di miebzivr aoviikih}%

Cy}py} 1 b| a |dbj} awar jvck }di lyvvih} pavambok cj itley|bzier |}a}i+pvczbmim dcy|bho

jcv }di pccv( B} itpeblb}er bhleymi| bkpvczbho ebziebdccm| }dvcyod }di pvczb|bch cj mbjjivih}

jcvk| cj }ihyvi% ahm pvczbmi| jcv ae}ivha}bzi ki}dcm| cj dcy|bho miebzivr( B} b| }di jbv|}

eavoi+|laei pvcovakka}bl vi|pch|i }c bhlvikih}ae ypovambho cj bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}| bh }di

lcyh}vr(<24

]di Ha}bchae Ypovambho \yppcv} Pvcovakki $HY\P" da| fiih eayhldim bh cvmiv }c jalbeb}a}i ahm |yppcv}

}di ja|}+}valnbho cj bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho bh \cy}d Ajvblah kyhblbpaeb}bi|(<22 Allcvmbho }c }di HMcD

Ahhyae Vipcv} 6004+6002% }di HY\P wa| i|}afeb|dim bh lceeafcva}bch wb}d }di bh}ivha}bchae Lb}bi| Aeebahli% ahm

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]di bhb}ba}bzi ae|c abk| }c pvczbmi lvb}blae |yppcv} }c dcy|bho pvcgil}| bh }dibv iaver |}aoi|( A }iak cj ha}bchae

ahm bh}ivha}bchae itpiv}| |yppcv} }di pvcovakki fr pvczbmbho b} wb}d amzbli ahm oybmahli% ahm }di abk b| }c

miziecp a ―lckkyhb}r cj pval}bli(‛ Allcvmbho }c }di HY\P% b} wbee miziecp a ―mi}abeim vcee+cy} |}va}ior ahm

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}di kyhblbpaeb}r( Bh }di la|i cj bhmbzbmyae| apperbho jcv ah Bhmbzbmyae Lch|cebma}bch \yf|bmr% }di vyei| ahm

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jcv kcvi ch }db|"(

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pvcovakki laki }c fi amcp}im"( Allcvmbho }c }di vizb|im Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki% ae|c nhcwh a| }di

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ahm mi|lvbfim bh }di Pvcovakki(=0:

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pvczbhlbae dcy|bho mipav}kih}% }c ihafei }dik }c vi|pchm vapbmer }c ikivoihlbi| }dvcyod }di pvczb|bch cj

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_b}d }di appvczae cj }di KIL% }di lc|} cj lch|ykp}bch cj }di jceecwbho fa|bl kyhblbpae |ivzbli| jcv a katbkyk

cj }dvii riav| $bh la|i| wdivi }di kyhblbpaeb}r pvi|ih}| pvccj cj b}| bhafbeb}r }c pvczbmi }di |ivzbli| jvck b}|

cwh vi|cyvli|% ahm }di |ivzbli| avi al}yaeer pvczbmim fr }di kyhblbpaeb}r" lah hcw ae|c fi jyhmim fr }di

Pvcovakki7

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Vijy|i vikczae> ahm

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Jyhmbho b| ae|c pvczbmim jcv }di pc||bfei viecla}bch ahm vi|i}}eikih} cj picpei ch a zceyh}avr ahm lccpiva}bzi

fa|b| ―bh appvcpvba}i la|i|(‛=04

]di Pvcovakki appebi| }c |b}ya}bch| wdivi picpei dazi filcki dckiei|| a| a vi|ye} cj a mileavim |}a}i cj

mb|a|}iv cv a |b}ya}bch wdbld b| hc} mileavim a| a mb|a|}iv fy} it}vacvmbhavr cllyvvihli|% |yld a| ccm|% |}vcho

wbhm|% |izivi vabh|}cvk|% dabe% |hcw% miza|}a}bho vi|% iav}dqyani|% |bhndcei| cv eavoi mb|a|}vcy| bhmy|}vbae

bhlbmih}| lay|i mi|}b}y}bch( B} ae|c appebi| }c picpei wdc ebzi bh mahoivcy| lchmb}bch| |yld a| ch eahm pvchi }cmahoivcy| ccmbho ahm wdc viqybvi ikivoihlr a||b|}ahli% a| wiee a| }c }dc|i wdc ebzi bh }di war cj ihobhiivbho

|ivzbli| cv pvcpc|im ihobhiivbho |ivzbli|% |yld a| }dc|i jcv wa}iv% |iwivaoi% pcwiv% vcam| cv vabewar| ahm

wdc viqybvi ikivoihlr a||b|}ahli( B} jyv}div appebi| }c }dc|i wdc avi izbl}im% cv }dvia}ihim wb}d bkkbhih}

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mb|pealim cv }dvia}ihim wb}d bkkbhih} mb|pealikih} a| a vi|ye} cj a |}a}i cj lbzbe lchbl} cv yhvi|}> }dc|i wdc

=0: MD\ ―Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki‛ Pav} < Zce = cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" 2(=0? Bfbm 14(

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} a } b c h

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29

ebzi bh lchmb}bch| }da} pc|i bkkimba}i }dvia}| }c }dibv ebji% diae}d ahm |aji}r ahm viqybvi ikivoihlr a||b|}ahli>

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ammvi||im cher fr vi|i}}eikih} cv c}div appvcpvba}i a||b|}ahli% bh }ivk| cj }di Pvcovakki(=02

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jcv picpei ahm dcy|idcem| iavhbho kcvi }dah V < 900 piv kch}d% }dc|i wdc avi hch+eawjye vi|bmih}|% }dc|i

wdc dazi pvizbcy|er vilibzim dcy|bho a||b|}ahli cv dazi pvizbcy|er cwhim ahm#cv lyvvih}er cwh a vi|bmih}bae

pvcpiv}r% }dc|i mc hc} dazi mipihmah}| a| wiee a| kbhcv+diamim dcy|idcem|(

B} b| a} }di mb|lvi}bch cj }di kyhblbpaeb}r }c milbmi wdi}div a||b|}ahli b| viqybvim yhmiv }di Pvcovakki ahm

}dir mi}ivkbhi }di appvcald }c pvcgil} bkpeikih}a}bch mipihmbho ch }di lbvlyk|}ahli| cj }di ikivoihlr

dcy|bho hiim( ]di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| jcv a hykfiv cj cp}bch| jcv zavbcy| ikivoihlbi|% bhleymbho ―}ikpcvavr

a||b|}ahli wb}d vi|i}}eikih} }c a pivkahih} }ikpcvavr |i}}eikih} avia‛% bh la|i| wdivi a kyhblbpaeb}r ldcc|i|

}c i|}afeb|d a ―pivkahih} }ikpcvavr |i}}eikih} avia‛ jcv ajjil}| piv|ch| yh}be pivkahih} dcy|bho a} ahc}div

ecla}bch filcki| azabeafei(=10 ]di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki pvczbmi| V66 =1: jcv }di vipabv cj itb|}bho

|ivzbli| ahm yp }c }di Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr qyah}yk akcyh} jcv }di vilch|}vyl}bch cj itb|}bho dcy|i|( Bh }ivk|

cj }ikpcvavr a||b|}ahli% }di Pvcovakki pvczbmi| V= 6<0 jcv kyhblbpae ihobhiivbho |ivzbli| ahm V=? :92 jcv

}di lch|}vyl}bch cj }ikpcvavr |die}iv|(=11

]di Ha}bchae Hcvk| ahm \}ahmavm| mc hc} apper }c }di bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di Ikivoihlr Pvcovakki

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|ypiv|}vyl}yvi| b| viqybvim"% dcwiziv }divi avi oybmiebhi| ch }di katbkyk eizie cj fa|bl ihobhiivbho |ivzbli|

}c fi pvczbmim bh }ikpcvavr |i}}eikih}| a| wiee a| viqybvikih}| jcv }ikpcvavr |die}iv7

_a}iv7 alli|| }c a wa}iv pcbh} cv }ap jcv izivr 69 jakbebi|>

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Zih}bea}im Bkpvczim Pb} $ZBP" ea}vbhi| ky|} fi pvczbmim a| a v|} cp}bch ch }di fa|b| cj chi ZBP piv zi

jakbebi|>

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|}vyl}yvae mi|boh |dcyem pvczbmi }di |}viho}d% |}afbeb}r% ahm myvafbeb}r jcv }di ah}blbpa}im ebji+|pah cj }di |die}iv%

pvczbmbho fa|bl |die}iv aoabh|} }di ieikih}|( ]di ccv avia |dcyem fi a} eia|} 6=k¶ ahm kar zavr yp }c <0k¶

mipihmbho ch }di hiim ahm pc||bfbeb}bi| wb}dbh }di jyhmbho ebkb}|(=16

Ahhityvi L cj }di Pvcovakki lch}abh| oybmiebhi| ch allieiva}im eahm peahhbho ahm }cwh|dbp i|}afeb|dkih}

pvclimyvi| jcv }di pyvpc|i| cj dcy|bho miziecpkih} bh lbvlyk|}ahli| cj ikivoihlr dcy|bho% cy}ebhbho vieizah}

eiob|ea}bch appeblafei jcv pyvpc|i| cj }c}ae cv pav}bae itikp}bch jvck eiob|ea}bch ahm pvclimyvi| bh }di la|i cj

ikivoihlr cv }ikpcvavr dcy|bho> ei|| jcvkae pvclimyvi|> cv allieiva}im pvclimyvi|(

?(16(1 Pvcfeik| wb}d }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki

]c ma}i% bh}ivzih}bch| fr kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c miae wb}d ikivoihlbi| yhmiv }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki

dazi jcv }di kc|} pav} fiih kbhbkae ahm amkbhb|}ivim ch ah am dcl fa|b|(=1< Vi|iavld lchmyl}im bh 6002 ch

}di y|i cj }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki fr kyhblbpaeb}bi| |dcwim }da} cher |bt cy} cj }di hbhi pvczbhli|

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Kpykaeahoa% Hcv}divh Lapi% Hcv}d _i|}% ahm }di _i|}ivh Lapi( Kc|} ovah}| wivi mb|fyv|im jcv mb|a|}iv| ahm

=02 MD\ $hc}i =0: afczi" 19+1:(

=10 Bfbm <=(=11 MD\ ―\yf|bmr Qyah}yk “ Bhlvikih}ae Bh}ivzih}bch|‛ Pav} < Zce = cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" =(=16 MD\ $hc}i =0: afczi" <4+<2( \ii |yfldap}iv 9(= afczi ch }di }ildhblae |pilbla}bch| cy}ebhim fr }di Lch|}b}y}bchae

Lcyv} bh }di Gci \eczc la|i(=1< \DJ * Yvfah EahmKavn $hc}i <14 afczi" 14+60(




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ccm| }c vyvae avia|% ahm yvfah avia| dazi hc} viaeer fiih leabkbho jcv a||b|}ahli yhmiv }di Pvcovakki( =1= B}

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wda} lch|}b}y}i| ah ikivoihlr ahm }di ha}yvi cj ikivoihlr% a| wiee a| wda} lch|}b}y}i| ikivoihlr% }ikpcvavr

ahm% haeer% pivkahih} allckkcma}bch jcv ajjil}im piv|ch|( Allcvmbho }c a Lb}r cj Gcdahhi|fyvo cjlbae% b} b|

mbjlye} jcv }di Lb}r }c oi} kchir cy} cj }di Oay}iho pvczbhli jcv ikivoihlr cv }ikpcvavr allckkcma}bch%

ahm }di pvczbhlbae oczivhkih} hiim| }c dazi a fvcamiv zbiw cj wda} lch|}b}y}i| ah ikivoihlr ahm }di |yb}afei

vikimbi| }da} b} wbee jyhm% wdbld lah aeeizba}i davm|dbp ahm zyehivafbeb}r cj }dc|i ajjil}im(=19 A vilih} dcy|bhovipcv}% a}}aldim fr }di Lb}r }c lcyv} pvcliimbho| bh ah izbl}bch appebla}bch fvcyod} fr a pvbza}i cwhiv bh }di

bhhiv lb}r cj Gcdahhi|fyvo% |}a}im }da} cziv }di pa|} riav| b} da| kami }dvii viqyi|}| jcv jyhmbho jvck }di

pvczbhli% hchi cj wdbld wivi appvczim(

?(16(1(1 ]ikpcvavr viecla}bch avia| $]VA|"

_da} da| cllyvvim b| }di pvcebjiva}bch cj }ikpcvavr viecla}bch avia| $]VA\" cv —}vah|b} lakp|‒ bh zavbcy| lb}bi|

bhleymbho Gcdahhi|fyvo% Lapi ]cwh ahm Myvfah%=1: }c c|}ih|bfer miae wb}d }di dcy|bho falneco b(i( }di czivcw

cj picpei wab}bho jcv dcy|i|( Dcy|idcem| avi kczim jvck |daln| }dir dazi cllypbim% cj}ih jcv kahr riav|%

}c }di|i avia| wdivi }dir avi cj}ih eij} bhmihb}ier wb}d hc }bkiebhi cj wdih }dir wbee vilibzi pivkahih}

allckkcma}bch( ]dir avi% bh ijjil}% cjj }di ―falneco vamav‛ a| }dir avi hib}div bhjcvkae hcv cllypah}| cj

jcvkae VMP cv fchm dcy|i|( Filay|i cj }dibv |c+laeeim }ikpcvavr ha}yvi% Lb}r cjlbae| avi yhwbeebho }c bhzi|}

kyld bh bhjva|}vyl}yvi bh }di|i avia| ahm bh jal}% }di Ikivoihlr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki itpeblb}er mb|lcyvaoi|

}db|( Dcwiziv% a} }di |aki }bki% |yf|}ah}bae kchir b| |pih} ahm lc|}er bhjva|}vyl}yvi b| bhzi|}im ahm qyi|}bch|

ky|} fi vab|im a| }c wdr }di kchir y|im ch ―}ikpcvavr |die}iv|‛ lcyem hc} fi fi}}iv |pih} ch fybembho pvcpiv

dcy|i| ie|iwdivi(

]vah|b} lakp| dazi fiih wbmier lvb}blb|im aecho wb}d }di }ikpcvavr |}vyl}yvi| }da} lckpvb|i }dik $wdbld avi

vijivvim }c mivcoa}cvber a| ―oczivhkih} |daln|‛"(=1? Bh Miej} bh Lapi ]cwh% }di Lb}r da| lcki yhmiv vi jcv

ebzbho lchmb}bch| bh b}| hc}cvbcy| —Febnnbi|mcvp‒ ]VA%=14 wdivi vi|bmih}| dazi lckpeabhim afcy} }di pccv qyaeb}r

cj |}vyl}yvi|% ivc|bch cj |clbae hi}wcvn|% ealn cj gcf cppcv}yhb}bi| bh }di avia% hc peali jcv ldbemvih bh |ldcce|%dbod }vah|pcv} lc|}| }c }di lb}r% ealn cj al}bzb}bi| cv vilvia}bch peali| jcv rcyho picpei% dbod eizie| cj lvbki ahm

zbceihli i}l( ]di|i lckpeabh}| avi ildcim alvc|| }di lcyh}vr a} c}div ]VA|(

Bh a la|i |}ymr ch }di ilchckbl bkpebla}bch| ch dcy|idcem| kczbho jvck Nbho‒| Vi|} bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} bh

Myvfah }c a eavoi }vah|b} lakp hiav Cvbih} Dbee| bh B|bpbhoc $c|}ih|bfer }c kani war jcv a jyie pbpiebhi ch }di

eahm"% Dyh}iv |dcw| }da} izih a viea}bzier |dcv} kczi }c a |yvvcyhmbho avia vi|ye}im bh miza|}a}bho ilchckbl

lch|iqyihli| jcv }di dcy|idcem|% mi|}vcrbho kahr ebziebdccm|( Di jyv}div jcyhm }di }vah|b} lakp mbm hc}

pvczbmi }di itpil}im fihi}| cj ―jcvkaeb}r‛% a| ―}di vb|n cj ccm|% pccv wa}iv |ypper% ahm mbv}r }cbei}| wivi

wcv|i }dah }di |b}ya}bch bh }di itb|}bho bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}(‛ Vi|bmih}| dam hc} fiih obzih bhjcvka}bch ch wdih

ahm }c wdivi% }dir kbod} fi viecla}im }c pivkahih} allckkcma}bch( Dyh}iv hc}i| }da} }ikpcvavr |i}}eikih}

avia| a|lvbfi jcvkaeb}r }c a pcpyea}bch dcwiziv% bh mcbho |c% bvchblaeer kani }dik kcvi bhzb|bfei(=12

=1= Bfbm 99(=19 Bfbm(=1: Jcv itakpei% bh 6009 appvctbka}ier 6 =00 jakbebi| jvck Eahoa bh Lapi ]cwh wivi viecla}im }c a }vah|b} lakp laeeim

]|yhakb( Bh Gcdahhi|fyvo% : =00 jakbebi| bh Pvc}ia \cy}d bh \cwi}c jcyod} a peah }c kczi }dik }c a milah} lakp bh600?( Bh Myvfah% 96 jakbebi| bh \brahma% NwaKa|dy% wivi izbl}im bh Milikfiv 6004 ahm kczim }c a }vah|b} lakp }c kaniwar jcv a hiw jviiwar( \ii N Ldahli% K Dyldivkiriv * K Dyh}iv ―Eb|}ih }c }di |daln+mwieeiv|‛ Kabe ahm Oyavmbah $6=Gyhi 6002"(

=1? \ii% jcv itakpei% LAE\ ―Jcvlim vikczae cj \brahma vi|bmih}| }c }vah|b} lakp|‛ $6< Gahyavr 6002"(=14 Febnnbi|mcvp wa| i|}afeb|dim bh mbvil} vi|pch|i }c }di cllypa}bch cj H6 Oa}iwar dcy|i| bh Miej} fr hibodfcyvbho

falnravmiv|% wdc wivi izbl}im ahm —}ikpcvavber viecla}im‒ }c }di avia( ]di }vah|b} lakp b| cllypbim fr appvctbka}ier 1

690 dcy|idcem| ahm pvczbmi| |die}iv jcv c}div picpei bh zavbcy| ikivoihlr |b}ya}bch|% bhleymbho }di cllypah}| cj yh|ajicv lchmikhim fybembho|% dckiei|| picpei ahm }di zbl}bk| cj tihcpdcfbl a}}aln|( ―Obzi ki a dcki% fy} hc} bh a ]ikpcvavrViecla}bch Avia‛ BVBH $<0 Apvbe 6010"( \ii ae|c G Dvckhbn ―Hc }ikpcvavr |cey}bch‛ _iinihmiv $1= Kavld 6002"(

=12 K Dyh}iv ―La|i \}ymr7 ]di Mbjjivihli }da} Peali Kani|7 \cki Fvbij Hc}i| ch }di Ilchckbl Bkpebla}bch| cj kczbho jvckah Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih} }c a ]vah|b} Lakp‛ Mipav}kih} cj Oicovapdr% Yhbziv|b}r cj ]cvch}c $Ayoy|} 6010"(




} a } b c h

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2?

?(1< Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki $B\P"

]di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki $B\P" bh}ihmim }c pvczbmi ―ajjcvmafei vih}ae dcy|bho‛ }c }di ecwiv ihm cj

}di kavni}% wdbld b| vilcohb|im a| fibho dboder yhmiv+|ivzblim(=60 _dbei }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki b| cher

appeblafei wb}dbh |pilbl yvfah vi|}vyl}yvbho chi|% }divi avi c}div avia| }da} viqybvi vih}ae allckkcma}bch%

|yld a| pav}| cj bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}|% vyvae avia| ahm pc||bfer izih wiae}dr |yfyvf|% wdivi }di B\P lah fi y|im(

]di B\P wa| bh}vcmylim bh cvmiv }c pvczbmi lapb}ae ovah}| }c viob|}ivim dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch| }c lch|}vyl} ahm

kahaoi ajjcvmafei vih}ae yhb}| cy}|bmi cj vi|}vyl}yvbho chi| bh vi|pil} cj qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi|(

Qyaebjrbho lvb}ivba jcv fihilbavbi| avi a| piv }di HD\\% dcwiziv% |bhoei piv|ch| wb}dcy} hahlbae mipihmah}|%

}dc|i wdc dazi pvizbcy|er cwhim tim vi|bmih}bae pvcpiv}r ahm }dc|i wdc dazi pvizbcy|er fihi}}im jvck }di

HD\\ avi iebobfei }c vih} $dcwiziv kar hc} fyr }dibv yhb}| }dvcyod ah Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr ahm ky|} pyvlda|i

}di yhb} }dik|iezi|"( _divi qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi| zala}i }dibv yhb}| }dir ky|} fi vipealim fr c}div qyaebjrbho

fihilbavbi|( ]di B\P bhlcvpcva}i| }di cp}bch }c |iee }di vih}ae yhb}| }c }ihah}| aj}iv jcyv riav| jvck }di bhb}bae

cllypa}bch cj }di yhb}| ahm }ihah}| kar ae|c apper jcv Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmbi| }c i|}afeb|d cwhiv|dbp cj }dibv yhb}|(

]di B\P lckpeikih}| }di LVY% wdbld b| a |}a}i+cwhim vih}ae dcy|bho |ldiki( \ii |yfldap}iv ?(19 cj }db| oybmi

fiecw jcv kcvi ch LVY(

Dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch| }da} kii} }di mi|boha}im lvb}ivba kar apper }c }di KIL bh vi|pil} cj a eia|i aoviikih}%

bh|}aekih} |aei% lccpiva}bzi }ihyvi avvahoikih} cv |davi+fecln aoviikih} |ldiki( Qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi|

}dih apper }c }di dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch }c cllypr }di vih}ae |}cln( ]di vioyea}cvr ahm allvimb}a}bch kildahb|k

amkbhb|}ivim yhmiv }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki ae|c apper }c }di Bh|}b}y}bchae Dcy|bho \yf|bmr Pvcovakki

$|ii |yfldap}iv ?(1= cj }db| oybmi fiecw"( Pvcgil}| avi cher lch|bmivim wdivi dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch| kani lapb}ae

lch}vbfy}bch| cziv ahm afczi }di bh|}b}y}bchae |yf|bmbi| }c fi aeecla}im bh vi|pil} cj qyaebjrbho fihilbavbi|% wb}d

}di kbhbkyk hahlbae lch}vbfy}bch piv yhb} fibho iqyae }c }di hahlbae lch}vbfy}bch viqybvim jvck Bhmbzbmyae

Dcy|bho \yf|bmr fihilbavbi| b(i( V6 =?2( A} pvi|ih} }di |yf|bmr qyah}yk jcv }di B\P b| V96 1?1(

Chli a fihilbavr da| cllypbim a vih}ae yhb}% |pilbl viob|}va}bch vyei| jcv }di HD\MF apper wdbld mbjjiv jvckc}div pvcovakki|7

Fihilbavr cllypbi| vih}ae yhb}7 bj ah bh|}b}y}bch lchleymi| a eia|i aoviikih} bh vi|pil} cj b}| vi|bmih}bae

pvcpiv}r wb}d a fihilbavr cv bj b} ovah}| c}div vbod}| cj }ihyvi bh vi|pil} cj }di pvcpiv}r }c fihilbavbi|%

}di haki cj }di fihilbavr $ahm db| cv div |pcy|i% bj ahr" ky|} fi vilcvmim ch }di HD\MF ahm }di

ihmcv|ikih} ―bh|}b}y}bchae‛ appiav| hit} }c }di ih}vr( ]di fihilbavr ahm |pcy|i kar hc} vilibzi ah

Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr wdbei }dir cllypr }di pvcpiv}r>

Fihilbavr zala}i| yhb}7 bj }di fihilbavr zala}i| }di pvcpiv}r cllypbim jcv ahr via|ch wda}|ciziv% }dibv

haki ky|} fi vikczim jvck }di HD\MF ahm }dir wbee chli aoabh qyaebjr jcv a dcy|bho |yf|bmr>

Fihilbavr —fyr|‒ yhb} pvbcv }c jcyv+riav leay|i7 bj }di fihilbavr wb|di| }c }ani }vah|jiv cj }di pvcpiv}r

fijcvi }di itpbvr cj }di pivbcm cj jcyv riav|% }dir kar apper jcv ah Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr bh allcvmahli

wb}d }dibv bhlcki }c mb|ldavoi a pcv}bch cj }di pyvlda|i pvbli( Bj }di Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr b| appvczim% }di

ihmcv|ikih} ―bh|}b}y}bchae‛ aoabh|} }di haki cj }di fihilbavr b| vipealim wb}d ah bhmbla}bch }da} ah

Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr da| fiih ovah}im( Bh }db| la|i }di dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch wcyem fi viqybvim }c% aoabh|}

}vah|jiv cj }di pvcpiv}r }c }di fihilbavr% par }c }di KIL }di akcyh} laelyea}im bh allcvmahli wb}d a |i}

cy} bh }di B\P |i} cy} fiecw>

Fihilbavr —fyr|‒ yhb} aj}iv jcyv+riav leay|i7 bj }di pvcpiv}r b| |cem ahm }vah|jivvim }c }di fihilbavr

a} ahr }bki aj}iv }di itpbvr cj a pivbcm cj jcyv riav| aj}iv }di cllypa}bch ma}i% }di ihmcv|ikih}

―bh|}b}y}bchae‛ ky|} fi vikczim }c |bohae }da} }di fihilbavr da| vilibzim ah Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr( ]di

cvbobhae |yf|bmr qyah}yk pabm fr }di KIL }c }di bh|}b}y}bch b| lch|bmivim }c fi ah Bhmbzbmyae \yf|bmr ahm

}divijcvi mci| hc} hiim }c fi vijyhmim(

Bj }di dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch pvczbmi| }di cp}bch }c fyr }di yhb} aj}iv jcyv riav|% }di pyvlda|i pvbli a} wdbld }difihilbavr kar pyvlda|i }di pvcpiv}r ky|} fi |}bpyea}im bh }di eia|i aoviikih} ih}ivim bh}c fi}wiih }di

=60 MD\ ―Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmbi|‛ Pav} < Zce : cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002" 1<(




24

fihilbavr ahm }di bh|}b}y}bch ypch }di cllypa}bch ma}i( ]di bh|}b}y}bch kar% bj }di fihilbavr jabe| }c itivlb|i

ahr cp}bch obzih }c }dik% lahlie }di eia|i aoviikih} ch : kch}d| wvb}}ih hc}bli }c }di fihilbavr( Bj hc cp}bch

}c pyvlda|i b| obzih }c }di fihilbavr% }di bh|}b}y}bch kar hiziv}diei|| viqybvi }di fihilbavr }c pyvlda|i }di

pvcpiv}r lchlivhim ch |bt kch}d| wvb}}ih hc}bli obzih a} ahr }bki aj}iv }di pa||bho cj jcyv riav| jceecwbho }di

cllypa}bch ma}i( Bj }di fihilbavr jabe| }c pyvlda|i }di pvcpiv}r wb}dbh }di |bt kch}d| pivbcm% }di bh|}b}y}bch

kar lahlie }di eia|i aoviikih} ch 20 mar| wvb}}ih hc}bli }c }di fihilbavr(=61

Bj ah bh|}b}y}bch da| lchleymim a eia|i aoviikih} $cv c}div vbod}| cj }ihyvi" bh vi|pil} cj pvcpiv}r% }di bh|}b}y}bch

kar a} ahr }bki |iee }di pvcpiv}r }c ahr piv|ch c}div }dah }di fihilbavr wb}d wdck b} da| lchleymim }di

aoviikih} cher bj }di pyvlda|iv aovii| }c fi fcyhm fr }di aoviikih} fi}wiih }di dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch ahm

}di fihilbavr( Bh }db| la|i% }di dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch ky|} par }c }di KIL }di al}yae akcyh} cj }di Bh|}b}y}bchae

\yf|bmr b} vilibzim jcv }di pvcpiv}r cv }di akcyh} laelyea}im bh allcvmahli wb}d a jcvkyea cy}ebhim bh }di

YB\P(

?(1= \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki $\DP"

]di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr jcv \cy}d Ajvbla wa| appvczim bh Gyhi 6009 ahm }di Bkpeikih}a}bch Oybmiebhi|

pyfeb|dim bh Hczikfiv 600:( ]di pceblr da| vilih}er fiih bhleymim bh }di hiw Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi cj

6002 a| }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki $\DP"(=66 ]di \clbae Dcy|bho Al} pvczbmi| }di eioae jvakiwcvn jcv }di

bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr( Allcvmbho }c }di \DP% |clbae dcy|bho b| mihim a| jceecw|7

a vih}ae cv lc+cpiva}bzi dcy|bho cp}bch jcv ecw bhlcki piv|ch|=6< a} a eizie cj |laei ahm fybe}

jcvk wdbld viqybvi| bh|}b}y}bchaeb|im kahaoikih} ahm wdbld b| pvczbmim fr allvimb}im |clbae

dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch|=6= cv bh allvimb}im |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}|=69 bh mi|boha}im vi|}vyl}yvbho

chi|(=6:

FHO‒| abk }c lvia}i |y|}abhafei dykah |i}}eikih}| bhleymi| }di pvckc}bch cj kcvi ijlbih} lb}bi|% }cwh| ahm

viobch|( Bh |yppcv} cj |pa}bae vi|}vyl}yvbho% FHO dbodebod}| }di hiim }c ―bh}iova}i pvizbcy|er itleymim ovcyp|

bh}c }di lb}r ahm }di fihi}| b} cjjiv|(‛ B} ao| }di hiim }c pvckc}i mih|bla}bch% bhleymbho ―dcy|bho pvcmyl}|

wdbld pvczbmi amiqya}i |die}iv }c dcy|idcem| wdbe|} |bkye}ahicy|er ihdahlbho itbfbeb}r ahm kcfbeb}r(‛ Vih}ae

dcy|bho b| alnhcweimoim a| fibho i|pilbaeer bkpcv}ah} }c }di pccv% cjjivbho ldcbli% kcfbeb}r ahm ah cppcv}yhb}r

}c }dc|i dcy|idcem| wdc mc hc} qyaebjr jcv ah cwhiv|dbp |yf|bmr( ]di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr b| ihzb|bchim

a| a nir lckpchih} }c aldbizbho }di|i cfgil}bzi| }c pvckc}i |clbae dcy|bho% wdbld }di Pceblr fiebizi| ―b|

afei }c |bohblah}er lch}vbfy}i }c yvfah vioihiva}bch ahm }c yvfah ijlbihlr( B} lah kii} cfgil}bzi| cj occm

ecla}bch% bh}iova}bch% ahm zbafbeb}r( ]di |il}cv lah jalbeb}a}i eclae ilchckbl miziecpkih} }dvcyod |yppcv}bho

eclae ilchckbi|( B} kani| a hahlbae lch}vbfy}bch }c eclae ay}dcvb}bi| fr war cj vioyeav parkih}| jcv va}i| ahm

|ivzbli|(‛=6?

=61 Bfbm 64(=66 MD\ $hc}i 90 afczi"(=6< Ecw+bhlcki piv|ch| avi fvcamer mihim a| }dc|i wdc|i dcy|idcem bhlcki b| fiecw V? 900 piv kch}d( Allcvmbho }c

}di \DP% bhlcki kbt pvi|lvbp}bch| jcv bhmbzbmyae |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}| wbee |pilbjr mi|bvim pivlih}aoi| cj pav}blbpah}|jcv mbjjivih} bhlcki la}iocvbi| wb}dbh }db| fahm }c ih|yvi a occm |pviam alvc|| }di vahoi V1 900 }c V? 900 a kch}d(

=6= Ah allvimb}im dcy|bho bh|}b}y}bch b| a| a eioae ih}b}r i|}afeb|dim wb}d }di pvbkavr cfgil}bzi cj miziecpbho ahm#cv kahaobhodcy|bho |}cln jyhmim }dvcyod }di \DP% ahm wdbld da| fiih allvimb}im fr }di \DVA(

=69 Ah allvimb}im pvcgil} b| a |}a}i+|yf|bmb|im |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil} pvczbmim fr }di pvbza}i |il}cv }c kani ajjcvmafei vih}aeyhb}| azabeafei }c }dc|i wdc avi iebobfei% ahm da| vilibzim allvimb}a}bch }dvcyod }di \DVA(

=6: Mi|boha}im vi|}vyl}yvbho chi| avi oicovapdbl avia| bmih}bim fr eclae ay}dcvb}bi| ahm |yppcv}im fr pvczbhlbae oczivhkih}jcv }avoi}im ahm jcly|im bhzi|}kih}( Vi|}vyl}yvbho chi| wivi appvczim $a| cj 600:" bh }di jceecwbho avia|7 Inyvdyeihb

Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r% Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh% Lb}r cj Gcdahhi|fyvo% i]dinwbhb Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r $Myvfah"% Hie|chKahmiea Far Kyhblbpaeb}r $Pcv} Iebafi}d"% Lb}r cj ]|dwahi $Pvi}cvba"% Fyjjaec Lb}r Kyhblbpaeb}r $Ia|} Echmch"% KahoayhoEclae Kyhblbpaeb}r $Fecikjch}ibh"% K|yhmyb Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r $Pbi}ivkavb}fyvo"% Pcecnwahi% Pc}ldij|}vcck% Nbkfiveirahm Hie|pvyb}( \ii \DJ ―Kbhy}i| cj Eclae Oczivhkih} \clbae Dcy|bho Jcvyk‛ $66 Hczikfiv 600:"(

=6? MD\ $hc}i 90 afczi" :(




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?

22

?(1=(1 Falnovcyhm }c }di \DP

\bhli 122?% \DB| ahm |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}| dazi fiih miziecpim bh \cy}d Ajvbla jceecwbho }di bh}vcmyl}bch cj

}di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr $|ii |yfldap}iv ?(1< cj }db| oybmi afczi"( ]di miebzivr kcmie| ikpecrim fr \DB| dazi

fiih mbziv|i ahm zavr jvck pyvi vih}ae% }c lc+cpiva}bzi dcy|bho% bh|}aekih} |aei cp}bch|% ahm drfvbm| cj }di|i

miebzivr kcmie|( _dbei }di hc}bch cj vih}ae dcy|bho pvczbmim fr bh|}b}y}bch| wa| bhleymim bh }di _db}i Papiv ch

Dcy|bho a| chi cj }di |yf|bmr pvcovakki|% }db| jcvk cj dcy|bho da| }anih |cki }bki }c oi} cjj }di ovcyhm(=64

A} }di Pvi|bmih}bae Gcf| \ykkb} Pbec} Pvcgil} ch Dcy|bho diem bh 1224% }di oczivhkih} abkim }c miebziv 90 000

vih}ae yhb}| fr }di ihm cj 6000( Allcvmbho }c }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr% appvctbka}ier :0 \DB| dazi fiih

jcvkim% miebzivbho appvctbka}ier <0 <<6 yhb}| }dvcyodcy} }di lcyh}vr a| cj 6009( ]di \DB| dazi miziecpim

|clbae dcy|bho |}cln y|bho }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr }coi}div wb}d ecah jyhmbho jvck }di HDJL% ahm dazi viebim

ch mchcv jyhmbho ahm eclae ay}dcvb}r ovah} jyhmbho }c lcziv |i}+yp ahm cpiva}bchae lc|}|( ]di \clbae Dcy|bho

Pceblr abkim jcv }di miebzivr cj 66 900 yhb}| bh }di v|} }dvii riav| ahm a }c}ae cj 90 000 yhb}| wb}dbh zi riav|

$a| cj 6009"( ]di vilih} ha}bchae Vih}ae Dcy|bho \}va}ior pvcpc|i| }c miebziv 100 000 yhb}| jvck 600? }c 6016%

?9 000 cj wdbld wcyem fi |clbae dcy|bho yhb}|(

?(1=(6 Pa|} ldaeeihoi| ahm lch|}vabh}|

Allcvmbho }c }di \DP% bh }di pa|} \DB| miziecpim |clbae dcy|bho |}cln y|bho }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr }coi}div

wb}d ecah jyhmbho jvck }di HDJL ahm dazi viebim ch mchcv jyhmbho ahm eclae ay}dcvb}r ovah} jyhmbho }c lcziv

bh|}b}y}bchae |i}+yp ahm cpiva}bchae lc|}|( ]db| da| ―vi|ye}im bh ah yh|y|}abhafei |b}ya}bch wdivi }di kagcvb}r

cj }di \DB| dazi miziecpim ahm lyvvih}er mipihm ch mchcv jyhmbho(‛ =62 C}div pvcfeik| bmih}bim wb}d }di

pvizbcy| |r|}ik bhleymi7 mbjlye}bi| wb}d aldbizbho |laei obzih }da} }di lapalb}r ahm itpivbihli fa|i b| ebkb}im

ahm hiim| }c fi lch|cebma}im ahm pvcpiver vibhjcvlim> czivaee jyhmbho jvakiwcvn ahm }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr

b| hc} }abecvim }c }di pvcmyl}bch cj zbafei kimbyk }c dbodiv mih|b}r dcy|bho pvcmyl}| ahm pvcgil}|% ahm da|

hc pvcpiv pvczb|bch| jcv }di C#K lc|}| cj }di dcy|bho |}cln> bkkih|i hahlbae pvi||yvi| ahm }di pavaki}iv|

cj }di lyvvih} |yf|bmr appvcald avi }cc }bod} }c aeecw }di pvczb|bch cj |clbae dcy|bho }cc jav ―mcwh+kavni}‛>ebkb}im ikpda|b| ch pvcgil} palnaobho% pvcgil} bkpeikih}a}bch% ahm pvcgil} cpiva}bch| |nbee| hiimim }c vyh

zbafei \DB|> ealn cj |yb}afei oczivhahli ahm kahaoikih} lapalb}r izbmih} wb}dbh |cki cj }di \DB|> ealn cj

vioyea}cvr ay}dcvb}r> ahm |clbae dcy|bho |il}cv kczbho cy} cj }di ecw+ bhlcki kavni} bh}c }di kbmmei+bhlcki

kavni}| $b(i( yppiv V< 900 piv kch}d fahm" myi }c }di hahlbae pvi||yvi| ahm |yf|bmr lch|}vabh}|% }divijcvi

lckpi}bho wb}d pvbza}i |il}cv peariv|( ]di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr ahm hiw \DP vcee+cy} |}va}ior abk| }c ee

}di pceblr zalyyk ahm }c ammvi|| }di krvbam ldaeeihoi| cj }di |il}cv }dvcyod }di bh}ivzih}bch cj }di hiw

vioyea}cvr fcmr% }di \DVA(

Vialdbho }di ―miip+mcwh kavni}‛

A jyhmakih}ae lch|}vabh} }c }di afbeb}r cj |clbae dcy|bho }c a||b|} pccv bhmbzbmyae| ahm dcy|idcem| alli||

ajjcvmafei ahm wiee+ecla}im vih}ae dcy|bho b| }da} \DB| dazi }ihmim }c eccn ―yp+kavni}‛ $afczi }di iebobfbeb}r

ly}+cjj pcbh}" bh cvmiv }c |yvzbzi ahm zivr eb}}ei da| fiih mchi }c bhlvia|i }di vahoi cj cp}bch| azabeafei }c

}dc|i bh }di ecwiv fahm| cj }di |yf|bmr vahoi% ae|c nhcwh a| }di ―miip+mcwh kavni}(‛ ]di \clbae Dcy|bho

Pceblr alnhcweimoi| }da} }divi b| a pivlip}bch }da} ―|clbae dcy|bho b| jcv a |kaee viea}bzier pvbzbeioim ieb}i ahm

mci| eb}}ei }c lch}vbfy}i }di dcy|bho ldaeeihoi bh \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $|ii |yfldap}iv| =(6(6 ahm :(=(6(< cj }db| oybmi

jcv kcvi ch }db| lvb}bqyi"(=<0 _dbei }di \DP abk| }c }alnei }di|i ldaeeihoi|% b} amkb}| }da} }di pvbkavr pceblr

cfgil}bzi cj }di \DP b| vi|}vyl}yvbho% hc} ka|| miebzivr(=<1 _dbei }di \DP abk| }c katbkb|i ―miip+mcwh viald‛

ahm }avoi} }dc|i iavhbho V1 900 a kch}d $ahm ei|| bj pc||bfei" b} abk| jcv kbtim+bhlcki pvcgil}| $z|( yhbjcvker

=64 Ldave}ch * Nbda}c $hc}i 1? afczi" 6::(=62 MD\ $hc}i 90 afczi" :=<0 Bfbm 62(=<1 Bfbm <6(




100

dcy|bho zivr ecw+bhlcki dcy|idcem| bh chi pvcgil}" ahm viqybvi| pav}blbpah}| }c mikch|}va}i a vioyeav bhlcki

wdbld b| afei }c |y|}abh }di kch}der vih}ae% ahm }di parkih} cj a mipc|b} iqyae }c vih}ae cj }dvii kch}d|(=<6

Ah iziv+pvi|ih} ldaeeihoi wb}d vih}ae allckkcma}bch bh }di |clbae dcy|bho ahm pvbza}i |il}cv b| i|laea}bch cj

vih}ae| $|ii |yfldap}iv| 6(6(< ahm =(6(6 afczi jcv kcvi ch }db| bh viea}bch }c pvbza}i eahmecvm|"( ]di \DP |}a}i|

}da} }di vab|bho cj vih}ae| ky|} cllyv }dvcyod wiee+mihim pvcli||i|% }anbho bh}c lch|bmiva}bch }da} vih}ae| wbee

hiim }c fi vab|im ch ah ahhyae fa|b| $a} LPBT" }c ih|yvi }di hahlbae zbafbeb}r cj pvcgil}| ahm \DB| a| wiee a| }c

ih|yvi }da} }divi b| a ―davkchbcy| vih} eizie jcv yhb}| cj lckpavafei qyaeb}r alvc|| }di |clbae dcy|bho |il}cv(‛=<<

]di \DP vilckkihm| ah appvcald cj ldavobho dbodiv vih}ae| $}dah viqybvim bh }ivk| cj }di hahlbae kcmieebho

i|}bka}i|" a} }di cy}|i} cj a pvcgil} ahm }c i|laea}i vih}ae| a} a kcvi ovamyae va}i( ]di bkpebla}bch| jcv bhb}bae

ih}vr avi hc}im% dcwiziv avi hc} ieafcva}im ch bh }di \DP(=<=

]di \DP hc}i| }da} ah yppiv ebkb} jcv iebobfbeb}r jcv |clbae dcy|bho |yf|bmbi| b| bkpcv}ah} bh}iv aeba }c ―ih|yvi

cher }da} }di wcv|} itli||i| cj mcwhwavm vabmbho avi azcbmim‛ $bj |cki yhb}| wb}dbh a |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil} avi

yh|yf|bmb|im ahm kavni} vih}ae appebi| }c }dik% a| b| bh}ihmim }c diep aldbizi ah bhlcki kbt% }dih }di yppiv

bhlcki ebkb} mci| hc} apper"(=<9 Pvizbcy|er }di yppiv bhlcki ebkb} jcv iebobfbeb}r jcv |clbae dcy|bho |yf|bmbi| wa|

V< 900 piv kch}d> dcwiziv }di \DP hc}i| }da} }db| da| filcki bhlvia|bhoer pvcfeika}bl filay|i b} da| hc}

fiih bha}bch+amgy|}im cziv }di riav|( ]divijcvi% wdbei }di iebobfbeb}r ebkb} da| vikabhim |}a}bl% fyrbho pcwivda| vimylim mvaka}blaeer% wb}d }di vi|ye} }da} dcy|idcem| wb}d bhlcki| fiecw afcy} V< 000 avi yhafei }c

alli|| |}a}i+|yppcv}im vih}ae dcy|bho zba }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr% ahm avi |ivzblim fr }di pvbza}i ahm bhjcvkae

kavni}( Bh ammb}bch% ―dcy|idcem| wdc|i bhlcki da| bhlvia|im hm }dik|iezi| cziv }di |pilbim iebobfbeb}r

bhlcki ebkb}% izih bj bh viae }ivk| }dir avi al}yaeer pccviv }dah }dir wivi }ih riav| aoc(‛ =<: ]di \DP da| }dy|

bhlvia|im }di yppiv bhlcki eizie }c V? 900 a kch}d jcv |yf|bmb|im |clbae dcy|bho yhb}| $wcvnim cy} bh }ivk|

cj ahhyae LPBT i|laea}bch| jvck }di }bki }di yppiv bhlcki ebkb} wa| bh}vcmylim"( ]di \DP amzcla}i| }da} }di

yppiv bhlcki ebkb} |dcyem fi i|laea}im iald riav a} LPBT% dcwiziv wb}d }di lazia} }da} }di |clbae dcy|bho

|yf|bmr kildahb|k| dazi fiih |}vyl}yvim allcvmbhoer |c }da} }divi avi bhlih}bzi| jcv vialdbho mcwh+kavni}

ahm aldbizbho a |pviam alvc|| }di bhlcki vahoi fi}wiih V1 900 ahm V? 900 bh aee qyaebjrbho pvcgil}|(

Mijbhbho iebobfbeb}r “ jvck bhlcki aymb}| }c vih}ae aymb}|

Ahc}div bmih}bim pvcfeik da| fiih }di y|i cj bhlcki+fa|im kiah| }i|}bho }c mi}ivkbhi iebobfbeb}r jcv |clbae

dcy|bho yhb}|% vioavmim a| fibho zivr mbjlye} }c mi}ivkbhi ahm aymb}( Ah ae}ivha}bzi appvcald amzahlim fr }di

\DP |dbj}| }di ikpda|b| jvck aymb}bho bhlcki| }c aymb}bho vih}| }da} \DB| cv pvcgil}| ldavoi( ]di a||ykp}bch

b| }da} bj vih}ae yhb}| cj mbjjivih} qyah}b}r#qyaeb}r eizie| avi bhgil}im bh}c }di kavni}peali a} vih}| ajjcvmafei

}c }di bhlcki kbt }avoi}im% |iej+}avoi}bho wbee cllyv bh|cjav a| dbodiv bhlcki iavhiv| wbee hc} wah} }c |}ar bh

}di pccviv qyaeb}r yhb}|( ]di \DP pvcpc|i| }da} pivbcmbl |clbae |yvzir| fi yhmiv}anih }c i|}afeb|d }di al}yae

lcvviea}bch fi}wiih bhlcki| ahm }rpi| cj yhb}| cllypbim( Bj cy} cj ebhi% vikimbae al}bch wcyem dazi }c fi }anih(

]di \DP avoyi| }da} chi cj }di kabh amzah}aoi| cj }db| appvcald b| }di lbvlykzih}bch cj }di |c+laeeim ―imoi cj

}di wcvem‛ ijjil} }da} cllyv| a} }di cy}iv ebkb}| cj bhlcki fahm| i(o( bj }di yppiv ebkb} cj }di fahm b| V< 900 ahm

a piv|ch‒| bhlcki b| V< =22 piv kch}d }di piv|ch b| iebobfei jcv a fbo lapb}ae ovah}% fy} bj }di piv|ch‒| bhlcki b|

V< 901 }dir avi iebobfei jcv hc}dbho(=<? Ahc}div amzah}aoi bmih}bim fr }di \DP b| }di ia|bho cj amkbhb|}va}bzi

fyvmih ch fc}d oczivhkih} ahm \DB|( ]di \DP hc}i| }da} }db| appvcald b| cpih }c afy|i ahm zyehivafei }c

―mcwhwavm vabmbho‛ fr dbodiv bhlcki dcy|idcem| cj yhb}| kiah} jcv ecwiv bhlcki picpei( ]di \DP kabh}abh|

}da} }di |ylli|| cj |iej+}avoi}bho mipihm| ch }di war pvcgil}| avi bkpeikih}im% ahm }da} leiav oybmiebhi|

=<6 Bfbm <1(=<< Bfbm <=(=<=

Bfbm(=<9 Bfbm <9( ―Mcwhwavm vabmbho‛ vijiv| }c a |b}ya}bch wdivi dcy|bho yhb}| kiah} jcv a liv}abh bhlcki fvalni} avi }anih czivfr }dc|i bh a dbodiv bhlcki fvalni}(

=<: Bfbm(=<? Bfbm <6+<<(




} a } b c h

?

101

avi viqybvim }c pvckc}i ijjil}bzi |iej+}avoi}bho( C}div bh}ivzih}bch| }da} ebkb} mcwhwavm vabmbho |dcyem fi

itpecvim( ]di jceecwbho |yfldap}iv ?(1=(< mi|lvbfi| }di \DP appvcald bh kcvi mi}abe(

\dbj} jvck ah bhmbzbmyae+fa|im }c pvcgil}+fa|im appvcald

]di \DP kczi| awar jvck }di pvizbcy| bhmbzbmyae |yf|bmr+fa|im appvcald }c a pvcgil}+fa|im appvcald( B}

b| ihzb|aoim }da} appvcpvba}i }avoi}bho wbee fi ammvi||im bh }di pvcgil} appvczae pvcli|| ahm }da} b} wbee fi a

pvi+lchmb}bch jcv }di awavm cj a pvcgil} ovah} cv |yf|bmr( Iald pvcgil} wbee |pilbjr a vahoi cj dcy|bho pvcmyl}|

}avoi}im a} bhlcki ovcyp| appvcpvba}i }c }di avia ahm lch}it}% fa|im ch }i|}im mikahm ahm bh ebhi wb}d }di

fvcamiv vi|}vyl}yvbho abk| cj }di \clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr( ]di mbjjivihli fi}wiih vih}ae vizihyi| ahm }di lc|} cj

pvczbmbho }di yhb}| wbee fi |yf|bmb|im zba a ovah} jvck oczivhkih}( ]db| ovah} wbee fi laelyea}im wb}d vijivihli

}c }di pvcgil} a| a wdcei va}div }dah wb}d vijivihli }c pav}blyeav yhb} }rpi|( Dcwiziv }c }di it}ih} }da} miip

mcwh+kavni} viald b| bh}ihmim%

}dc|i yhb}| kiah} jcv }di zivr pccv wbee a}}val} pvcpcv}bcha}ier kcvi |yf|bmr }dah yhb}|

kiah} jcv }dc|i ecw+bhlcki picpei wb}d kcvi |yf|}ah}bae bhlcki|(=<4

?(1=(< Kildahbl| ahm jyhmbho cj }di \DP

]di \DP ihzb|aoi| a mimbla}im lapb}ae jyhm a} ha}bchae eizie wdbld }di MD\ $cv }di \DVA" mb|fyv|i| }c allvimb}im

eclae ay}dcvb}bi| ahm pvczbhli| $wdc apper jcv |clbae dcy|bho miziecpkih} bh vi|}vyl}yvbho chi|"( ]divi avi

}wc lckpchih}| cj }db| ovah}( ]di v|} b| a |}ahmavm#tim lckpchih} cj }di |clbae dcy|bho ovah} “ }di lapb}ae

vi|}vyl}yvbho lckpchih} + pvczbmim fr ha}bchae oczivhkih}( Bh cvmiv }c qyaebjr jcv }di lapb}ae ovah} ch izivr

yhb}% a |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil} ky|} dazi a} eia|} <0 pivlih} cj yhb}| lch}vbfy}bho }c miip mcwh+kavni} viald ahm

katbkyk vih}ae| hc dbodiv }dah V6 900 $bkperbho ah bhlcki cj V? 900 piv kch}d b(i( }di }cp cj }di bhlcki

fahm"(=<2 ]di |clbae dcy|bho hahlbae avvahoikih}| pvczbmi bhlih}bzi| jcv aldbizbho izih dbodiv pvcpcv}bch|

cj miip mcwh+kavni} vih}ae| ahm }di lapb}ae ovah} wbee bhlvia|i ebhiaver a| }di pvcpcv}bch cj yhb}| wb}d miipmcwh+kavni} vih}ae| bhlvia|i| jvck a kbhbkyk cj <0 pivlih} cj aee yhb}| }c a katbkyk cj ?0 pivlih}( A pvcgil}

b| hc} iebobfei jcv }db| |yf|bmr yhei|| b} aldbizi| a kbhbkyk cj <0 pivlih} mcwh+kavni} viald( ]di |}ahmavm

lckpchih} b| laelyea}im a| a pvcpcv}bch $:0 pivlih}" cj }di |yf|bmr viqybvim }c ih|yvi a zbafei pvcgil} bh a

oihivbl kbtim vih}ae pvcgil}% ahm b| itpvi||im a| ah azivaoi |yf|bmr piv yhb} jcv }di pvcgil}( ]di }rpblae kbtim

vih} pvcgil} y|im }c laelyea}i |yf|bmr viqybvikih}| a||yki| }da} <0 pivlih} cj }di yhb}| aldbizi miip mcwh+

kavni} viald wdbe|} }di vi|} dazi vih}ae| fiecw V6 690 piv kch}d( Bh |yld a |lihavbc }di azivaoi |yf|bmr piv

yhb} viqybvim b| appvctbka}ier V99 000(==0 ]dy| }di |}ahmavm ovah} lckpchih} jvck ha}bchae wbee fi :0 pivlih}

cj }db|% wdbld b| V<< 000( Bj ?0 pivlih} miip mcwh+kavni} viald b| aldbizim }di katbkyk |}ahmavm |yf|bmr b|

V == 000 $a||ykbho ah czivaee azivaoi |yf|bmr cj V?= 000"( Pvcgil}| lah itliim }di ebkb} cj ?0 pivlih} fy} }dir

wbee hc} a}}val} ahr it}va |}ahmavm lckpchih} |yf|bmr

]di |ilchm lckpchih} cj }di |clbae dcy|bho lapb}ae jyhm b| }di }cp+yp#zavbafei lckpchih} wdbld b|

amkbhb|}ivim fr pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}| cv allvimb}im kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm |cyvlim jvck }di Iqyb}afei \davi $I\"

fymoi}% wdbld b| aeecla}im }c pvczbhli| izivr hahlbae riav b(i( pvczbhli| }cp+yp }di |}ahmavm |yf|bmr( ]di bmia

b| jcv a pcv}bch cj }db| fymoi} }c fi aeecla}im }cwavm| |clbae dcy|bho “ bh }di jcvk cj Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmbi| }c

fi appebim cy}|bmi vi|}vyl}yvbho chi|% ahm }c }cp+yp#ayokih} }di |}ahmavm lckpchih} cj }di |clbae dcy|bho

lapb}ae ovah} $|c a| }c ihdahli }di ajjcvmafbeb}r cj |clbae dcy|bho ahm }divifr pvckc}i miipiv mcwh+kavni}

=<4 Bfbm <=(=<2

]di \DP mihi| miip mcwh+kavni} viald wdivi vih}| jaee fi}wiih }di ecwi|} pc||bfei vih}ae% wdbld b| cpiva}bho lc|} pivyhb} $a||ykim }c fi V900 piv kch}d ahm bkperbho ah bhlcki cj V1 900 piv kch}d" ahm V1 1::(:: $bkperbho ah bhlckicj V< 900 piv kch}d"( Kcvicziv }di azivaoi vih}ae cj yhb}| bh }db| fahm ky|} fi hc kcvi }dah V469(

==0 ]di \DP hc}i| }da} }di al}yae |yf|bmbi| jcv }di miip mcwh+kavni} yhb}| avi ch azivaoi V20 000 piv yhb} wdih <0 pivlih} cj }di yhb}| avi miip mcwh+kavni}% ahm V104 000 wdih piv yhb} wdih ?0 pivlih} jaee bh}c }di miip mcwh+kavni} la}iocvr(




106

viald"( ]di }cp+yp lckpchih} wbee dcwiziv fi |yfgil} }c a lap $iqybzaeih} }c }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr akcyh}"(

Kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm pvczbhli| avi ihlcyvaoim }c ―}cp+yp jyv}div‛ fr kanbho eahm% fybembho|% kyhblbpae vih}ae

|}cln azabeafei }c kyhblbpae bhjva|}vyl}yvi ahm |ivzbli| jcv appvczim |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}|% a| wiee a| }c |iin

mchcv jyhmbho wdivi azabeafei(==1

Bh ammb}bch }c }di afczi% }di \DVA b| kahma}im wb}d jyv}div kahaobho lapalb}r+fybembho ovah}| }c a||b|} \DB|

ahm c}div |clbae dcy|bho miebzivr aoih}|(==6 Miebzivr aoih}| lah bhleymi allvimb}im \DB| a| wiee a| pvbza}i

|il}cv miziecpiv| yhmiv}anbho allvimb}im |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}| ahm }di mi|bvi b| jcv }db| }c fi yhmiv}anih bh

lceeafcva}bch wb}d kyhblbpaeb}bi|( ]di \DP vilckkihm| }da} ki}vcpceb}ah kyhblbpaeb}bi| lch|bmiv i|}afeb|dbho

a mimbla}im yhb} jcv }dibv |yppcv} jyhl}bch| }c |clbae dcy|bho miziecpkih}% dcwiziv }da} eclae oczivhkih}|

|dcyem hc} kahaoi \DB| mbvil}er i(o( }di Gcdahhi|fyvo \clbae Dcy|bho Lckpahr $GC\DLC" wa| i|}afeb|dim fr

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bh 6006(===

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Pvcovakki $B\DP" bh 600: }c }i|} }di pvczb|bch| cj }di pceblr bh a pbec} pvcovakki( B\DP 1 $600:#600?" vilibzim

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}wc appvczim pvcgil}| wivi appvczim jcv B\DP < }c }di zaeyi cj V6=0(6 kbeebch }c jyhm 1 414 yhb}| bh Hie|ch

Kahmiea Far% Fyjjaec Lb}r% ]|dwahi% i]dinwbhb ahm Lapi ]cwh(

Mi|pb}i }di |clbae dcy|bho pceblr ahm ihafebho eiob|ea}bch% }divi avi a hykfiv cj lchlivh| wb}d }di |ecw pali

cj ecw+bhlcki vih}ae dcy|bho miebzivr ahm }di afbeb}r cj }di pceblr }c ammvi|| }di hiim| cj zivr ecw+bhlckifihilbavbi|( Bhmiim% |clbae dcy|bho bh \cy}d Ajvbla b| |}bee eavoier ihzb|aoim a| pvbza}i ahm b| hc} }di ka|| pyfebl

dcy|bho zb|bch }da} |cki a} }di HDJ dam amzcla}im( Kc|} |clbae dcy|bho pvcgil}| la}iv pvimckbhah}er jcv }dc|i

dcy|idcem| iavhbho fi}wiih V< 900 ahm V? 900 a kch}d% wb}d a |kaee pivlih}aoi la}ivbho jcv }di fc}}ck ihm

cj }di kavni} $kc|}er filay|i }di |yf|bmr kildahb|k kani| }db| kahma}cvr"( Allcvmbho }c }di \DJ bh a |}ymr

cj B\DP <% cy} cj 1< \DB| itakbhim% ibod} wivi ldavobho ah azivaoi vih} cj dbodiv }dah }di ly}+cjj pcbh} cj

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cher }dvii \DB| wivi ldavobho azivaoi vih}| cj ei|| }dah V900 piv kch}d( Cher <4 pivlih} cj yhb}| $wb}d a vih}ae

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avi firchm }di viald cj }db| kavni}( _dih }di oyvi| avi itakbhim itleymbho GC\DLC% }di |b}ya}bch filcki|

izih wcv|i ahm cher 66 pivlih} cj |clbae dcy|bho |}cln da| vih}ae| cj ei|| }dah V4?9(==9

A kagcv mi}ivvih} bh }di pvczb|bch cj |clbae dcy|bho jcv }di zivr pccv b| }di chocbho kahaoikih} ahm C#K

lc|}| a||clba}im( ]di vieyl}ahli cj pvbza}i \DB| }c }ani ch }di vb|n| a||clba}im wb}d zivr ecw+bhlcki vih}ae

dcy|bho pvczb|bch b| lay|i jcv lchlivh ahm hili||b}a}i| a pceblr vi}dbhn fr }di MD\ wb}d vioavm }c }db|(

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cj bhjcvka}bch ahm itpivbihli( Lapalb}r+fybembho ovah}| lah fi alli||im fr }di \DB|% c}div miebzivr aoih}|% pvczbhlbae

ahm eclae oczivhkih} ahm |yppcv} cvoahb|a}bch|(==< \ii }di GC\LDC wif|b}i jcv kcvi 5d}}p7##www(gc|dlc(lc(a#8=== \ii }di HA\DC wif|b}i jcv kcvi 5 d}}p7##www(ha|dc(cvo(a#8==9 \DJ ―A |hap|dc} cj }di Bh}ivbk \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki $B\DP" <7 6002#10‛ \A Vih}ae Dcy|bho Kahaoiv $Kavld

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wdbld vipeali| }di ha}bchae Dc|}ie Vimiziecpkih} Pvcovakki ahm }di pvcpc|im AjjcvmafeiVih}ae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki% bh}ihm| }c pvczbmi vih}ae allckkcma}bch }c zivr ecw bhlcki dcy|idcem| wdc

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Dcy|bho \}va}ior% }di abk b| }c miebziv 100 000 vih}ae yhb}| fr 6010% 69 000 cj wdbld wbee fi LVY |}cln( \bhli

hib}div }di \clbae Dcy|bho hcv }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr Pvcovakki| avi afei }c it}ihm jyeer bh}c }di fc}}ck+

ihm cj }di kavni}% }di LVY abk| }c pvczbmi a jvakiwcvn jcv }di pvczb|bch cj |ilyvi }ihyvi% |}afei lchmb}bch|

ahm occm qyaeb}r vih}ae allckkcma}bch }c }di ecwi|} bhlcki |il}cv( ]di pvcovakki }avoi}| piv|ch| ahm

dcy|idcem| iavhbho fi}wiih V 400 ahm V< 900 piv kch}d wdc avi hc} afei }c ih}iv }di jcvkae pvbza}i vih}ae

ahm |clbae dcy|bho kavni}(

Allcvmbho }c }di MD\ ahm cy}ebhim bh }di LVY pvcovakki% }divi avi appvctbka}ier 6 000 pyfebl dc|}ie| }da} hiim

}c fi ammvi||im a| wiee a| 600 000 vi|bmih}bae yhb}| cwhim fr }di pvczbhli| ahm kyhblbpaeb}bi|% wdbld }dvcyod}di IIMF\ lcyem fi }vah|jivvim bh}c bhmbzbmyae cwhiv|dbp fy} kar fi kcvi zbafei% lc|} ijjil}bzi ahm |}va}iobl

}c fi vi}abhim a| pyfebl a||i}| }c pvczbmi ecw+bhlcki vih}ae(==? ]di Pvcovakki pav}blyeaver alnhcweimoi|

}da} bh }di la|i cj kye}b+|}cvir fybembho|% b} b| ―it}vikier lckpeit% mbjlye} ahm lc|}er }c }vah|jiv cwhiv|dbp }c

bhmbzbmyae| ahm }divijcvi }di |}cln wcyem fi fi}}iv |yb}im }c fi vi}abhim a| vih}ae allckkcma}bch(‛==4

]di Pvcovakki bh}ihm| }c vimiziecp cv miziecp7

pyfebl dc|}ie| cwhim fr pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}| ahm kyhblbpaeb}bi|>

—ovir‒ dc|}ie| }da} dazi fc}d a pyfebl ahm pvbza}i cwhiv|dbp lckpchih} myi }c db|}cvblae via|ch|>

pyfebl dcy|bho |}cln }da} jcvk| pav} cj }di IIMF\% fy} wdbld lahhc} fi }vah|jivvim }c bhmbzbmyae

cwhiv|dbp>pyfebler+cwhim vih}ae |}cln miziecpim aj}iv 122=>

itb|}bho mr|jyhl}bchae% afahmchim cv mb|}vi||im fybembho| bh bhhiv lb}bi| cv }cwh|dbp avia| }da} dazi fiih

}anih cziv fr a kyhblbpaeb}r> ahm

hiw pyfebl vih}ae dcy|bho a||i}|(

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}di LVY pvcovakki( Yhmiv }di LVY% dcy|bho |}cln ky|} fi cwhim fr ib}div a pvczbhlbae dcy|bho mipav}kih}

cv kyhblbpaeb}r ahm ky|} vikabh bh pyfebl cwhiv|dbp ahm hc} fi |cem cv }vah|jivvim }c bhmbzbmyae vi|bmih}| b(i(

}divi b| hc pvi+ikp}bzi vbod} }c pyvlda|i a| piv }di Bh|}b}y}bchae \yf|bmr( ]divi avi a hykfiv cj appvcaldi|

}da} kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm pvczbhlbae mipav}kih}| lah }ani }c mbjjivih} pvcpiv}bi|% wdbld avi cy}ebhim bh ovia} mi}abe

bh Pav} M cj }di LVY Pvcovakki aecho wb}d i|}bka}im lc|}| i}l( ]di|i appvcaldi| bhleymi |}afbeb|a}bch% |bkpei

mikceb}bch% kimbyk lckpeit mikceb}bch% lckpeit mikceb}bch% fa|bl vijyvfb|dkih} $hc ypovami"% ypovami

vijyvfb|dkih}% dc|}ie vimiziecpkih}% |bkpei ahm lckpeit lchziv|bch cj itb|}bho bhhiv lb}r fybembho|% hiw fybem

bhee ch itb|}bho |b}i| ahm hiw fybem ch oviihiem| |b}i|(==2

]di }avoi} kavni} jcv }di LVY pvcovakki b| itb|}bho vi|bmih}| cj pyfebl dcy|bho |}cln $fc}d |yf|bmr ahm hch+

|yf|bmr qyaebiv|"% mb|pealim piv|ch| jvck bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ypovambho cv izbl}bch|% hiw appeblah}| wdc

avi ch }di pvczbhlbae cv kyhblbpae wab}bho eb|}% ahm qyaebjrbho bhmboih} ovcyp| wdc avi afei }c par |cki jcvk

cj vih}ae ahm |ivzbli#y}beb}bi|( ]di LVY lapb}ae ovah} b| mb|fyv|im fr }di pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} ahm jyhmbho

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MD\ ―Lckkyhb}r Vi|bmih}bae Yhb}|‛ Pav} < Zce : cj }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"( Jcv kcvi bhjcvka}bch ch }di LVYpvcovakki |ii 5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#LVY#Dcki(d}k8==? Bfbm 2(==4 Bfbm(==2 Bfbm <2+11:(




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pvczb|bch ky|} fi kami bh }di pvczbhlbae fymoi}| ahm fy|bhi|| peah| jcv }di LVY pvcovakki ch ah ahhyae

fa|b|(

]di LVY pvcovakki b| amkbhb|}ivim fr kyhblbpaeb}bi| cv pvczbhlbae dcy|bho mipav}kih}| wdc lah ldcc|i

}c kahaoi }di dcy|bho |}cln bh+dcy|i cv cy}|cyvli }di kahaoikih} }c ah allvimb}im \DB% pvbza}i lckpahr

cv kyhblbpae ih}b}r $a| echo a| aee lc|}| viea}im }c }di yhb}| jcvkbho pav} cj a |pilbl |ldiki lah fi hahlim

wb}dbh }di cpiva}bho fymoi} jcv }di |pilbl dcy|bho |}cln"( Jyhmbho b| pvczbmim jcv }di miziecpkih} cv

vijyvfb|dkih} cj }di pvcpiv}bi| bh qyi|}bch }dvcyod }di lapb}ae lc|}| cj pvcgil} miziecpkih} ahm }di echo+}ivk

lapb}ae kabh}ihahli lc|}|( Cpiva}bho lc|}| $wdbld lah bhleymi va}i|% }ati| ahm |ivzbli|> amkbhb|}va}bch lc|}|>

ikivoihlr ahm oihivae kabh}ihahli> oihivae ypniip ahm leiahbho> bh|yvahli cj fybembho|> imyla}bch ahm

}vabhbho jcv vi|bmih}|> |ilyvb}r> jyvhb}yvi ahm y}beb}r lc|}| cj lckkch avia|" da| }c lcki jvck }di vih}ae bhlcki

lceeil}im fr }di kyhblbpaeb}r cv pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} b(i( }di cwhiv( Jyv}div% }di vi|pch|bfbeb}r jcv ijlbih}

kahaoikih} cj }di dcy|bho |}cln vi|}| wb}d }di cwhiv(=90

]di Pvcovakki alnhcweimoi| }da} viebij a||b|}ahli kar fi viqybvim fr vi|bmih}| wdbld wcyem fi pvczbmim fr

}di pvcpiv}r cwhiv }c }di }ihah}|( Allcvmbho }c }di LVY%

vih} |i}}bho hiim| }c fi mchi bh |yld a kahhiv }c ih|yvi }da} cpiva}bho lc|}| avi lczivimfy} ae|c ih|yvbho ajjcvmafbeb}r jcv }di }avoi} kavni}( ]divijcvi lc|}+vilczivr vih}ae| wbee

apper(=91

]di lc|}+vilczivr vih}ae b| laelyea}im y|bho }di |}ahmavm k6 va}i% wdbld b| mi}ivkbhim fr }anbho }di }c}ae

cpiva}bho fymoi} jcv }di dcy|bho |}cln ahm mbzbmbho b} fr }di }c}ae k6 cj dcy|bho |}cln }da} }di kyhblbpaeb}r

cv pvczbhlbae mipav}kih} cwh|( Aee }ihah}| wbee fi ldavoim }di |aki k6 va}i ahm }di vih}ae ahm k6 va}i ky|}

fi leiaver lckkyhbla}im }c }ihah}|( Ahhyae vih} bhlvia|i| wbee viea}i }c }di cpiva}bho lc|} bhlvia|i|( =96 ]di

LVY |}a}i| }da} ieil}vblb}r ch bhmbzbmyae yhb}| |dcyem pvczbmim }dvcyod }di bh|}aeea}bch cj pvi+pabm ki}iv| ahm

wa}iv }c bhmbzbmyae yhb}| b| }c fi lch}vceeim }dvcyod cw+ki}iv| bh|}aeeim ch iald yhb}( ]di lc|} cj ieil}vblb}r

ahm wa}iv y|aoi bh lckkch avia| |dcyem fi bhleymim bh }di cpiva}bho fymoi} ahm }divijcvi vilczivim jvck}di vih}ae|(=9<

?(19(1 Bkpeikih}a}bch cj LVY }c ma}i

Bh 6004% bkpeikih}a}bch cj }di LVY pvcovakki wa| lchmyl}im bh }di Jvii \}a}i pvczbhli bh lceeafcva}bch

wb}d }di \DJ( A }ildhblae amzb|cv a||b|}im }di Jvii \}a}i dcy|bho mipav}kih} }c miziecp ahm bkpeikih} a LVY

pvczbhlbae |}va}ior ahm LVY ma}afa|i ahm lckpei}i a zi riav pvcgil} pbpiebhi( ]di haeb|a}bch cj }di _i|}ivh

Lapi LVY pvcovakki% pvcli||i| ahm pvclimyvi| ae|c cllyvvim( ]di \DJ miebzivim }ildhblae |yppcv} }c a||b|}

kyhblbpaeb}bi|#pvczbhli| bh }di kabh}ihahli ahm kahaoikih} cj }dibv cwh |}cln ahm a||b|}im }di MD\ wb}d

LVY ―vcam|dcw|‛ }dvcyodcy} }di lcyh}vr }c pyfeblb|i }di vcee+cy} cj }di Pvcovakki }c eclae ahm pvczbhlbaedcy|bho mipav}kih}| bh Jvii \}a}i% Oay}iho% _i|}ivh Lapi ahm NwaWyey+Ha}ae( Bh 6010 }di \DJ pyfeb|dim }di

LVY Bkpeikih}a}bch ]ccenb} wdbld wa| mi|bohim }c a||b|} bh }di zavbcy| pda|i| cj bkpeikih}a}bch cj LVY|(=9=

]di Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh da| yhmiv}anih }c vijyvfb|d ahm ypovami appvctbka}ier ? ?00 LVY vih}ae pvcpiv}bi|

bh cziv }ih pccv avia| alvc|| Lapi ]cwh bh Pda|i 1 cj b}| LVY pvcgil}( A| cj Ayoy|} 6010% ypovami| }c 600

Lb}r+cwhim vih}ae yhb}| dam fiih lckpei}im( Allcvmbho }c }di Lb}r% vi|bmih}| avi viecla}im }c ―}ikpcvavr

allckkcma}bch zbeeaoi|‛ jcv }di myva}bch cj }di ypovami( ]di Lb}r leabk| }da} hc bvvioyeav vih}ae bhlvia|i| avi

=90

Bfbm 60(=91 Bfbm 12(=96 Bfbm 12+60(=9< Bfbm 60(=9= \DJ ―Ahhyae Vipcv} 6004#6002‛ ahm ―Ahhyae Vipcv} 6002#6010‛ 66+64(




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peahhim aj}iv ypovami| }ani peali( Dcwiziv% ―}di Lb}r wbee ae|c |}vbl}er apper b}| lvimb} lch}vce pceblbi|(((}ihah}|

wdc lahhc} par avi yvoim }c apper jcv a vifa}i yhmiv Lcyhlbe‒| dcy|bho bhmboih} pceblr(‛=99

Allcvmbho }c a 6004 la|i |}ymr ch }di bkpal} cj }di vimiziecpkih} cj |bt dc|}ie|% |izivae nir ldaeeihoi| wivi

bmih}bim wdbld dazi bkpebla}bch| jcv }di LVY pvcovakki ocbho jcvwavm( ]di|i bhleymi7 }di bkpcv}ahli cj

lckpvidih|bzi lapb}ae bhzi|}kih} }c ih|yvi }di zbafbeb}r cj a miziecpkih}> }di hiim jcv kyhblbpaeb}bi| }c al}

a| jalbeb}a}cv jcv }di pdr|blae vimiziecpkih} a| wiee a| }di pvbki aoih} cj fybembho dykah lapb}ae> |ylli|| b|

bh}vbh|blaeer ebhnim }c eclae ilchckbl% |clbae% }vah|pcv} ahm bh}ivhae |ivzbli| miziecpkih}> }di ealn cj ahr jcvk cj

chocbho ha}bchae vih}ae |yf|bmr pvcovakki| jcv bhmboih} }ihah}| mci| hc} fcmi wiee jcv }di jy}yvi cpiva}bchae

|iej+|yjlbihlr cj miziecpkih}| i}l( B} b| dcpim }di LVY pvcovakki wbee ammvi|| |cki cj }di|i |dcv}lckbho|

bh }di jy}yvi(=9:

Allcvmbho }c }di vilih} miebzivr aoviikih} ch dykah |i}}eikih}|% }di LVY pvcovakki ―hiim| }c fi eiob|ea}im

ahm ky|} bhleymi }bod}ihbho cj }di oybmiebhi| }c bhleymi ldahobho }di kahma}i jcv ovah} kahaoikih} ahm

vioyea}bch }c }di \DVA ahm }di bh}vcmyl}bch cj a |yfgil} |yf|bmr }c viaebi }di miip mcwh viald(‛=9? ]di

aoviikih} jyv}div dbodebod}| }dvii via|ch| wdr }di LVY pvcovakki b| chi cj }di kc|} ldaeeihobho }c vcee

cy}( ]di v|} b| avcyhm }di }ihah} vioyeavb|a}bch pvcli||% wdbld b| ―mbjlye} ahm lykfiv|cki obzih }di pccv

}valn vilcvm cj kahaoikih} fr pvczbhli| ahm kyhblbpaeb}bi| ahm }di vi|ye}ah} lye}yvi }da} b} da| ih}vihldim}coi}div wb}d }di ealn cj pceb}blae wbee }c |yppcv} a }yvhavcyhm cj }ihah} fidazbcyv bhb}ba}bzi|(‛ =94 ]di |ilchm

kagcv ldaeeihoi b| }da} }di ―lyvvih} pceblr a| b} |}ahm| b| hc} vcfy|} ihcyod }c ih|yvi }da} }di jyhmbho ieikih}

b| hc} afy|im ahm y|im jcv vijyvfb|dkih} cher bh b|cea}bch cj lch|bmivbho }di }yvhavcyhm cj }di pvcgil} }c

|y|}abhafbeb}r(‛=92 Jbhaeer% }di }dbvm ldaeeihoi b| }da} }di pceblr a||boh| }di ovah} kahaoikih} ahm vioyea}bch

kahma}i }c pvczbhli|% wdbld ―mc hc} dazi }di lapalb}r cv |nbee| }c yhmiv}ani |yld kahaoikih}% ahm }di

miziecpkih} vcei }c kyhblbpaeb}bi| wdc ae|c dazi }di |aki pvcfeik|% ahm bh}ivi|}| }da} avi hc} hili||avber

aebohim }c }di pceblr pvi|lvbp}|(‛ Jbhaeer% }di pbpiebhi cj pvcgil}| b| hc} a| |}afei a| }di |clbae dcy|bho pbpiebhi%

bh }da} b} wa| ―hc} mvbzih ahm }valnim cziv }di pa|} }wc riav| ahm }divijcvi kyld wcvn da| }c fi yhmiv}anih

}c palnaoi b} jcv miebzivr(‛=:0

=99 Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh ―Lb}r‒| vih}ae |}cln }ihah}| peia|im wb}d kagcv ypovami|‛ $<1 Ayoy|} 6010"(=9: \DJ ―]vah|jcvkim Lckkyhb}bi| cv Yhki} Ldaeeihoi|3 Lch|cebma}bch vipcv} cj ei||ch| eiavhim jvck |bt dc|}ie

vimiziecpkih} la|i |}ymbi|‛ $Apvbe 6004" 69(=9? Hc}i 16< afczi% <6(=94 Bfbm 9=(=92 Bfbm(=:0 Bfbm(




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Piv|pil}bzi| ch Dcy|bho Vbod}| $600<"

\ Ldave}ch * L Nbda}c ―Vialdbho }di Pccv7 Ah ahaer|b| cj }di bhjeyihli| ch }di izcey}bch cj \cy}d Ajvbla‒|

dcy|bho pvcovakki‛ bh Ymi|d Pbeear i} ae $im|" Mikclvalr ahm Miebzivr7 Yvfah Pceblr bh \cy}d Ajvbla $600:"

K Dyldivkiriv Lb}bi| wb}d |eyk|7 jvck bhjcvkae |i}}eikih} ivambla}bch }c a vbod} }c }di lb}r $pvczb|bchae

}b}ei"% mvaj} kahy|lvbp} $YL] Pvi||% jcv}dlckbho"

K Dyldivkiriv Yheawjye Cllypa}bch7 Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih}| ahm Yvfah Pceblr bh \cy}d Ajvbla ahm Fvabe

$600="\ Ebifihfivo \clbc+Ilchckbl Vbod}| Amgymbla}bch yhmiv a ]vah|jcvka}bzi Lch|}b}y}bch $6010"

N KlEiah Lch|}b}y}bchae Mijivihli% Lcyv}| ahm \clbc+Ilchckbl Vbod}| bh \cy}d Ajvbla $6002"

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Ki}vcpceb}ah Kyhblbpaeb}r‛ $6010" 16?% < ]di \cy}d Ajvblah Eaw Gcyvhae

E Ldihwb * N KlEiah ―—A _ckah‒| Dcki b| div La|}ei3‒ “ Pccv _ckih ahm Dcy|bho Bhamiqyalr bh \cy}d

Ajvbla‛ $6002" 69% < \cy}d Ajvblah Gcyvhae ch Dykah Vbod}|

K Dyldivkiriv ―Pcyhmbho a} }di ]bp cj }di Blifivo7 ]di Mckbhah} Pceb}bl| cj Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih}

Ivambla}bch bh \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $Apvbe 6010" <?% 1 Pceb}bnch

K Kcnciha * E Kavab| ―]di Kb||bho Ebhn bh Lccpiva}bzi Oczivhahli ahm Dcy|bho Miebzivr7 Ei||ch| jvck

Kahoayho Eclae Kyhblbpaeb}r‛ $600?" 14 Yvfah Jcvyk

V Pb}dcy|i ―A Pvcovi||bzi Pceblr wb}dcy} Pvcovi||bzi Pceb}bl|7 Ei||ch| jvck }di jabeyvi }c bkpeikih}

—Fvianbho Hiw Ovcyhm‒‛ $6002" 9= ]cwh Peahhbho Gcyvhae

K ]ckebh|ch ―\cy}d Ajvbla‒| dcy|bho pceblr7 Ei||ch| eiavh} jvck jcyv riav| cj }di hiw Dcy|bho \yf|bmr

\ldiki‛ $1222" 61< ]dbvm _cvem Peahhbho Vizbiw

\ _be|ch ―Fvianbho }di ]bi7 Izbl}bch| jvck Pvbza}i Eahm% Dckiei||hi|| ahm a Hiw Hcvkaeb}r‛ $6002" 6

\cy}d Ajvblah Eaw Gcyvhae

Pcpyeav av}blei| # cp+im|N Ldahli% K Dyldivkiriv * Kavn Dyh}iv ―Eb|}ih }c }di |daln+mwieeiv|‛ Kabe ahm Oyavmbah $ 6= Gyhi

6002"

5d}}p7##www(ko(lc(a#av}blei#6002+0:+6=+eb|}ih+}c+}di+|dalnmwieeiv|8

E Ldihwb * N ]b||bho}ch ―—\alvbjblbae eakf|‒ bh }di qyi|} }c ivambla}i bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}|7 ]di pebod} cj Gci

\eczc vi|bmih}|‛ $\ip}ikfiv 6002" 10% < I\V Vizbiw

5d}}p7##www(lckkyhb}reawlih}vi(cvo(a#lel+pvcgil}|#|clbc+ilchckbl+vbod}|#i|v+vizbiw+1#pvizbcy|+

imb}bch|#I\V)60Vizbiw)60Zce)6010)64<)62)60\ip}ikfiv)606002(pmj8

G Myhlah ―Dcy|i| }c Mbi Jcv3‛ \AL\B\ $1 Apvbe 6010"

5d}}p7##www(|al|b|(cvo(a#|b}i#av}blei#=96(18

V Ioebh ―Fi}wiih a \daln ahm ah VMP Dcy|i7 Ae}ivha}bzi Jcvk| cj ]ihyvi \ilyvb}r‛ $Cl}cfiv#Hczikfiv

6002" 19% 9 ]vah|jckiv

5d}}p7##www(aji|b|(cvo(a#\y|}abhafei+\i}}eikih}|+Av}blei|#fi}wiih+a+|daln+ahm+ah+vmp+dcy|i+

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K Eioa||bln ―]cc jiw dcy|i|% }cc kahr picpei }c dcy|i‛ Lapi ]bki| $6: Kar 6002"

5d}}p7##www(lapi}bki|(lc(a#bhmit(pdp3jAv}bleiBm;=224:=48

V Pb}dcy|i ―Eahm Cllypa}bch ahm }di Ebkb}| cj Pav}r Pceb}bl|‛ \AL\B\ $69 Kar 6002"

5d}}p7##|al|b|(cvo(a#|b}i#av}blei#620(18

V Pb}dcy|i ―]di \ivzbli Miebzivr Kr}d‛ \AL\B\ $6: Gahyavr 6011"

5d}}p7##|al|b|(cvo(a#|b}i#Hiw|#mi}abe(a|p3bMa}a;:10*bLa};1<:?*bLdahhie;1*hLdahhie;Hiw|8

A \ciniv * N Fdaha ―Dahofivo + a Qyi|}bch cj Eahm Mihbim‛ Pakfayna Hiw| $4 Cl}cfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##aeeajvbla(lck#|}cvbi|#601010110?<1(d}ke8N ]b||bho}ch ―Ldaeeihobho bhhiv lb}r izbl}bch| fijcvi }di Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} cj \cy}d Ajvbla7 ]di

Cllypbiv| cj 91 Cebzba Vcam la|i‛ $Gyhi 6004" 9% 6 Dcy|bho ahm I\L Vbod}| Eaw Qyav}iver

5d}}p7##www(lcdvi(cvo#|b}i|#mijaye}#jbei|#dcy|bhoSahmSi|lSvbod}|SeawSqyav}iverSzceS9ShcS6SgyhiS6004S1(

pmj8

N ]b||bho}ch ―Gci \eczc vi|bmih}| ei} mcwh fr lcyv}‛ Pakfayna Hiw| $69 Gyhi 6002"

5d}}p7##www(pakfayna(cvo#ih#la}iocvr#ei}}iv|#9?6<68

N ]b||bho}ch% N Vy|}% V KlOajjbh% K Hapbiv * \ Ldave}ch ―Ei}‒| |ii }di viae zaeyi bh VMP dcy|i| ― Fy|bhi||

Mar $<1 Ayoy|} 6010"

5d}}p7##www(fy|bhi||mar(lc(a#Av}blei|#Lch}ih}(a|pt3bm;112:618

N ]b||bho}ch * E Vcr|}ch ―Yvfah Vijcvk7 Kanbho yp ec|} ovcyhm bh \A‒| bhjcvkae |i}}eikih}|‛ Fy|bhi||

Mar $19 Hczikfiv 6010" 5d}}p7##www(fy|bhi||mar(lc(a#av}blei|#Lch}ih}(a|pt3bm;16:???8

Vi|iavld vipcv}| # pyfebla}bch|] Fabeir ―Vipcv} cj }di Oay}iho Vih}ae Dcy|bho ]vbfyhae jcv }di Pivbcm 1 Apvbe 600? }c <1 Kavld 6010‛

$Hczikfiv 6010"

K Fbvnbh|daw ―A Fbo Mizbe bh }di Gchmcec|7 ]di Pceb}bl| cj \daln Jbvi|‛ $Ayoy|} 6004"

5d}}p7##afadeaeb(cvo#jbei|#FboSMizbeSPceb}bl|ScjS\dalnSJbvi(pmj8

LAE\% LCDVI * Hcvwiobah Lih}vi ch Dykah Vbod}| $HLDV" ―_a}iv \ivzbli| Jaye} Ebhi|7 Ah A||i||kih} cj

\cy}d Ajvbla‒| _a}iv ahm \ahb}a}bch Pvczb|bch alvc|| 19 Kyhblbpaeb}bi|‛ $Cl}cfiv 6004"

5d}}p7##wif(wb}|(al(a#HV#vmchervi|#1=M=1<A0+2LA4+=0A?+2=64+=F?9=99=4L09#0#_a}iv\ivzbli|Vipcv}SwifSHcz04(pmj8

Lih}vi jcv \clbae \lbihli Vi|iavld $L\\V" * Paekiv Miziecpkih} Ovcyp $PMO" ―]di \clbae Lch|iqyihli|

cj I|}afeb|dbho —Kbtim‒ Hibodfcyvdccm|‛ $Kar 6010"

5d}}p7##www(l||v(yl}(al(a#|b}i|#l||v(yl}(al(a#jbei|#pyf|#\clbaeLch|iqyihli|(pmj8

E Ldihwb ―Kchb}cvbho }di pvcovi||bzi viaeb|a}bch cj |clbc+ilchckbl vbod}|7 Ei||ch| jvck }di Yhb}im

Ha}bch| Lckkb}}ii ch Ilchckbl% \clbae ahm Lye}yvae Vbod}| ahm }di \cy}d Ajvblah Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv}‛

Vi|iavld papiv wvb}}ih jcv \PBB $6010"

5d}}p7##www(|pbb(cvo(a#aoih}jbei|#=<=#jbei#Pvcovi||bzi)60viaeb|a}bch)60Vi|iavld)60papiv(pmj8

E Ldihwb * N ]b||bho}ch ―Ihoaobho kiahbhojyeer wb}d oczivhkih} ch |clbc+ilchckbl vbod}|7 A jcly| ch

}di vbod} }c dcy|bho‛ $6010"

5d}}p7##www(lckkyhb}reawlih}vi(cvo#a#lel+pvcgil}|#|clbc+ilchckbl+vbod}|#|iv+pyfebla}bch|8Lih}vi jcv Dcy|bho Vbod}| ahm Izbl}bch| $LCDVI" ―Fy|bhi|| a| Y|yae3 Dcy|bho Vbod}| ahm —\eyk

Ivambla}bch‒ bh Myvfah% \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $\ip}ikfiv 6004"

5d}}p7##www(lcdvi(cvo#|b}i|#mijaye}#jbei|#|cy}dSajvblaS+Sfy|bhi||Sa|Sy|yaeS+Sdcy|bhoSvbod}|SahmS|eykS

ivambla}bchSbhSmyvfahS|ip}S6004S(pmj8

Lih}vi jcv Yvfah ahm Fybe} Ihzbvchkih} \}ymbi| $LYFI\" ―Kch}der Pceblr Ypma}i “ Pvipavim jcv }di \cy}d

Ajvblah Pvcpiv}r Cwhiv| A||clba}bch‛ $600?"

Lcyhlbe jcv \lbih}bjbl ahm Bhmy|}vbae Vi|iavld $L\BV" ―Oybmiebhi| jcv Dykah \i}}eikih} Peahhbho ahm Mi|boh

$]di Vim Fccn"‛ $6000% vipvbh}im bh 6009"

5d}}p7##www(l|bv(lc(a#Fybe}Sihzbvchkih}#VimFccn#8

Lcyhlbe jcv \lbih}bjbl ahm Bhmy|}vbae Vi|iavld $L\BV" ―Mbavvdcia }dbvm fbooi|} nbeeiv bh \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $6002"

5d}}p7##www(l|bv(lc(a#pyfebla}bch|#pmj|#02Spmj|akS\\HczjcvwifSMBAVVDCIA(pmj8

Miziecpkih} Al}bch Ovcyp $MAO" ―Ebzbho ch }di Imoi7 A \}ymr cj }di Miej} ]ikpcvavr Viecla}bch Avia‛

$Kavld 600?"

5d}}p7##?0(4:(146(<=#xmao?10i#mcl|#vi|iavld#miej}vipcv}(pmj8




104

M Oavmhiv ―Oi}}bho \cy}d Ajvblah| yhmiv \die}iv7 ah Czivzbiw cj }di \cy}d Ajvblah Dcy|bho \il}cv‛

Dcy|bho Jbhahli Vi|cyvli Pvcovakki $600<"

5d}}p7##wif(wb}|(al(a#HV#vmchervi|#I=:L4?4A+M0?1+=<=F+A=01+J4IJAL:9=0A9#0#

Dcy|bhoJbhahliCzivzbiw(pmj8

V Dbkebh ―Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli||7 Ihdahlim!‛ HOC Pye|i $Hczikfiv 6004"

5d}}p7##www(peahal}(cvo(a#bkaoi|#|}cvbi|#mclykih}|#av}blei|Spvi|ih}a}bch|#?()60Picpei‒|)60

Dcy|bho)60Pvcli||)60+)60Ihdahlim(pm j 8

K Dyh}iv ―La|i \}ymr7 ]di Mbjjivihli }da} Peali Kani|7 \cki Fvbij Hc}i| ch }di Ilchckbl Bkpebla}bch| cj

kczbho jvck ah Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih} }c a ]vah|b} Lakp‛ Mipav}kih} cj Oicovapdr% Yhbziv|b}r cj ]cvch}c

$Ayoy|} 6010"

5d}}p7##afadeaeb(cvo#jbei|#Ikah}ckfaahihb(pmj8

Peahal} * Vccj}cp| Lahama ―\ylli|| a} a Pvbli7 Dcw HOC amzclalr eim }c ldahoi| bh \cy}d Ajvbla‒|

Picpei‒| Dcy|bho Pvcli||‛ $6002"

5d}}p7##www(hocpye|i(cvo#|b}i|#mijaye}#jbei|#vi|cyvli|#PDP)60Amzclalr++ei||ch|)60jcv)60HOC|(pmj8

Pyfebl \ivzbli Lckkb||bch $P\L" ―Lch|cebma}im Kchb}cvbho ahm Izaeya}bch Vipcv} ch }di Mipav}kih}| cj

Dcy|bho $Dykah \i}}eikih}|"7 Izaeya}bch Lrlei 6002#6010‛ $Gyer 6010"

5d}}p7##www(p|l(ocz(a#mclykih}|#6010#Dcy|bho)60vipcv}(pmj8

K Kb||iedcvh ―Mvaj} Pc|b}bch Papiv ch Bhjcvkae \i}}eikih}| Ypovambho7 Pav} cj a \}va}ior jcv }di \ilchm

Ilchckr‛ Lckpbeim jcv Yvfah EahmKavn $Apvbe 6004" 5d}}p7##www(pp}vy|}(lc(a#Mclykih}|#BhjcvkaeS\i}}eikih}SPapiv(pmj8

R Kyncvckfbhmc ―Ia|}ivh Lapi Mipav}kih} cj Dcy|bho7 Fymoi} Ahaer|b| 6002#10‛ Pyfebl \ivzbli

Allcyh}afbeb}r Kchb}cv $\ip}ikfiv 6002"

N Vy|} ―Ahaer|b| cj \cy}d Ajvbla‒| Dcy|bho \il}cv Pivjcvkahli‛ JbhKavn ]vy|} $Milikfiv 600:"

M \kb} * G Pyvlda|i ―Vizbiw cj }di Bh}ivha}bchae Itpivbihli wb}d Bhley|bchavr Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|7

Bkpebla}bch| jcv \cy}d Ajvbla‛ Pvipavim jcv }di Ha}bchae Mipav}kih} cj Dcy|bho $6 Jifvyavr 600:"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Mclykih}|#Bhley|bchavr)60Dcy|bho)60bh)60\A(pmj8

_ \kb} ―Avi yvfah eahm kavni}| wcvnbho wiee jcv }di pccv3 Itpecvbho a pval}blae ki}dcm cj a||i||kih}‛

PcwivPcbh} pvi|ih}a}bch $6? Ayoy|} 6004"

5d}}p7##www(yvfaheahmkavn(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#6S\kb}S_avvih(pmj8

_ \kb} ―Ahaer|b| cj qyaeb}a}bzi |yvzir ch alli||bho% dcembho ahm }vambho eahm7 |rh}di|b| vipcv}‛ Vipcv}

pvipavim jcv Yvfah EahmKavn $Kavld 6004" 5d}}p7##www(yvfaheahmkavn(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#Ammb}bchaeSQyaeb}a}bziSAhaer|b|(pmj8

\DJ * Yvfah EahmKavn ―Ah Bhzi|}boa}bch bh}c ah Appavih} Bhlvia|i bh Izbl}bch| jvck Pvbza}i Vih}ae

Dcy|bho7 Vipcv} ahm Pc|b}bch Papiv‛ $Gyhi 6010"

5d}}p7##www(|dj(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#izbl}bchSvipcv}(pmj8

\DJ ―\ypper ahm Mikahm cj Vih}ae Allckkcma}bch bh \cy}d Ajvbla‛ $Gyer 6004"

5d}}p7##j}p(|dj(cvo(a#vih}aeSdcy|bhoSvipcv}(pmj8

\DJ ―A |hap|dc} cj }di Bh}ivbk \clbae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki $B\DP" <7 6002#10‛ \A Vih}ae Dcy|bho Kahaoiv

$Kavld 6010"

5d}}p7##www(|dj(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#Vih}aeSDcy|bhoSKahaoiv(pmj8

\DJ ―Lc|}+Fihijb} Ahaer|b|7 \clbae Vih}ae Dcy|bho ahm VMP Dcy|bho “ Jbhae Vipcv}‛ $6002"

5d}}p7##www(|dj(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#LFASkabhSvipcv}(pmj8\DJ ―]dbhn Pbili 17 Ecla}bch ahm Mih|b}r‛ Lc|} Fihijb} Ahaer|b|7 \clbae Vih}ae Dcy|bho $\ip}ikfiv 6002"

\DJ ―]vah|jcvkim Lckkyhb}bi| cv Yhki} Ldaeeihoi|3 Lch|cebma}bch vipcv} cj ei||ch| eiavhim jvck |bt

dc|}ie vimiziecpkih} la|i |}ymbi|‛ $Apvbe 6004"

\cy}d Ajvblah Dykah Vbod}| Lckkb||bch $\ADVL" ―Vipcv} ch }di Pyfebl Diavbho| ch Dcy|bho% Izbl}bch|

ahm Vipc||i||bch|‛ $6004"

5d}}p7##www(|advl(cvo(a#dcki#61#jbei|#Vipcv}|#Dcy|bho)60Bhqybvr)60Vipcv}S6004)60wif(pmj8

Yvfah EahmKavn * \DJ ―\kaee +\laei Pvbza}i Vih}ae7 A \}va}ior jcv Bhlvia|bho \ypper bh \cy}d Ajvbla‛

$Gahyavr 6010"

5d}}p7##www(|dj(cvo(a#mcwhecam|#|kaeeS)60|laeiS)60vih}aeS|}va}ior(pmj8




4

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Kimba av}blei|―\A dcy|bho falneco a} }wc kbeebch‛ \AFL Hiw| $4 Cl}cfiv 600?"

5d}}p7##www(|aflhiw|(lck#|cy}dSajvbla#eahmSajjabv|#0%61?6%19?169%00(d}k e8

H Meakbhb ―Ma}afa|i wbee —ly} dcy|bho falneco‒‛ Gcfyvo $61 Jifvyavr 6004"

5d}}p7##www(gcfyvo(cvo(a#bhmit(pdp3cp}bch;lckSlch}ih}*}a|n;zbiw*bm;660<*B}ikbm;60=,bt1:icGe

iF?8

G Dvckhbn ―Hc }ikpcvavr |cey}bch‛ _iinihmiv $1= Kavld 6002"

5d}}p7##www(fy|bhi||mar(lc(a#wiinihmiv#av}blei(a|pt3BM;FM=A2920218

A Kanbhaha ―M+Mar |i} jcv Lapi‒| dcy|bho akfb}bch|‛ Lapi Avoy| $6? Ayoy|} 6002"

5d}}p7##aeeajvbla(lck#|}cvbi|#6002046?10:9(d}ke8

T Kfahgwa ―\itwaei mileavi| wav ch dcy|bho lvccn|‛ BCE $< Hczikfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##www(bce(lc(a#bhmit(pdp3|i}Sbm;1*leblnSbm;16=*av}Sbm;zh6002110<0=0262??:L990=268

I Habmy * K B|aal|ch ―Dcw }c fybem qyaeb}r dcy|i| jcv V99 000‛ BCE $: Milikfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##www(bce(lc(a#bhmit(pdp3|i}Sbm;1*leblnSbm;16=*av}Sbm;zh6002160:04111<2<1L?<<:1<8

―\A miaebho wb}d Dab}b ebni |b}ya}bch izivr mar7 \itwaei‛ Divaem $62 Gahyavr 6010"

5d}}p7##www(}didivaem(lc(a#av}blei(a|pt3bm;96=4=:8

―Diap| cj kchir jcv dcy|bho miebzivr‛ Viaei|}a}iwif $1? Jifvyavr 6010"

5d}}p7##www(viaei|}a}iwif(lc(a#viaei|}a}iwif#zbiw#viaei|}a}iwif#ih#paoi12:3cbm;99449*|h;Mi}ab e8

G \bndandahi ―Ocvmdah‒| V1fh jcv dcy|bho b| gy|} a fahm+abm‛ Fy|bhi|| Mar $66 Jifvyavr 6010"

5d}}p7##www(fy|bhi||mar(lc(a#Av}blei|#Lch}ih}(a|pt3bm;2=<108

―Peah }c ypovami 900 000 |daln| fr 601=‛ OLB\ $6< Jifvyavr 6010"

5d}}p7##aeeajvbla(lck#|}cvbi|#6010066<04?0(d}ke8

Eiahb _i||ie| ―Fealn kavni} dbodebod}| VMP lvaln|‛ Jbh6= $<1 Kavld 6010"

5d}}p7##www(jbh6=(lck#av}blei|#mijaye}#mb|pearSav}blei(a|pt3Av}bleiBm;1914+1?4:S69?40298

] Kceiji ―_i wbee fybem |daln| ch zalah} eahm‛ Lb}r Pvi|| $1= Apvbe 6010"

5d}}p7##www(lb}rpvi||(lc(a#\cy}dAjvbla#Hiw|#_i+wbee+fybem+|daln|+ch+zalah}+eahm+60100=1=8

―Obzi ki a dcki% fy} hc} bh a ]ikpcvavr Viecla}bch Avia‛ BVBH $<0 Apvbe 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bvbhhiw|(cvo#Vipcv}(a|pt3Vipcv}Bm;442?08

―Jiwiv picpei ebzbho bh |daln| + \}a}| \A‛ BCE $: Kar 6010"5d}}p7##www(bce(lc(a#bhmit(pdp3|i}Sbm;1*leblnSbm;16=*av}Sbm;hw6010090:1:026?=96L?:920<8

E Pvbh|ecc ―HDFVL }c lvaln mcwh ch yhviob|}ivim dcki fybemiv|‛ Ihobhiivbho Hiw| $16 Kar 6010"

5d}}p7##www(ihobhiivbhohiw|(lc(a#av}blei#hdfvl+}c+lvalnmcwh+ch+yhviob|}ivim+dcki+fybemiv|+6010+09+

168

―Dykah |i}}eikih}| ah bhzi|}kih} bh jy}yvi ” Wyka‛ \APA $14 Kar 6010"

5d}}p7##www(pceb}r(cvo(a#av}blei#dykah+|i}}eikih}|+ah+bhzi|}kih}+bh+jy}yvi+yka+6010+09+148

―\ivzbli miebzivr aoviikih}| |bohim‛ BCE $62 \ip}ikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bce(lc(a#hiw|#pceb}bl|#|ivzbli+miebzivr+aoviikih}|+|bohim+1(:46=? :8

Vabha Kyh|db ―Vab|bho }di vccj‛ Jbhahlbae Kabe $11 Hczikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(jk(lc(a#Av}blei(a|pt3bm;16:9648

―Jcvkiv ]|anahi lcyhlbeecv bh lcyv}‛

]di Hiw Aoi $6< Hczikfiv 6010" 5d}}p7##www(}dihiwaoi(lc(a#=0=6+100?+9<+JcvkivS]|anahiSlcyhlbeecvSbhSlcyv}8

―\itwaei lchlivhim fr va}i cj miebzivr‛ BCE $69 Hczikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bce(lc(a#hiw|#|cy}d+ajvbla#|itwaei+lchlivhim+fr+va}i+cj+miebzivr+1(4?:=6=8

―Jvii dcy|bho lahhc} lch}bhyi jcviziv “ \itwaei‛ Ihobhiivbho Hiw| $<0 Hczikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(pceb}r(cvo(a#av}blei#jvii+dcy|bho+lahhc}+lch}bhyi+jcviziv+|itwaei+6010+11+628

―Jvii \}a}i ahm NWH ec|i dcy|bho ovah}|‛ Ihobhiivbho Hiw| $14 Gahyavr 6011"

5d}}p7##www(ihobhiivbhohiw|(lc(a#av}blei#jvii+|}a}i+ahm+nh+ec|i+dcy|bho+ovah}|+6011+01+148




110

Pvi|| |}a}ikih}|LAE\ ―Lckkih} ch Oihivae Hc}bli 1491 cj 600:7 Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye

Cllypa}bch cj Eahm Akihmkih} Fbee 600:‛ $60 Jifvyavr 600?"

5d}}p7##wif(wb}|(al(a#HV#vmchervi|#9?A69<F0+1?=2+=<A?+A:AI+40FM49AFJ1MJ#0#LAE\PBI\YFKB\\BCH(

mcl8

LAE\ ―Afadeaeb fa|iKgchmcec lieifva}i| a| Lch|}b}y}bchae Lcyv} mileavi| NWH \eyk| Al} yhlch|}b}y}bchae‛

$1= Cl}cfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##wif(wb}|(al(a#HV#vmchervi|#999?2619+6I9I+=AM0+4LFI+:A2I06MM4<6A#0#LAE\pvi||vieia|iS

AfadeaebLLgymokih}S1=Cl}02(mcl8

LAE\ ―Jcvlim vikczae cj \brahma vi|bmih}| }c }vah|b} lakp|‛ $6< Gahyavr 6002"

5d}}p7##www(hocpye|i(cvo#pvi||+vieia|i#jcvlim+vikczae+|brahma+vi|bmih}|+}vah|b}+lakp|8

Lb}r cj Lapi ]cwh ―Lb}r‒| vih}ae |}cln }ihah}| peia|im wb}d kagcv ypovami|‛ $<1 Ayoy|} 6010"

5d}}p7##www(lapi}cwh(ocz(a#ih#Dcy|bho#LVY#Paoi|#Lb}r|vih}ae|}ln}h}|pe|mwb}dkagypovami|(a|pt8

\IVB% \IL]BCH6?% Eawriv| jcv Dykah Vbod}| $EDV"% Eioae Vi|cyvli| Lih}vi $EVL"% Lih}vi jcv Appebim

Eioae \}ymbi| $LAE\" ahm Lckkyhb}r Eaw Lih}vi $LEL" ―Eioae HOC| vi|pchm }c vilih} |}a}ikih}| fr }di

Kbhb|}iv cj Dykah \i}}eikih}|‛ $6 Milikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(|ivb+|a(cvo#bkaoi|#|}cvbi|#eioaeShoc|Spvi||S|}a}ikih}SjbhaeS6mil10(pmj8

Mipav}kih} cj Dykah \i}}eikih}|HMcD ―\}va}iobi| Bmih}bjbim }c Ammvi|| Pceblr Oap|‛ Pvi|ih}a}bch fr HK Nav|ih% Mipy}r Mbvil}cv+Oihivae

a} }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lchjivihli ch Dcy|bho \}va}ior jcv }di Hiw Kbeeihhbyk $Pvi}cvba% 1222"

HMcD ―Amgy|}kih} cj }di Qyah}yk cj }di Dcy|bho \yf|bmr jcv }di hiw Jbhahlbae Riav‛ $4 Apvbe 600="

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Kimba)60Mi|n#Pvi||)60Vieia|i|#600=#040=0=(d}k8

HMcD ―Pvi|| |}a}ikih} fr EH \b|yey% Kbhb|}iv cj Dcy|bho ch }di pyfebl yhzibebho cj }di hiw dcy|bho peah‛

OLB\ $6 \ip}ikfiv 600="

5d}}p7##www(pceb}r(cvo(a#av}blei#|b|yey+pyfebl+yhzibebho+cj+hiw+dcy|bho+peah+0602600=+600=+02+068

HMcD ―Kikcvahmyk ch }di cfgil}| cj }di Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye Cllypa}bch cj

Eahm Akihmkih} Fbee% 600:‛ Oczivhkih} Oai}}i Hc 62901 $66 Milikfiv 600:"

HMcD ―\piild fr E \b|yey Kbhb|}iv cj Dcy|bho a} }di Clla|bch cj }di Fymoi} Zc}i 600?#4 jcv }di

Mipav}kih} cj Dcy|bho‛ Ha}bchae A||ikfer $4 Gyhi 600?"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#600?)60Fymoi})60\piild)60+)60Ziv|bch)606(d}k8

HMcD ―\cy}d Ajvbla7 Kbeeihhbyk Miziecpkih} Ocae| Kbm+]ivk Lcyh}vr Vipcv}‛ $\ip}ikfiv 600?"

HMcD ―Ahhyae Vipcv} 600:+600?‛

5d}}p7##www(dcy|bho(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Mclykih}|#Ahhyae)60Vipcv})60+)60600?#AhhyaeS6009+

600:S66\IP]S_if|b}iSaee(pmj 8

HMcD ―Ahhyae Vipcv} 6004+6002‛

5d}}p7##www(dcy|bho(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Mclykih}|#Ahhyae)60Vipcv})606004+6002#Dcy|bho(pm j 8

HMcD ―Pvi|ih}a}bch ch FHO }c }di Pvcovakki bh Dcy|bho Pceblr Miziecpkih} ahm Kahaoikih}‛ P*MK

$Gahyavr 6004"MD\ ―\}va}ior jcv }di Aeecla}bch cj Dcy|bho Cppcv}yhb}bi| Lvia}im }dvcyod }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho

Pvcovakki|‛ $6004"

5d}}p7##www(pko(cvo(a#jbei|#mcl|#100411|}va}ior(mcl8

MD\ ―Pvi|ih}a}bch }c }di Pavebakih}avr Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii ch Dykah \i}}eikih}|‛ $6 Milikfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##www(pko(cvo(a#vipcv}#60021606+wcvn|dcp+mipav}kih}+dykah+|i}}eikih}|+)I6)40)2<+jbv|}+

|i||bch8

MD\ ―Pvi|ih}a}bch }c }di Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii7 Ah czivzbiw cj }di lyvvih} Bhley|bchavr Dcy|bho Pceblr ahm

b}| miziecpkih} pvcovi||‛ $< Milikfiv 6002"

MD\ ―Pvi|ih}a}bch }c }di Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii ch Dykah \i}}eikih}|‛ $9 Kavld 6010"

5d}}p7##www(pko(cvo(a#vipcv}#60100<09+mipav}kih}+dykah+|i}}eikih}|+}dibv+jbzi+riav+|}va}iobl+peah8

MD\ ―Pvi|ih}a}bch }c }di \ieil} Lckkb}}ii ch Pyfebl \ivzbli‛ $60 Apvbe 6010"

MD\ ―Fymoi} zc}i |piild fr }di Dykah \i}}eikih}| Kbhb|}iv% Ha}bchae A||ikfer‛ $61 Apvbe 6010"

5d}}p7##www(pceb}r(cvo(a#av}blei#|a+|itwaei+fymoi}+zc}i+|piild+fr+}di+dykah+|i}}eikih}|+kbhb|}iv+

ha}bchae+a||ikfer+610=6010+6010+0=+6 18




4

111

MD\ ―Ammvi|| fr }di Kbhb|}iv cj Dykah \i}}eikih}|% ]cnrc \itwaei KP% ch }di clla|bch cj }di Dykah

\i}}eikih}| Fymoi} Zc}i‛ Ha}bchae Lcyhlbe cj Pvczbhli|% Lapi ]cwh $: Kar 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#|piildi|#6010#10090:19=91001(d} k8

MD\ ―Fvbijbho ch I|}afeb|dkih} cj }di V1fh Oyavah}ii Jyhm‒% Pavebakih}avr Kchb}cvbho Ovcyp $6= Ayoy|}

6010"

5d}}p7##www(pko(cvo(a#vipcv}#6010046=+vipcv}+faln+mipav}kih}+dykah+|i}}eikih}+hiw+dcy|bho+

jbhahli+oyavah}ii8

MD\ ―Dykah \i}}eikih}| Kbhb|}iv fcc|}| ecw+lc|} vih}ae pvcgil}|‛ $6: Ayoy|} 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#|piild#MrhakblAl}bch3paoibm;=:1*|bm;16902*}bm;1:6?<8

MD\ ―Pvi|ih}a}bch }c }di Pcv}jcebc Lckkb}}ii7 Vilckkihma}bch| fr }di Dykah Vbod}| Lckkb||bch

vioavmbho }di Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Pvcovakki|‛ $10 Hczikfiv 6010"

MD\ ―]ivk| cj Vijivihli + I|}afeb|dkih} cj Kyhblbpae Allvimb}a}bch7 Lapalb}r ahm Lckpebahli A||i||kih}

Pahie‛ $12 Hczikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#]ivk|)60cj)60vijivihliSkyhblbpae)60allvimb}a}bch(pm j 8

MD\ ―Mipav}kih} cj Dykah \i}}eikih}| oiav| yp jcv jyee miebzivr‛ $12 Hczikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Kimba)60Mi|n#Kimba)60Amziv|cvr#6010#66)60Hczikfiv)606010(

d}k8

C}div oczivhkih} mclykih}|Aymb}cv+Oihivae ―Vipcv} cj }di Aymb}cv+Oihivae ch }di |pilbae aymb} cj }di H6 Oa}iwar Pvcgil} a} }di

Ha}bchae Mipav}kih} cj Dcy|bho‛ $6004"

5d}}p7##www(pko(cvo(a#jbei|#mcl|#020:10oa}iwarS0(pm j 8

Ha}bchae ]via|yvr ―Ldap}iv :7 Dykah \i}}eikih}|‛ bh Pvczbhlbae Fymoi}| ahm Itpihmb}yvi Vizbiw 6009#0: “

6011#16 $\ip}ikfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##www(}via|yvr(ocz(a#pyfebla}bch|#bojv#6002#pvcz#0:()60Ldap}iv)60:)60+)60Dykah)60

\i}}eikih}|(pmj8

\}a}| \A ―Lckkyhb}r \yvzir 600?7 Nir Kyhblbpae Ma}a‛ $600?"

5d}}p7##www(|}a}||a(ocz(a#pyfebla}bch|#Vipcv}+0<+01+61#Vipcv}+0<+01+61600?(pm j 8

\}a}| \A ―Oihivae Dcy|idcem \yvzir 6002‛ $Gyer 6002"

5d}}p7##www(|}a}||a(ocz(a#Pyfebla}bch|#P0<14#P0<14Gyhi6002(pmj8

―Ahhityvi A7 Jcv Cy}lcki 4 Miebzivr Aoviikih}|7 \y|}abhafei Dykah \i}}eikih}| ahm Bkpvczim Qyaeb}r

cj Dcy|idcem Ebji‛ $12 \ip}ikfiv 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#zbiw#McwhecamJbeiAl}bch3bm;1<9?=:8

Dcy|bho pceblr ahm eiob|ea}bchFvianbho Hiw Ovcyhm7 A Lckpvidih|bzi Peah jcv }di Miziecpkih} cj \y|}abhafei Dykah \i}}eikih}|

$Ayoy|} 600=" $FHO"

5d}}p7##www(lapioa}iwar(ocz(a#]it}#600?#10#fho(pmj8

Lckkyhb}r \ldiki Ckfym \ivzbli Fbee% 6002% Oczivhkih} Oai}}i Hc}bli 1==4 cj 6002 $60 Cl}cfiv 6002"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#eiob|ea}bchSpceblbi|#Lckkyhb}r)60\ldiki)60Ckfym)60\ivz(Fbee(6002(

pmj8

Lch|}b}y}bch cj }di Vipyfebl cj \cy}d Ajvbla% 122: $Lch|}b}y}bch"

5www(bhjc(ocz(a#mclykih}|#lch|}b}y}bch#bhmit(d} k8

Jvakiwcvn jcv ah Bhley|bchavr Dcy|bho Pceblr $BDP" bh \cy}d Ajvbla $Gyhi 600?"

5www(ha|dc(cvo(a#a}}aldkih}Szbiw(pdp3paSbm;=?=8

Dcy|bho Al} 10? cj 122?

5www(dcy|bho(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#peahhim#Al}|#Dcy|bho)60Al})6010?)60cj)60122?(pmj8

Dcy|bho Akihmkih} Fbee% 600:% Oczivhkih} Oai}}i Hc}bli 1496 cj 600: $66 Milikfiv 600:"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Fbee|#Dcy|bho)60Akihmkih})60Fbee(pmj8

NwaWyey+Ha}ae Iebkbha}bch ahm Pvizih}bch cj Vi+ikivoihli cj \eyk| Al} : cj 600? $\eyk| Al}"

5d}}p7##afadeaeb(cvo#jbei|#NWH)60\eyk|)60Al}(pmj8




116

Eahm ]ihyvi \ilyvb}r Fbee% 6010

5d}}p7##www(vyvaemiziecpkih}(ocz(a#MEA+Bh}ivhi}#lch}ih}#mclykih}Sebfvavr#mclykih}|#eiob|ea}bch#

Eahm]ihyvi)60\ilyvb}rFbeeMil6010(PMJ8

Ha}bchae Dcy|bho Lcmi $6002"

5www(md|(ocz(a8

Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye Cllypa}bch cj Eahm Al} 12 cj 1224 $PBI Al}"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#peahhim#Al}|#Pvizih}bch)60cj)60Beeioae)60Izbl}bch)60jvck)60

ahm)60Yheawjye)60Cllypa}bch)60(pm j 8Pvizih}bch cj Beeioae Izbl}bch jvck ahm Yheawjye Cllypa}bch cj Eahm Akihmkih} Fbee% 600:% Oczivhkih}

Oai}}i Hc}bli 1491 cj 600: $66 Milikfiv 600:"

5d}}p7##www(md|(ocz(a#Lch}ih}#Fbee|#PBI+Akihmkih})60Fbee(pmj8

Pvckc}bch cj Amkbhb|}va}bzi Gy|}bli Al} < cj 6000 $PAGA"

5d}}p7##www(baba(lc(a#JbeiSYpecam|#jbei#PAGA)606000(pmj8

Pvckc}bch cj Alli|| }c Bhjcvka}bch Al} 6 cj 6000 $PABA"

5d}}p7##dykahvi|cyvli|(lc(a#jvii#\yfSjcvSeiovi|#Ma}a#PCBMA#al}6(pmj8

Vilch|}vyl}bch ahm Miziecpkih} Pvcovakki $VMP" $122="

5d}}p7##www(ahl(cvo(a#vmp#vmp(d}ke8

Vih}ae Dcy|bho Al} 90 cj 1222

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#zbiw#McwhecamJbeiAl}bch3bm;?0:148Vih}ae Dcy|bho Akihmkih} Al} =< cj 600?

5d}}p7##y|+lmh(lviakivkimba(lc(a#a||i}|#av}blei|#a}}aldkih}|#1=0?<Soo<1091Shh9<2Spo1+:(pm j 8

Vih}ae Dcy|bho Akihmkih} Fbee% 6010% Oczivhkih} Oai}}i Hc}bli ?12 cj 6010 $6< Gyer 6010"

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#zbiw#McwhecamJbeiAl}bch3bm;1644968

\clbae Dcy|bho Al} 1: cj 6004

5d}}p7##www(bhjc(ocz(a#zbiw#McwhecamJbeiAl}bch3bm;2120<8

\clbae Dcy|bho Pceblr jcv \cy}d Ajvbla $Kar 6009"

5www(hdjl(lc(a#jbei|#\clbaeSDcy|bhoSPceblrSKarS6009(pmj8

_db}i Papiv ch Dcy|bho $122="

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4

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