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Resource Management in the
New Millennium
Richard V. Anthony
Why Resource
Management
??
Ancient Culture
Code of Hammurabi
Old and New Testament Rules
Early Civilization
American Culture 1800
American IndianPioneer EthicQuilting BeesRefillable Glass
Containers, Mason Canning Jars
American Culture 1900
Junk Yards, Yard Sales
Hog Farms and Collection of Putresables
Required Source Separation prior to the End of WWII
It Should be the Law
Navigable Rivers Act, Late 1800
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
Open Burning Dumps, Untreated Sewage and Industrial Discharges into Oceans, Rivers, Lakes, and Air
Clean Air and Clean Water Acts
Federal Law Solid Waste Management Act, Resource Recovery Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) Hazardous Waste
Standards for Land DisposalSpecial Wastes (Medical, Tires)Resource Recovery and Recycling Education
and Training
International Law
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Agreement
California Law
Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery Act (1974), Integrated Waste Management Act (1989)
Establish Hierarchy of Waste: Source Reduction, Recycling, Composting, Transformation and Land Disposal
Required 50% diversion of base year waste generated by year 2000
AB 2020 (Beverage Container Recycling Act) AND AB 322 (Expanded Beverage Container Recycling Act) Requires deposits on beverage containersRequires redemption centersProvides a grant program
It Makes Good Sense
Thomas Malthus the consequences of the increasing gap between rich and poor
Karl Marx the ultimate result of the gap is revolution and the redistribution of wealth.
Club of Rome Study, Meadows
Mend our ways or nature will force us
Managing Our Resources
Old Way extracts from environment and dump waste back into the environment.
New Way is to close the loop and make environmental dumping illegal or expensive
Close the Loop
Black Hole
Close the Loop
Black Hole
Efficiency in Managing Resources
Matter and energy are constants E=MC2
There is no “away”No such thing as a free lunch
Zero Waste
Zero Waste goals (efficiency)Create Jobs from DiscardsEnd Welfare for Wasting (level the playing
field)
Responsibility
Consumer Responsibility (what you buy)
Producer Responsibility
New Millennium Rules
6 “R’s”Reduce (source reduction)
RedesignRepair (fix)
Reuse (durable vs. Single use i.e., cameras, napkins)
Recycle (everything else)
Regulate
A Zero Waste Approach to Jobs and Sustainability
A Zero Waste System has a Place for Everything
VesilindWorrellReinhart, Solid Waste Engineering
“For Proper Resource Management and Public Health, Industry Needs to Redesign Products and Packages for “Reuse, Repair and Recycling”
Black Hole
All Materials Found Today at the Incinerator or Landfill can be Sorted
into 1212 Categories
1. Reusable 2. Paper 3. Plant Debris 4. Putrescibles 5. Wood6. Ceramics
7. Soils8. Metals9. Glass10.Polymers 11.Textiles
12.Chemicals
These categories and the following definitions have been developed by Dr. Daniel Knapp, Urban Ore, Berkeley, California 94710
Reusable Goods….
….are discarded materials that are useful in their present form.
Examples are doors, windows, furniture, lighting, household goods, clothing, bricks, live plants, etc.
Reuse operators need covered space, and enough room to organize, display, and sell all reuse items coming to the facility. They will also need to dismantle, clean, upgrade and store unsaleable merchandise for recycling.
Reusable Goods….
Reusable Goods….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
6 $400
Paper….
….is one of the largest commodity sub flows, comes in many forms, from newsprint to cardboard, all valuable for their fiber content.
Paper collection and processing requires warehousing and sorting facilities, a baler, a forklift, and trucking.
Paper….
Paper….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
21 $100
Plant Debris …. ….is another large sub flow, plant debris includes tree limbs and tree rounds, brush, weeds, grass clippings, and leaves. Plant debris operators need room to store green
materials until they are dry enough to be fed into a grinding process.
After grinding, plant debris may be screened, windrowed, turned, watered, and eventually blended with other nutrients and minerals into various types and grades of soil amendments.
Composting plant debris and tilting it into soil is a carbon sink, a potential remedy to global warming.
Plant Debris ….
Plant Debris ….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
3 $35
Putrescibles ….
….are similar chemically to plant debris, but differ in their high nutrient value, which makes them a magnet for scavenger species of birds, mammals, and insects. Special handling requirements may include
rapid mixing and dispersing with plant debris, containerizing for aerobic or anaerobic decomposition, and odor control.
This includes food and sludge.
Putrescibles ….
Putrescibles ….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
26 $35
Wood….
….may initially be divided into three streams: reusable/resalable, recyclable/ unpainted, and painted.
Reusable wood includes, doors, cabinets, dimensional lumber, furniture and plywood.
Recyclable wood is usually chipped or ground, manufactured into particleboard, or blended with other ingredients into compost.
Painted and treated wood may require special handling due to entrained metals and other toxins.
Wood….
Wood….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
2 $15
Ceramics….
….are hard, brittle materials such as stone, concrete, china tile and asphalt.
Ceramics….
Ceramics….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
10 $15
Soils….
….are generated by road and foundation construction and by dredging.
Clean soils can be sold for fill or added to compost blends to produce a more mineralized product.
Soils contaminated by petrochemicals can often be cleaned up through bioremediation.
Soils….
Soils….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
6 $15
Metals….
….have been recycled for thousands of years; so the metals recycling industry recognizes hundred of subcategories, most based on complex alloys of two or more elemental metals such as iron, aluminum and copper. Metals have a very large and varied reuse
component. Metals are also recycled extensively: most new
steel for example is recycled from old steel.
Metals….
Metals….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
9 $80
Glass….
….comes to disposal facilities in two major sub flows: plate glass and container glass.
Plate glass may be used as if, if unbroken, or recycled into fiberglass or sand.
Container glass may be color sorted, then ground up and made into new containers or simply made into sand.
Glass….
Glass….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
4 $25
Polymers….
….are carbon-based compounds manufactured into films or rigid forms such as containers or computer cases. By comparison with other master categories,
polymer recycling is a very young industry experiencing multiple growing pains.
Resin complexity and incompatibility, contamination, and “heat” history are primary limiting factors.
Polymers….
Polymers….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
9 $150
Textiles….
….are fabrics woven from natural or synthetic fibers into objects such as clothing, bedding, carpeting, draperies, and upholstery.
The textile reuse and recycling industry is very old and well developed, with worldwide markets for everything from old Levis to wiping cloths and paper.
Textiles….
Textiles….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
3 $20
Chemicals….…. includes unused paints, used oils and solvents, cleaners, acids and bases and the like. Deemed safe for their designated used, they become major pollutants when land filled or burned. Reuse is a preferred disposal option for many
chemicals. Recycling requires filtration, distillation,
mixing, or other refining operations to produce useful products
Chemicals….
Chemicals….
Average % of Total
Market Price per Ton
1 $200
Master Category Clusters and Processing Centers
Master Category ClustersPaper and Containers
Paper, metals, glass, polymersOrganics
Food, vegetative debris, food dirty paper, paper, plant debris, putrescibles, wood
Discarded items Furniture, appliances, clothing, toys, tools,
reusable goods, textiles
Special discards Chemicals, construction and demolition materials,
wood, ceramics, soils
Processing Centers Recyclables: Papers, plastic, glass and metal containers Organics: Food, vegetative debris, food paper,
putrescibles, untreated wood and sheetrock Reuse & Repair: Reuse, repair, dismantling,
reconditioning, re-manufacturing and resale of furniture, appliances, electronics, textiles, toys, tools, metal and ceramic plumbing fixtures, lighting, lumber, and other used building materials
Metals: Scrap metals and auto bodies Inert: Rock, soils, concrete, asphalt, brick, land clearing
debris, and mixed construction and demolition materials Household Hazardous Wastes: Used motor oil, paint,
pesticides, cleaners, and other chemicals
Master Category Clusters and Processing Centers
Job CreationType of Operation Jobs per 10,000 TPY
Product Reuse
Computer reuse 296
Textile Reclamation 85
Misc. Durable Reuse 62
Wooden Pallet Repair 28
Recycling-Based Manufacturers 25
Paper Mills 18
Glass Product Manufacturers 26
Plastic Product Manufacturers 93
Conventional Materials Recovery Facilities 10
Composting 4
Landfill and Incineration 1
Source: Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington DC, 1997; “Wasting and Recycling in the United States 2000”; GrassRoots Recycling Network, Prepared by Brenda Platt and Neil Seldman
Our Resources Are Not Infinite