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Respiratory System
2 levels
Internal Respiration – Cellular Respiration
• the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body.
• O2 is required to break down glucose, release CO2 , and produces large amounts of ATP.
• External Respiration • exchange of gases between the atmosphere
and the blood • involves the respiratory system
Respiratory Structures and passage of air
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/16919-the-human-respiratory-system-video.htm
Passage of air
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/23914-lungs-the-structure-and-characteristics-of-lungs-video.htm
Regulation of Breathing
• involuntary action under control of the medulla oblongata.
Factors affecting Breathing• CO2 chemically combines with water in the blood to form
carbonic acid – H2CO3
• Carbonic acid releases a H+ ion resulting in bicarbonate – HCO3
-
– Lowers pH levels
– maintains proper acidic levels in the blood
• The medulla detects the changes in the pH levels• Response – increase breathing depth and rate
• This process reverses in the lungs; CO2 exhaled
The mechanism of breathing• Ventilation – mechanism of breathing in
and out
• Breathing: – Inhalation (inspiration)– air pulled into lungs– Exhalation ( expiration) – air pushed out lungs
• produced by movements of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/16925-the-respiratory-system-breathing-video.htm
Inhalation
• Diaphragm is stilumated to contract(moves downward)
• Thoracic cavity (chest cavity) enlarges; – volume increases
– Intercostal muscles (between the ribs) also contract
• Pressure in the alveoli decreases
• Air is pulled into the airways
Exhalation
• Diaphragm relaxes (moves upward)
• Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
– Ribs and sternum moves downward
• Pressure in the alveoli increases
• Air is forced out of the lungshttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-health/14422-human-atlas-how-lungs-function-video.htm
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Respiration (Human): Processes Involved
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Mechanism of
Breathing
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Ventilation (Human)
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Ventilation
Smoking
• The tar in cigarettes causes paralysis of the cilia
• Result: the air is not filtered
• Tar builds up in lungs
Affects of Smoking Healthy Lung Smokers Lung
Emphysema
• A disease in which the alveoli of the lungs are damaged.
• This leads to a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange
Asthma• Involves narrowing of the bronchioles • leads to recurrent attacks of
breathlessness. • Often these are triggered by an allergic
reaction
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the bronchi
Pneumonia
• Inflammation of the lungs most often due to
• viral or bacterial infection
• Pleurisy • Inflammation of the pleura
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External and Internal Respiration (Human)
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Exchange of Gases (Human Lungs)
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Control of Respiration (Human)
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Control
of
RespiratIon
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Lungs (Human): Circulation
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Lungs and Heart (Human): Posterior View
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Lower Respiratory Tract (Human): Lung Structure
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Lower Respiratory Tract (Human): Lung Function
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Lung
Function
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Bronchioles and Alveoli (Human)
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Bronchioles and Alveoli
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Bronchial Tree (Human): Overview
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Upper Respiratory Tract (Human): Nose and Sinuses
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