Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.CHAPTER 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE OF GASESPowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist CollegeHuman Biology

Human Respiratory SystemFigure 10.1

Components of the Upper Respiratory TractFigure 10.2

Passageway for respirationReceptors for smellFilters incoming air to filter larger foreign materialMoistens and warms incoming airResonating chambers for voiceUpper Respiratory Tract Functions

Components of the Lower Respiratory TractFigure 10.3

Functions:Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound productionTrachea: transports air to and from lungsBronchi: branch into lungsLungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchangeLower Respiratory Tract

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and AlveoliFigure 10.8A

Respiratory CycleFigure 10.9

Measurement of Lung CapacityFigure 10.10A

Regulation of BreathingFigure 10.13

Carotid and aortic bodies: sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levelsConscious control: resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath is limitedRegulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement

Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema, bronchitisInfections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulismLung cancerCongestive heart failureCystic fibrosisDisorders of Respiratory System

Breathing disordersOne breathing disorder: Asthma or BronchitisOne possible cause Prevention Treatment

Inspiration/Expiration: air in/air outCycle:Relaxed state: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxedInspiration: diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in airExpiration: muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of airProcess of Breathing: Pressure Gradient

Lung volumes and vital capacityTidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breathDead space volume: the air that remains in the airways and does not participate in gas exchangeVital capacity: the maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalationInspiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volumeMeasurement of Lung Function

Lung volumes and vital capacity (continued)Expiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volumeResidual volume: the amount of air remaining in the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expirationMeasurement: spirometerMeasurement of Lung Function (cont.)

Gases diffuse according to their partial pressuresExternal respiration: gases exchanged between air and bloodInternal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluidsOxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasmaCarbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonateGas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process

Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata: establishes basic breathing patternChemical receptors: monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levelsMedulla: sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in bloodRegulation of Breathing: Nervous System Involvement

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungsExternal respiration: gas exchange between air and bloodInternal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissuesCellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as wasteFour Respiration Processes