MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

RESPONSES & ADAPTATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVESKNOW THE DEFINITION OF A RESPONSE &

ADAPTATIONUNDERSTAND HOW EXERCISE AFFECTS

THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEMBE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE RESPONSES &

ADAPTATIONS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Anatomy (Structure) Of The Skeleton

The skeleton can be split into 2 sections

Section 1

The Axial Skeleton

Section 2

The Appendicular Skeleton

Functions of the skeleton1. SHAPE2. SUPPORT3. MOVEMENT4. PROTECTION5. BLOOD PRODUCTION

Joint Mobility

Is dependent upon;

• the structure of the joint

and

• the elasticity of the muscles

Joint Mobility, - types of joint

There are 3 types of joint

Fibrous JointsAllow no movement

Bones are joined by strong fibrous sutras

e.g. the bones that make up the cranium

Cartilaginous Joints.Allow a small amount of movement.

Bones are joined by a pad of cartilage that will absorb shock.

e.g. the bones within the vertebral column

Synovial JointsAllow an extensive range of movement

Different designs allow different types of movement

e.g. the elbow

JOINTSHOW MANY DIFFERENT SYNOVIAL JOINTS CAN

YOU NAME?CAN YOU GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH?

ANSWER:BALL & SOCKET – SHOULDER / HIPHINGE – ELBOW / KNEE / ANKLECONDYLOID – WRISTGLIDING – CARPALSPIVOT – ATLAS & AXIS (NECK)SADDLE - THUMB

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF MUSCLES

Muscle Fibre Types

Contract slowly Contract quicker Contract quickest

Are moderately powerful

Are quite powerful Are very powerful

Are small Are bigger Are the biggest

Have lots of mitochondria

Have fewer mitochondria

Have very few mitochondria

High myoglobin content

Moderate myoglobin content

Low myoglobin content

Resistant to fatigue Moderately resistent to fatigue

Easily fatigued

High capillary density High capillary density Low capillary density

High aerobic capacity / low anaerobic capacity

Relatively high aerobic & anaerobic capacity.

Low aerobic capacity / high anaerobic capacity

Low muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen.

higher muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen.

The highest muscle energy stores e.g. ATP, PC & muscle glycogen.

Slow Twitch Fast Twitch IIa Fast Twitch IIb

Responses (fibre recruitment, force production and metabolism)

What is a response?Ans; Short term temporary change.

Responses occur to facilitate an ease of function.i.e. exercise generates heat, heat encourages

increased synovial fluid = increased ROM

3 fibre typesIntensity level determines the fibre recruitment

type.

Effects of Exercise – Responses and adaptations of the body systems

Muscular-skeletal system

RESPONSES1. RANGE OF MOTION – HEAT 2. FLEXIBILITY – MUSCLE TEMPERATURE3. RECRUITMENT4. FORCE PRODUCTION5. METABOLISM

Adaptations (Increased fibre size, increased force production, increased metabolic energy supply.)

What is an adaptation?Ans; A long term, permanent change to the environment.Adaptations are dependent upon the

environment and so they will differ dependent upon the environment, i.e. anaerobic training will produce different adaptations to aerobic training.

Characteristics of the fibre types will be enhanced with appropriate training.

Effects of Exercise – Responses and adaptations of the body systems

Muscular-skeletal system

ADAPTATIONS1. BONE DENSITY – WEIGHT BEARING

EXERCISE2. SPECIFIC FIBRE ADAPTATIONS3. PAGE 52 – TABLE 3.1

HOMEWORKCREATE A TABLE TO LIST THE RESPONSES

AND ADAPTATIONS OF THE BODY SYSTEMS

FILL IT IN FOR THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCULO-SKELETAL

NEURO-MUSCULAR

RESPIRATORY

CIRCULATORY

RESPONSES

ADAPTATIONS