Review 8000BCE - 1914

Russia Czar Nicholas II Worker revolt throughout the empire

Displayed British superiority in E. Asia Constructed by a private company All iron gun boat

Trade imbalance established Result of the first Opium War Agreement that opened ports to the

Opium trade and gave Hong Kong to Britain

South Africa Fought against the Boers Shaka led this society

United States victorious White Man’s Burden Explosion on the USS Maine Cuba freed and US takes the Philippines Teddy Roosevelt is the hero

West Africa British idea Place for recaptives

Japan Mid-19th Century Commodore Matthew Perry Plan to industrialize and modernize

Urbanization Assembly line production Spread by railways British the first

Vast Multicultural and multilingual Limited transportation Limited warm water ports serfdom Slow to modernize Lack of modern weaponry

Plan of industrialized nations Expansion Colonization Ex. Scramble for Africa

Black Sea Russia started it Sick man of Europe in trouble French and British to the rescue Russia loses… lack rail lines and modern

military

New World British Colonies Enlightenment ideas French and Indian War (7 Years War) No taxation without representation! Liberty! Ended in 1783

France Changes Egypt and South Africa and

inspires revolution in Latin America 1799-1815 Emperor

European Caused labor shortage in New World Blisters on the skin Paved the way for Cortes and Pizarro

China Qing Called for the Boxer Rebellion

British in India Rule over India

Up and coming superpower of the 19th C Threw Europe out of Balance Otto Von Bismarck 1871

Cotton British protectionism S. Asian disunity Mechanization of British Labor S. Asians return to agriculture

Gain and control colonies Control of a commodity Silver or gold primarily Hoarding to prepare for conflict

South Africa After the Napoleonic wars Escape British Rule Boers traveling north

Men as hunters Men as traders and warriors Men as head of family Societal Structure

Yellow Indus Nile Where we find the earliest agricultural

societies

Sumer Babylonians In present day Iraq “between the rivers”

Fertile crescent goats Typically nomadic Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

Sumer Sparta Maya Political structure: independent cities that

had their own legal and social structure

Minoans Hittites Shang Ancient Egypt Age that predated the Iron Age

Ancient King of the Akkadians Law codes based on class

Carthage Sea People Alphabet

Connected Egypt to interior of Africa Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black Pharaohs

of Egypt” Lived south of Egypt and had key cities

such as Meroe People of the bow

Inhabited the Aegean Bronze Age civ Flush toilets Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's

from their capitol of Knossos on Crete

Spread of ideas Spread of diseases Spread of… well, everything Ex: Bantu language and culture spread

from W. Africa to all reaches of sub-Saharan Africa

Assyrians First to initiate were the Hittites An age that first started with the

Mycenaens Democratized metallurgy… but an age

Macedonian Father was Phillip II Educated by Aristotle Conquered Persia, but died and opened the

door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him)

Hellenized Persia Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean

Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East “Like Greece”

Before 600CE Empires with strong militaries and

centralized governments All defeated by peoples from the Asian

Steppe Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

Kingdom, Republic, Empire Italy City-state that grows to conquer most of

Western Europe and the Mediterranean Split in two Defeated by barbarians

Network on the Roman Lake Carthage and Rome attempt to control it Key reason for the spread of the Black

Death to Europe Ottoman’s and Venetians vie for control Battle of Lepanto was largely due to this

network

Rome vs Phoenicians… Phoenician Carthage, that is 2nd one found Romans running from

Hannibal and his elephants Third war Rome devastated Carthage

Adopted heir of Julius Caesar Octavian First emperor of Rome More stringent laws and focus on family

values Ushers in the Pax Romana

Ushered in by Augustus Roman Peace Empire had expanded enough to create

buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants

Greek city-state Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Early democracy Defeated the Persians at Marathon Eventually Persians burn this city to the

ground… but then rebuild it.

Persian vs. Greek Athenian victory Angers Persia Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army

in an attempt to defeat the Greeks

Founder may have met Alexander Power Vacuum left by Alexander may

have led to the rise of the Maurya

First peoples to settle Europe Settled a land called Gual Eventually will make their way North to

Ireland

Continuation of norms in China From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui

to Tang to Song… Probably the main reason that the fall of

Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China

Round and round she goes…

Dynasty constantly at war Spring and Autumn period (don’t be

fooled, kingdoms were warring) Warring States period (kingdoms banded

together to form states and kept on fighting)

Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times)

Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China)

Dynasty that followed Zhou

Strong centralized government Bureaucrats placed in high positions Strong military to defend their northern

frontiers Founded by Liu Bang Dynasty that followed the Qin Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by

some) led to their downfall

Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period

Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan

and Dravidian languages Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the

Caste system

India Reinforced by Hinduism… especially

reincarnation Rejected by Buddhism Class system

Earlier known as Byzantium City on the Bosporus First Roman Christian City Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of

Holy Wisdom) Taken by the Ottomans and renamed

Istanbul Founded by Constantine

Jew forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE).

Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean

Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East

Means dispersion

Split in Christianity East vs. West Question that caused the split: Who

should be head of the church? Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic

Looks Greek Starts in Constantinople Emperor is political and religious head Kiev takes on this form of Christianity,

which will continue East into Russia

Classical Empire India Theater State Defeated by White Huns

From the Asian Steppe Pastoral nomads Pushed German tribes into Europe Attila

During and after the fall of Rome People groups entering Europe at the end

of the Classical Age Changed the culture and structure of

Europe: from Latin to German

Americas (Mesoamerica) Mother Culture Big Heads Were-jaguars and sacrifices

Belief system in China The Way Harmony between humanity and nature Founded by Laozi

Roman Citizen Spread Christianity Successfully set up churches in

cosmopolitan Rome

Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou

Ideas embraced by the Qin Men need strict laws and strict leaders to

function well in society

Belief system with origin in the Middle East

Dualism Covenant between Hebrew people and

God Abraham is the patriarch

China Response to Warring States Period Social Harmony Created strict social hierarchy Examination system was based on these

ideals

India Polytheism Aryan origins Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian

beliefs along with the Vedas Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and

to S.E. Asia

Indian Origin Response to Caste System and

reincarnation Rejected by India Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia

and E. Asia Rejected by the Tang Dynasty Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

Middle Eastern Origin During the Roman Empire Paul and others spread this belief system

through the Eastern Mediterranean Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern

Orthodox and later Protestantism

Middle Eastern Origin Arabian Peninsula Mecca Founder: Muhammad Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and

Spain in the 7th and 8th Centuries Spreads across the Indian Ocean Acheh Sultanate

Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Roman Empire Justinian and Theodora Defeated the Muslims in 717 Influenced Kiev, then Russia Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror)

Eastern Roman Emperor Regained N. Africa and Rome Plague ravaged his Empire Wife was a former “dancer” He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy

taxation, ended in the slaughter of the rebel leaders)

Trade Network Becomes the most important trade

network in the 8th C. Engines of trade were India and China Trade entrepots found throughout Trade Diasporas Arabic becomes the dominant trade

language

Pastoralists Opened trade from E. to W. Extended the silk routes Allowed for diffusion of goods,

technologies and disease Conquered or controlled most of the

people in Eurasia Established the Yuan Dynasty Defeated by Japan…twice

Social hierarchy Middle Ages Europe 15th C. Japan knights=samurai Pyramid Structure Begins to die in Europe following the

Black Death

Language Trade language East African Coast

Began in China Weaponized by Song Utilized effectively by Mongols Brought to Europe by Mongols European enhancement in this gave them

an upper hand throughout the world Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur

China Capital Chang’an Tributary states Empress Wu (bodhisattva) Rejection of Buddhism After Sui, before Song

Empire in West Africa Means land of gold Captured by the Arabs Becomes predominantly Muslim

Followed Ghana West Africa Mansu Musa Great trade City: Timbuktu

Mahayana Buddhism Empress Wu of the Tang Buddhists who stay behind to help others

find nirvana

China Great manufacturing capacity Defeated by the Mongols Followed the Tang

Trade city Avoided the pitfalls of other European

cities during the “Dark Ages” Monopolized trade flowing into Europe Chief competitor was the Ottoman

Empire City in Italy (the armpit of Italy)

Dynasty in China Paper money Reunited China (once again) Strengthened the economy Founded by Kublai Mongol Dynasty in China

Created his empire in the Middle East Followed in the shadow of the Mongols Emerged from a “power vacuum” Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis Defeated the Delhi Sultanate Laid the groundwork for the Mughal

Empire Had a bad leg

China Defeated the Mongols Kicked out the Yuan Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on

huge treasure junks Defeated by the Manchu

Mexican people Migrated south to Lake Texcoco Chief god was huitzilopochtli Capital: Tenochtitlan Used chinampas for agriculture Blood sacrifices were a part of life Defeated by Cortes

India Followed the power vacuum left by the

Gupta Brought Islamic rule to India Initially brutal, but later benign Defeated by Timur

After the fall of Rome Trade and power shifts towards the

Middle East and Asia Indian ocean becomes most important

trade network

Rebirth …of Classical Age Muslims …Scholars in Baghdad save

Greco-Roman writings Florence, then North Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the

Medici

Traveler Moroccan Dar al Islam May have made it to the Chinese Court

(but probably not)

Northern Europe Raiders Reached height during the 9th C Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in

France and parts of present day UK Located and inhabited Iceland Found the Americas (Newfoundland) Eirik the Red

Diffusion Mongols and Caffa blamed Yersina Pestis It is the rat’s fault! 1/3 of Europe wiped out Gave peasants more power

Mongols Merchants could travel safely Wars on the Asian steppe halted Mongol Peace

Areas of Islam Home of Islam Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled