BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANODEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON

ADVANCE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL(CIV 833O)

 TOPICREVIEW OF ROAD NETWORK

BY 

EDE JAPHET KELECHISPS/15/MCE/00010

M.ENG – CIVIL ENGINEERING(HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION)

 LECTURER

Dr. H.M ALHASSAN

RVIEW OF ROAD NETWORK

IntroductionTransportation is important in the sense that it allows people to take part in human activities. With the increasing in population, the demand for transportation is increasing. A network can be defined as a set of linear features through which resources flow. A road network is the system of interconnected roads designed to accommodate wheeled road going vehicles and pedestrian traffic. An attempt has been made to define some basic concepts that are useful for public transport planners and decision makers when they want to create high quality public transport services in their region.

EXAMPLE OF ROAD NETWORK

DESIGN OF ROAD NETWORK Route Planning Planning with respect to road construction takes into account present and future

uses of the transportation system to assure maximum service with a minimum of financial and environmental cost. The main objective of this initial phase of road development is to establish specific goals and prescriptions for road network development along with the more general location needs.

Design Criteria Design criteria consist of a detailed list of considerations to be used in

negotiating a set of road standards. These include resource management objectives, environmental constraints, safety, physical environmental factors (such as topography, climate, and soils), traffic requirements, and traffic service levels

Design Elements A road design standard consists of such elements as the definitive lengths,

widths, and depths of individual segments (e.g., 4.3 meter traveled way, 0.6 meter shoulders, 3/4:1 cutslopes, 1 meter curve widening, 15 cm of crushed aggregate surfacing).

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD NETWORK A classification of networks is discussed by Laurini and Thompson (1992). They suggest there are

four main types:- 1. unoriented 2. oriented 3. unoriented with loops, and 4. oriented with loops. These are illustrated in the diagram below;

ROAD NETWORK CLASSIFICATION AND HIERARCHY

Road classification and hierarchy are dominant considerations in design of road network. Road hierarchy is a particular form of road classification in which each type has a ranked position with respect to whole set of types (Marshall, 2005). Road hierarchy has to do with the functional efficiency of traffic flow, safety, amenity and environmental quality of urban areas and road may be classified according to form by which a route might change along its length each time there was a change in some physical property. Classification may also be founded on some criterion such as “trip length”, population size, traffic flow, and those based on changes in the road network itself.

ROAD TYPES

1. Freeways.

2. Arterials.

3. Collectors.

4. Local roads.

Freeways. At the top of the hierarchy are limited access roads freeways or motorways, including most toll roads. These roads provide largely uninterrupted travel, often using partial or full access control, and are designed for high speeds.

Arterials. Arterials are major through roads that are expected to carry large volumes of traffic. Arterials are often divided into major and minor arterials, and rural and urban arterials. In some places there are large divided roads with few or no driveways that cannot be called freeways because they have occasional at-grade intersections with traffic lights that stop traffic (expressways in California, dual carriageways in Britain) or they are just too short (superarterials in Nevada).

Collectors. Collectors collect traffic from local roads, and distribute it to arterials. Traffic using a collector is usually going to or coming from somewhere nearby.

4 Local roads. At the bottom of the hierarchy are local streets and roads. These roads have the lowest speed limit, and carry low volumes of traffic. In some areas, these roads may be unpaved.

ASSESMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ROAD NETWORK ACCESSIBILITY There are many evaluation indicators proposed by researchers for assessment of road network

accessility. We use three evaluation indicators to establish our model: 1-Shortest Time Distance(STD). It refers to the total time that one node need to all other nodes in

the road network by the shortest time spending route. The lower STD value that a node has indicates that the node’s accessibility is higher. The model expression is:

In the formula,

Ai = the node accessibility value, its value may change from 0 (the self node) to +∞ (not connect node);

Aij = the least travel time from node i to node j; n is the total number of road network nodes

2-Weighted Average Travel Time(WATT). It is the weighted summation of the total time that a node needed to all other nodes in the road network by the shortest time spending route.The weight represents the importance of a node in the road network, it can be calculated by population density or economical indexes. The WATT value is mainly related to the node’s position in the road network. For example, the node in the central region usually has a smaller value. The model expression is:

In the formula,

Ai = the node accessibility value, its value may change from 0 (the self node)to +∞ (not connect node);

Tij = the least travel time from node i to node j; Mj is node j’s weight; n is the total number of road network nodes.

3-Accessibility index. It is a normalized index for the shortest travel time and the weighted average travel time. The formula is:

ROAD NETWORK CONTROL AND OPERATION

Traffic management measures are aimed at improving the safety and flow of traffic, reducing traffic emissions and utilising traffic artery capacity more effectively. Traffic management is used to curb demand for transport and affect the selection of the mode of transport, route, or the time of travel or transport. In particular, it is utilized during the first stages of the four-step principle applied in the development of traffic conditions. Traffic management comprises the following elements: traffic information, traffic control, incident management, demand management, driver support and monitoring, and fleet and transport management.

Services, Modes of Operation and Roles 6.1.1 Active Operation of the Traffic Network In traffic management, the key issue is taking care of traffic i.e. the travel and transport of

people and goods. The predictability and reliability of travel and transport in all conditions is the goal of active operation of the traffic network. Minimising and preventing the impacts of incidents play a central role. In active operation, tools include traffic control, traffic information and incident management. Awareness of the real-time status of the transport system is an important operational requirement.

Ensuring Safe MobilityThe securing of safe mobility is aimed at reducing the number of road fatalities and injuries, enhancing the overall level of safety and security, and improving compliance with traffic rules and regulations. Primary tools include safety related information services, traffic control, enforcement and in-vehicle driver support systems

Promoting Public Transport, Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic

Promoting public transport and pedestrian and bicycle traffic will improve the attractiveness of these modes, restrain growth in car traffic, combat climate change and improve the mobility of e.g. children and the elderly. Primary tools in doing so include demand management means, such as signal priorities for public transport, multimodal travel planning services, high-quality public transport information and, in the future, road use charges. Real-time Status of the Transport System

High-quality real-time data on the transport system status forms the essential basis of all traffic management services. This data shows both the current and the predicted short-term (15 min – 2 h) status of the transport system, such as incidents, road conditions, traffic flow and travel times. It also includes permanent or slowly changing information on the transport system and its properties (addresses, road numbers, minimum cross section widths, geometry, speed limits, access restrictions etc.).

Modes of OperationRoad traffic management services are divided into services for authorities and added value services. Services for authorities include traffic control, informing road users of traffic ability and safety risks on the road network, co-operation between authorities related to traffic incidents, and the related road management support services.

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