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Colonization• 3 types – Royal, Proprietary, and Charter
• New England: Religious influence of the Puritans – Plymouth settled by Pilgrims (many were Separatists) in 1620
-Mass. Bay – Puritans (but not Separatists) came in 1630 – over 15,000 came by 1640 – Great Migration
Rocks and Religion
• Chesapeake/Middle Atlantic: Economic influence in Jamestown – hardships-establishment of tobacco (Rolfe and Pocahontas) ensured survival-some religious influence
Sotweed and Slavery• Southern: Economic influence – rice, tobacco,
indigo, cotton-Caribbean influence-Restoration colonies
Sotweed and Slavery**both areas strongly influenced first by indentured
servant labor, then slavery
Puritans and Religion• “City Upon A Hill” (Boston)
-Mayflower Compact – majority rule
-Education (must read the Bible!)
-voting and ‘democracy’ – representative government
-Half-Way Covenant – allowed people to be Puritans even if they did not have a ‘conversion experience’ (church membership was waning)
*limits – not all men could vote and no women; persecution – witchcraft!
Puritans and Religion• Religion in Colonial America
-Great Awakening – colony wide movement in 1730s-1740s-response to Enlightenment’s influence – de-emphasized religion-Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield-New Lights vs. Old LightsNew: pro-GAOld: pro-Enlightenment
*challenged power of ministers*competition among new churches (i.e.: Baptists,
Presbyterians)*challenge to authority
Great Britain and the Colonies Pre-1756• Political Heritage
-Self-government – expansion of voting throughout the 1700s-colonial assemblies – taxation with representation
• Colonial Unity – pre-1756-New England Confederation (1640s)-Albany Plan of Union (failed)-diverse society shared a national character characterized by political tradition of an English majority, free speech, free press (Zenger Case), elections, religious tolerance, and an occasional spirit of rebellion (Bacon)
GB and the Colonies – Pre 1756• Mercantilism
Salutary Neglect vs. Navigation Acts
-British established rules but ignored them since it was good for business
British did maintain some control:
2 of 13 Govs. elected but assemblies maintained the “power of the purse”
Colonial Institutions• Role of Slavery (and Indentured Servants)
-Ind. Servants tried to fill demand for labor but slavery eventually took over-Ind. Servants fazed out after Bacon’s Rebellion
• Colonial Autonomy-Economic: shipbuilding, home industries, agriculture, some professions-Religious: MD toleration Act (Catholics protected), PA – religious tolerance-Political: distance from GB, Freedoms, unique “American” identity developed
The American Revolution• Causes and Change in Policy
-Role of French and Indian War and Proc. of 1763
-1764: Sugar Act and Quartering Act
-1765: Stamp Act – internal, virtual vs. actual, Protest – Stamp Act Congress, repealed (Declaratory Act)
-1767: Townshend Acts – external on goods, boycotts, repealed (except tea tax)
The American Revolution-1770: Boston Massacre – creates unity –
Committees of Correspondence, cooling off period
-1773: Tea Act – actually lowered cost of tea to save British East India Co., Tea Party – viewed as overboard by many but led to unity because of…
-Coercive/Intolerable Acts – Boston closed, military rule in Mass. Quartering Act, Quebec Act, Unity!!!, 1st Continental Congress – boycotts and militias
Was the Revolution revolutionary?• Evolution: democracy and freedoms
existed long before 1770s-forces had been gathering for years and were simply carried out (Conservative view)
• Revolution: American society radically altered, new nation formed, equality stressed (state constitutions, B of R), Rev. lasted until the 1830s (War of 1812, Jacksonian Democracy – expansion of voting rights)
Articles of Confederation and Constitution
• Critical Period:
Successes of Articles: Ordinance of 1785, NW Ordinance (1787) and Treaty of Paris (1783)
Failures: Economic issues, weaknesses of central government (no taxation, 1 branch, no uniform currency), Shays’ Rebellion – economic struggles
Constitution• Areas of Disagreement:
-Large states vs. Small states
-Slave states vs. Free states
-Strong state gov’t vs. Strong Fed. Gov’t
Compromises!
• Ratification:
-Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
-Compromise
Domestic Issues of the 1790s• Parties develop:
-Ratification debate
-Federalists:
-Democratic-Republicans:
• Hamilton’s Financial Plan:
-Gov’t assumes debts of states
-Tariff and Whiskey Tax
-National Bank – controversial!!
Domestic Issues of the 1790s• Elections of 1796 and 1800
-peaceful transition in power
-Revolution of 1800
• Liberty vs. Order
-Bill of Rights
-Whiskey Rebellion
Foreign Policy of the 1790s• Influence on Domestic Issues:
-French Rev. divides a dividing country-Jay’s Treaty -Pinckney’s Treaty
• Isolationists:-Proc. of Neutrality and Farewell Address-Adams and the XYZ Affair
-Alien and Sedition Acts and VA-KY Resolutions
Jefferson and Marshall
• Liberty (TJ):
-suspended Alien and Sedition Acts
-reduced size of army and navy
-canceled Whiskey Tax• Order:
-TJ – purchased LA, kept bank, Embargo Act
-Marshall – supreme court cases – strengthened power of the Federal Government
Era of Good Feelings• Political Parties: one party politics –
Federalists dead from War of 1812
• Cultural Nationalism: anthem, art and literature
• Economic Nationalism: American System and War of 1812 spurred growth of American business (Lowell System, Slater)
Jacksonian Democracy• Political Changes: expansion of suffrage,
nominating conventions (Anti-Masons)
• Elections of 1824 and 1828:
-1824: “Corrupt Bargain”
-1828: first national campaign – Jackson’s coalition