Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH Review_Unit 2 Biochemistry Basic Chemistry 1. What is an element? A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller particles. 2. What are atoms? The smallest part of an element that still maintains all the characteristics of that element. The basic building blocks of all matter. 3. What 3 sub-particles make up an atom? Neutron Proton Electron 4. Where is a neutron found in an atom? In the nucleus 5. What is the charge of a neutron? It does not have a charge 6. Where is a proton found in an atom? In the nucleus 7. What is the charge of a proton? It is positively charged 8. Where is an electron found in an atom? Orbiting the nucleus 9. What is the charge of an electron? It is negatively charged
1. What is an element? A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller particles.
2. What are atoms? The smallest part of an element that still maintains all the characteristics of that element. The basic building blocks of all matter.
3. What 3 sub-particles make up an atom? Neutron Proton Electron
4. Where is a neutron found in an atom?
In the nucleus
5. What is the charge of a neutron? It does not have a charge
6. Where is a proton found in an atom? In the nucleus
7. What is the charge of a proton? It is positively charged
8. Where is an electron found in an atom? Orbiting the nucleus
9. What is the charge of an electron? It is negatively charged
10. The region around a nucleus that electrons travel in is called an:
Energy Level
11. T or F Atoms like to have their outer most energy levels FULL.
12. Fill in the total possible # of electrons for each energy level:
Energy Level # of Electrons
1 2
2 8
3 18
13. What are Isotopes? Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
14. Isotopes are referred to in terms of the combined total of: Protons and Neutrons
15. Define chemical compound: A substance that is composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined
16. T or F Chemical compounds have new emergent properties not found in the
individual elements.
17. List 2 common types of chemical bonds? What happens to the electrons in each chemical bond type?
Covalent Bonds (The atoms share electrons) Ionic Bonds (The bond between atoms is formed by gaining or losing electrons)
18. Define Molecule: Atoms that are held together by covalent bonds and have no overall charge
19. Define Ion: Charged products of a chemical reaction that results from an ionic bond An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons
38. Write out the name for each element symbol below:
Element Symbol
Element Name
C Carbon
H Hydrogen
O Oxygen
N Nitrogen
P Phosphate
Carbohydrates 39. What are the elements found in carbohydrates? In what ratio do they occur?
CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio
40. Name two categories of simple carbohydrates. Give examples of each: 1. monosaccharides Example: Glucose Molecule 2. disaccharides Example: Sucrose Molecule made up of one glucose molecule and one
fructose molecule
41. Name the category for complex carbohydrates. Give 3 examples of complex carbohydrates and the use of each.
polysaccharide
Polysaccharide Examples:
Starch is produced by most green plants as an energy store.
Cellulose is composed of glucose monomers and is the main constituent of the cell
walls of plants.
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in the liver and
muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells. Glycogen is sometimes referred to as "animal starch."
42. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called? monosaccharides
43. Do carbohydrates have polymers? Yes
44. If yes, what is the polymer of carboydrates called? polysaccharides
45. What main function do carbohydrates provide for living organisms? provides a quick energy source for living organisms Provides structure for plants
46. List 3 common carbohydrates: 1. sugar 2. potatoes 3. bread
47. T or F Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides
Lipids 48. What main elements arebfound in lipids?
CHO very few Oxygen
49. Name two categories of fats. Give examples of each: 1. saturated butter shortening 2. unsaturated olive oil vegetable oil
50. What does it mean to be a saturated fat?
Carbon forms a single bond with other elements in the fatty acid chain.
51. What does it mean to be an unsaturated fat? Carbon forms double bonds in the fatty acid chain
52. Sketch a saturated fat molecule and an unsaturated fat molecule:
53. What is the monomer for lipids called? Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Chain
54. Do lipids have polymers? No
55. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a lipid? Lipids do not have polymer.
56. What main function do lipids provide for living organisms? Lipids provide long-term storage of energy Lipids are steroids such as cholesterol Lipids help protect against drying out. Lipids help insulating against cold. Lipid help absorb shocks. Lipids regulate cell activities by hormone actions. Cell membranes are composed of lipids Organelle membranes are composed of lipids
63. What main functions do proteins provide for living organisms (list at least 5 functions)?
1. Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in organisms
2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and thentransport carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to the lungs.
3. Collagen is the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding
gelatin when boiled.
4. Keratin – is a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
5. Insulin - helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia)
6. Histones - are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation.
7. Antibodies are also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), are large, Y-shaped proteins produced mainly by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
8. Forms bone, muscles, cell markers….
64. T or F Proteins are very divers in function and shape
65. T or F Proteins have 4 categories of shapes/structures based on complexity
(primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures)
Nucleic Acids 67. What are the elements found in Nucleic Acids?
CHONP
68. What is the monomer for Nucleic Acids called?
Nucleotide
69. Sketch the structure of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts (Nitrogen Base, Phosphate Group & Sugar)
70. Do nucleic acids have polymers?
Yes
71. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a nucleic acid?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)
72. What main functions do nucleic acids provide for living organisms?
Stores instructions for designing life and making proteins, Stores hereditary information to be passed on to future generations Directs all cell activities
73. T or F Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides.
91. Define Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions
92. Define Substrate: Molecule that enzymes work on; the reactant of the chemical reaction
93. Define Enzyme-substrate complex: Enzyme & molecule temporarily joined
94. Define Active site: Part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into like a lock and key. The active site acts as the lock and the substrate/reactant acts as the key.
95. List 4 FACTORS that can affect an ENZYME’S FUNCTION? 1. Concentration of Substrate 2. Concentration of Enzymes 3. Temperature 4. pH (acids & bases) 5. Enzyme Shape
106. T or F Adhesion causes WATER DROPLETS to form
107. T or F Adhesion causes H2O molecules to hold to XYLEM TUBES in plants
combined with the cohesive property of water it causes the H2O molecues to move upward
108. T or F Water is less dense as a solid
109. T or F When water freezes it forms crystal-like bonds that puts the
molecules at fixed distances from each other.
110. T or F The fixed distance in frozen water molecules is further apart than the
hydrogen bonds that pull liquid water molecules together.
111. T or F Floating ice insulates lakes so organisms can stay alive during extreme
cold weather.
Note: HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is the energy that must be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. For water it is (540 Cal/g)
112. T or F Heat of Vaporization/evaporation is measured by the amount of heat
energy needed to change 1g of 100oC boiling water to 100oC steam
113. T or F Water has a high heat of vaporization/evaporation
114. T or F Produces EVAPORATIVE COOLING from your body surface as you
sweat
115. T or F Water dissolves more substances than any other known substance
