UNIT 3: Biochemistry
BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist
Organic Molecules
• Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon
• Carbon can form 4 bondswith atoms of other elements as well as with itself
– Can form chains, branches and rings– Enormous variety of molecule shapes
Organic Molecules
• C can also share pairs of electrons
• Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules
Organic Molecules
• Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule)
• Dehydration synthesis builds polymer
• Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down
What is dehydration synthesis?
• Dehydration= remove water
• Synthesis= putting it together
• Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide
Hydrolysis
• Opposite of dehydration synthesis• Separating disaccharide into two
monosaccharide by adding water• Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose
Example
• Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water
Classes of Organic Molecules
Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates• Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms in the ratio 1C: 2H :1O
Functions: • Major source of energy• Some are also used for structural
support• Building block of a carb is a
monosaccaride (simple sugar)
Carbohydrates• “single sugar,” building blocks– ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are
isomers
• Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula
Carbohydrates• Many carbs are disaccarides( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis)
• ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose)• Sucrose is table sugar• Lactose is milk sugar
Carbohydrates• Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long
branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as –short-term storage of energy
• Starch: plants• Glycogen: animals• Cellulose: structural support in plants
(wood)
Why are Carbs Important?Why are Carbs Important?
• Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis
LipidsLipids
• Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O.
• Functions: •Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids• fats, oils, and waxes.
Lipids
Lipids• Made up of fatty acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids- Glycerol Structure
Lipids-Fatty acids
• long carbon chains, with a group at one end.
straightcarboxyl
Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid
• contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms.
• _________ at room temperature, for example ____________.
single
Solidbutter
Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
• contains at least one ________ bond between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ________.
doubleLiquid
oil
– ________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.
–Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride).
dehydration
Lipids
• Trigylcerides (fats)-– energy storage– 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol
• Phospholipids-2• Waxes• Steroids
Cholesterol: Good or Bad?The Good News:a.Essential compound in making
animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D.
The Bad Newsb.Can build-up in arteries and cause
heart attacks and strokes
PROTEINSPROTEINS
III. Proteins:
composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, O, N, and S atoms
amino acids
A. Amino acids:
1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.
20
2. Draw
3. Amino acids are linked
through the dehydration
reaction by ____________ to form
____________.
peptide bonds
polypeptides
4. Amino acids can be polar,
non-polar, charged or
uncharged. This affects the
________ of the protein.structure
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
Helix
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
2. Pleated Sheets
Pleated Sheets
B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
1. Helixes or coils
2. Pleated Sheets
3. Globular
Globular Protein
C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as :
1.Temperature
2.pH
structure
D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.
D. Functions
1. Provide ________________ and ________________. Example: keratin and collagen
2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes
chemical
building materialstructural support
D. Functions
3.Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin
4.Fight against _______: antibodies
cells
disease
IV. Nucleic Acids
composed of a chain of ___________________. nucleotides
A. Nucleotide
a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases
1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Guanine (G)
B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________.
a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: • A and T• G and C
proteins
C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins.
a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine