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REVOLUTION – 1970’s - PRESENT
• FROM • PSYCHOLOGICAL• PERSONALITY• EARLY LIFE• PSYCHOTHERAPY
• TO • BIOLOGICAL• DISEASE• BRAIN• MEDICATION
HISTORY
• DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN
• MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL HOSPITALS (1900 - 1970)
UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970
• LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN
• RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
• DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN IN 1970s
• NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET)
• MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY
• INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE
• DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT
• CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL
DSM-III (1980)
• REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II
• ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL
• SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES
• NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL
CAUSES
• BRAIN DISORDERS
• OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES
• EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS
• CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN
EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC
• PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1%
• UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4%
• ONE PARENT 6%
• FULL SIBLING 10%
• DZ 6-15%
• MZ 30-40%
BASIC PROBLEM
• FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC.
• HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES?
• TWO MAJOR WAYS
• ADOPTION STUDIES, TWIN STUDIES
ADOPTION STUDIES
• GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET
• NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS
• COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP
DESIGN
A
BORN
MI
RAISED
NATURAL
B
BORN
MI
RAISED
FOSTER
C
BORN
~ MI
RAISED
FOSTER
D
RATE OF MI IN GENERAL
POP.
HESTON STUDY
• 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH
• CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH
HESTON (CONT.)
• 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ.
• 0% OF CONTROL GROUP
• OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)
ALCOHOL AND ADOPTION
• GOODWIN – DENMARK• CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY
NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS• FOR MALES, FIND RATES OF ALCOHOLISM
AS ADULTS COMPARABLY HIGH FOR CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS
• INDICATES GENETIC INFLUENCES
GOODWIN (CONT.)
• FOR FEMALES, DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLIC PARENTS DO NOT HAVE MORE ALCOHOLISM WHEN RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS THAN OTHERS
• DOES NOT INDICATE GENETIC CAUSES
OTHER ILLNESSES
• DEPRESSION
• RATES IN ADOPTEES OFTEN RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS
• INDICATES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAN GENETIC INFLUENCES
COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS
• MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES
• DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES
• RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC.
• CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES
DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ.
• SIBLINGS 10%
• DZ 6-15%
• MZ 30-40%
• OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ
LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES
• MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100%
• ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE?
• EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC
• PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS
NEURONS
NEUROCHEMISTRY
• NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO
• SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS
• RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS
NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.)
• MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM
• MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS
• TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS
• SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES
• DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA
• NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY