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Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824)Louis XVI’s brother
Constitutional MonarchyRestored some aspects of
Old RegimeCatholicism reinstated as
State ReligionRecognized Napoleonic
Civil Code as lawFreedom of ReligionFreedom of the Press
Charter of 1814 Assembly [2 House Legislature]
Chamber of Deputies (elected)Chamber of Peers (appointed)
Opposition to Louis XVIIIULTRA - ROYALISTS
"ULTRAS"✘The “White Terror”✘They supported Bourbons but felt Louis XVIII was not a “true” King
✘Led by Count of Artois, the King’s Brother✘1820 – Ultras were elected into the Chamber of Deputies✘Placed restrictions on civil liberties
❇Louis XVIII died in 1824❇Count of Artois, Charles
X took the Throne❇“had learned nothing
and forgotten nothing”❇Goal: To Restore the Old
Regime❇Took away civil
liberties
✘Liberals✘Merchants and manufacturers✘Napoleonic Soldiers✘Those who romanticized Napoleon’s Memory✘Romantic Writers – Victor Hugo
July 26, 1830 – Charles X passed 4 Ordinances
1. Dissolved Chamber of Deputies2. Revoked the vote from ¾ of the electorate3. Called for new elections4. Muzzled the Press
ABANDONED THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CHARTER OF 1814
July 27-29, 1830✘Demonstrations against Charles X✘Artisans✘Trades people✘August 2, 1830 Charles abdicates
JULY MONARCHY✥Tri-color replaced the
white flag of the Bourbons
✥Accepted a revised version of the Charter of 1814
✥Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion
✥High tariffs Duke of Orleans
“Gargantua”, Daumier, 1831
The fat king sits in front of the National Assembly on a large commode. A huge plank comes out of his mouth on which rewards travel down to the eager officials beneath. Standing around his small, cripples legs are tattered workers and starving mothers who drop coins into the baskets on ministers.
Past Present Future, 1834Daumier
☠1835 – survived an assassination attempt☠1839 – survived a plot to overthrow him☠1840 survived another attempt on his life
✘No Monarchical legitimacy
✘No popular sovereignty
✘So it was caught between republicans and legitimatists.
LOUIS-PHILLIPE I’s MAJOR ISSUES
FEBRUARY 22, 1848✘A Banquet, organized in
opposition to:✘Louis-Phillipe✘Francois Guizot (chief
minister)✘Riots broke out✘40 people were killed
✘Guizot is dismissed✘Louis-Phillipe abdicated
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
Universal Manhood SuffrageAbolished slavery in French Colonies
Attempted to placate all political groupsModerate RepublicansLegitimistsLouis NapoleonSocialists
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT