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•  First,reinforceanyresponsethatinsomewayresemblesthetargetbehavior

•  Thenreinforcearesponsethatmorecloselyapproximatesthetargetbehavior(nolongerreinforcingthepreviouslyreinforcedresponse).

•  Thenreinforcearesponsethatresemblesthetargetbehaviorevenmoreclosely

•  Con?nuereinforcingcloserandcloserapproxima?onstothetargetbehavior

•  Finally,reinforceonlythetargetbehavior

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Schedules of IntermittentReinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent

Interval Ratio

Fixed Variable Fixed Variable

FixedInterval

VariableInterval

FixedRatio

VariableRatio

Reinforcementa-ersetperiodof1meExamples•  WeeklyQuiz•  Preparingforclasstostarteveryday•  ShoppingforHolidayorBirthdaygiIs•  Praisingahyperac?vechildevery15minutesforappropriateclassroombehavior

•  FeedingyourpetseverymorningResponseRate•  Increasesas?meforreinforcementapproaches,thendropsoffaIerreinforcement

Reinforcementa-ervaryinglengthsof1meExamples•  PopQuizzes•  Tellingstudentsthattheirprojectsthattheyareworkingonwillbegradedin“afewdays”

•  Apigeonbeingreinforcedonarandom?mebasisforpeckingatapanelthatlightsup

•  Givingyourstudentstokensforbeingontaskatdifferent?mesduringtheday

ResponseRate•  Slow,steadyrateofresponding;veryliUlepauseaIerreinforcement

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Reinforcementa-ersetnumberofresponsesExamples Payingworkers$50foreverycartheypaint Givingapizzacouponforeverythirdbookread Givingastrugglingspellercomputer?meforevery10newwordsspelledcorrectly

 ReceivinganadvancedcoloredbeltinkarateaIermee?ngtherequirementsateachstage

 Receivingrecogni?onpinsforwri?ngyour5th,10th,&25thessays

ResponseRateRapidresponserate;pauseaIerreinforcement

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•  Rewardsmustbejudgedonwhethertheyleadtolas?ngchangeaIertherewardhasceased

•  Rewardsusuallyimproveperformanceatextremelysimpletasks,andeventhentheyimproveonlyquan?ta?veperformance

•  Rewardswillmostlikelyfailoninteres?ngorcrea?vetasks

•  Rewardsareusedtocontrolormanipulatepeople

•  Rewardsdiscouragerisk‐taking

•  Praise,ifusedcorrectly,canincreaseintrinsicmo?va?onbybeinginforma?onal

•  Giveunexpectedrewards•  Avoidtangiblerewardsforsomethingthestudentalreadyfindsinteres?ng

•  Rewardsmaydecreaseintrinsicmo?va?onwhengivenforsimplyengaginginanac?vity.Rewardsshouldbecon?ngentuponmee?ngastandardoradvancedlevelofperformance

• Whenini?alinterestinataskislowrewardsmayincreaseacademicengagement

•  Rewardsmaysquelchrisk‐takingifusedimproperly

•  Decreasesinintrinsicmo?va?onarehighwhenrewardsarehighlysalient