PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL

“A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SELECTED

EYE DISORDERS AMONG GERIATRICS IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS

AT TUMKUR”.

SUBMITTED BY:

Mr.MITHUN K.S

FIRST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING.

SRI RAMANAMAHARSHI COLLEGE OFNURSING,

TUMKUR.

(2011-2013)

1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BANGALORE,

KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTAION.

1.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

AND ADDRESS. Mr. MITHUN K.S

FIRST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,

SRI RAMANAMAHARSHI COLLEGE OF

NURSING, TUMKUR.-572106,

KARNATAKA.

2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION. SRI RAMANAMAHARSHI COLLEGE OF

NURSING, TUMKUR-572106,

KARNATAKA.

3. COURSE OF STUDY AND

SUBJECT.

FIRST YEAR M.SC NURSING

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING.

4. DATE OF ADMISSION TO

COURSE. 15-07-2011

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC. “EFFECTIVENESS OF

STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE

REGARDING SELECTED EYE

DISORDERS AMONG GERIATRICS

IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS AT

TUMKUR”

2

INTRODUCTION

“The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend”

Robertson davies.

As defined by world health organization (WHO), it is a "state of complete physical,

mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health is

a dynamic condition resulting from a body's constant adjustment and adaptation in response to

stresses and changes in the environment for maintaining an inner equilibrium called

homeostasis.1

When a person gets old, there may be various health problems that can occur. The

problems are due to the changes that occur in the body when a person gets old. Read on to find

the various changes that occur in old age, so eye disorder is one of the major problem in the

world.2

Eye disorders!! .Any abnormalities or unusual things that happen in any parts of the

eye. These unusual things can be in color, shape, size, functions, sensations or position of the

eye. The various common major eye disorders like cataract, glaucoma, blindness these diseases

are more common in old age peoples.3

Vision loss among the elderly is a major health care problem. Approximately one

person in three has some form of vision-reducing eye disease by the age of 65. The most

common causes of vision loss among the elderly are age-related macular degeneration,

glaucoma, cataract and diabetic retinopathy. Age-related macular degeneration is characterized

by the loss of central vision. Primary open-angle glaucoma results in optic nerve damage and

visual field loss.4

Population in the united-states is increasing rapidly. By the year 2030, approximately 70

million American’s will be over 65 years of age. Loss of vision among the elderly is a major

health care problem: approximately one in three elderly persons has some form of vision-

reducing eye disease by the age of 65Vision impairment is associated with a decreased ability

to perform activities of daily living and an increased risk for depression. This article reviews

3

the four most common causes of vision impairment in the elderly: age-related macular

degeneration, glaucoma, cataract and diabetic retinopathy.4

Blindness is an important symptom of many eye disorders. Lopez and Murray have

estimated the load of blindness as 23million for the world and 9 million for India comprising

the three major disorders namely cataract, glaucoma and trachoma. The Disability Adjusted

Life Years(DALYS) for the major eye disorders has been estimated at 27 million for the world

and 7 million for India. Blindness is one of the major health problem especially in developing

countries like India where it leads to loss of many man hours. ICMR in the past decades has

carried out numerous studies on the prevalence, epidemiology and treatment of various causes

of blindness in the country.6

Cataract is a common cause of vision impairment in the elderly and the most common

cause of blindness worldwide. In the united states, the potentially blinding effect of cataract

among the elderly is dramatically reduced because cataract surgery is readily available,

effective and safe. The prevalence of cataract increases with age from less than 5 percent in

persons under 65 years of age to approximately 50 percent in those 75 years of age and

older. Exposure to ultraviolet light may contribute to the progression of cataract formation. .

Patients with visually significant cataracts may complain of blurred vision or glare. Cataract

progression is typically slow, with gradual loss of vision over months to years.4

Glaucoma comprises a group of disorders characterized by glaucomatous optic nerve

damage and visual field loss. It is a significant cause of blindness in the United States and is the

most common cause of blindness among black Americans. Primary open-angle glaucoma is

responsible for approximately 10 percent of cases of blindness in the United States. Primary

open-angle glaucoma affects men and women equally. Common factors associated with

primary open-angle glaucoma include a family history of glaucoma, increasing age, high

degree of myopia, hypertension and diabetes. open-angle glaucoma is a chronic, slowly

progressive disorder. Persons with primary open-angle glaucoma Primary are generally

asymptomatic until late in the course of the disease, after suffering significant visual field

loss.4Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of loss of vision in people

over 65 years of age. AMD is characterized by degeneration of the macula, the area of the

4

retina responsible for central vision . Risk factors for AMD include advancing age, family

history of AMD and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and cigarette smoking.

AMD can be divided into two categories: nonexudative (or “dry”) AMD and exudative.4

Approximately 90 percent of persons with AMD have the nonexudative form of the

disease. Nonexudative AMD is the most common form of AMD, although it accounts for only

10 to 20 percent of cases of severe loss of vision in patients with AMD. Types of nonexudative

AMD include drusen and geographic atrophy. When most people try to imagine being blind,

their only point of reference is what they see with their eyes closed: nothing. The only

understanding of blindness that most sighted people have, therefore, is that blindness means the

absence of sight.4

Most blind people have at least a small amount of vision. In fact, many people who are

classified as legally blind have enough vision to read some print and to navigate with some ease

in the environment. In many ways blindness is like an older person's hearing impairment. The

blind person may be able to see things and sometimes see them well, but other things may not

be seen clearly or at all. The condition which caused the blindness may be progressive and

cause the person to lose more and more vision.4

Most people experience grief as they lose their vision. However, as the grief is very

different when blindness is all you've known-or when you assumed that you were blind and

then experience vision loss and don't understand why it hurts. The "blindness community's"

response to vision loss typically is to blindfold a person who is partially sighted, force the

acceptance of blindness by disallowing the use of any residual vision. It's completely

discounting something that is just as much a part of what the person can do as the limitations

are. The person then magnifies limitations and feels those judgmental things when she

acknowledges her abilities. She has learned that she is "blind" and acknowledging abilities

equals failure to "accept" blindness.4

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

5

The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of

physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as

the“healthtriangle”Greek roots ophthalmos meaning eye and logos meaning word, thought, or d

iscourse;ophthalmology.literally means "the science of eyes".5

Most of us will experience temporary eye problems from time to time, including

itching, blurriness or fatigue. Most of these eye problems are short-lived and will probably go

away on their own with no complications. However, sudden eye problems and those that last

for more than a couple of days should be checked by an eye doctor. The following is a list of

common eye problems and their possible causes.5

There are an estimated 45 million blind people and 135 million visually impaired

people worldwide (World Health Organization. Global initiative for the prevention of avoidable

blindness. WHO/PBL/97.61. Geneva: WHO, 1997  Every 5 seconds one person in our world

goes blind.     Every minute one child goes blind. 75 million people will be blind by

2020).  45 million people in the world are blind.135 million people in the world are visually

impaired.90% of the world’s blind people live in developing countries. 33.3 million of the

world’s blind people live in developing countries.More than half of the world’s blind live in

India (9 million), Africa (7 million) China (6 million)  and Arab region (7 million).5–10

times are people who live in the developing world more likely to go blind the people who live

in highly industrialized countries.6

                                       

6

"More well trained professional optometrists will immensely help India as it will give

us time to concentrate on surgery, our primary specialization. Anyway India has just one eye

surgeon per 100,000 people. At present, patients come to us even for eye power check-up. The

government also needs to standardize optometric education to maintain quality," he says, The

main causes of blindness in India are as follows: - Cataract (62.60%) Refractive Error (19.70%)

Corneal Blindness (0.90%), Glaucoma (5.80%), Surgical Complications (1.20%) Posterior

Capsular Opacification (0.90%) Posterior Segment Disorder (4.70%) and Others (4.19%). The

estimated national prevalence of childhood blindness /low vision is 0.80 per thousand.The main

causes of blindness in India are as follows: - Cataract (62.60%) Refractive Error (19.70%)

Corneal Blindness (0.90%), Glaucoma (5.80%), Surgical Complications (1.20%) Posterior

Capsular Opacification (0.90%) Posterior Segment Disorder (4.70%) and Others (4.19%). The

estimated national prevalence of childhood blindness /low vision is 0.80 per thousand.6

According to Ajeet Bhardwaj, outgoing president of the Asia Pacific Optometrists

Organization, India has 12,000 ophthalmologists who have no time to conduct blindness-

preventing surgeries because they are flooded with general eye check-up of patients."For India,

it is vital that ophthalmologists focus on surgeries and optometrists take charge of primary eye

care refractive errors like presbyopia, contact lenses, low-vision aids and vision therapies. This

is how most developed countries managed to control and eliminate avoidable blindness,"

Bhardwaj says.7

Bhardwaj says 153 million people in the country require reading glasses but do not have

access to them. Optometrists are eye physicians concerned with vision care, eye diseases and

prescribe eyeglasses, contact lenses and medications to treat eye disorders.7

7

An article was published, the statistical data related to previllance of eye disorders

worldwide, according to that

285 million people are visually impaired worldwide: 39 million are blind and 246 have

low vision.

About 90% of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries.

Globally, uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of visual impairment;

cataracts remain the leading cause of blindness in middle- and low-income countries.

The number of people visually impaired from infectious diseases has greatly reduced in

the last 20 years.

80% of all visual impairment can be avoided or cured.7

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of preventable blindness in India. It is also the

leading cause of irreversible blindness in the country.  it has been estimated that approximately

12 million Indians will be affected by the year 2010.  with a rapidly growing ageing population,

this figure will increase to 16 million by 2020.8

Above statistical data and from research studies and from the investigation personal

experience investigation felt the necessity to teach the old age people regarding eye disorders.8

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The purpose of review of literature is to obtain comprehensive knowledge base of Geriatrics

age in rural population.

8

The review of literature is presented in the following sub headings:-

1) Studies on cataract.

2) Studies on glaucoma.

3) Studies on blindness.

4) Studies on assist knowledge of regarding eye disorders in geriatrics.

5) Studies related to structured teaching programme.

1) Studies related to cataract.

This was supported by a study conducted by Lau JT, et al.(2002) with the aimon

knowledge about cataract in the hongkong chinese population. Subjects aged 40 and

above in the shatin district of hongkong were randomly selected as part of a larger study

of causes of adult visual loss. The subjects received eye examinations in which the

primary cause of visual disability was recorded. The respondents were asked by trained

interviewers in a standardized fashion about their knowledge of cataract. Out of the

2538 eyes examined, 7.0% had visual acuity less then 6/18. Fully 69.6% of the visual

disability for those aged 60 or above was caused by cataract. Awareness of cataract in

particular was high, in that over 90% of respondents had heard of it. However, only

22.9% of them could describe cataract symptoms correctly. Over 40% of subjects did

not know that surgery was an appropriate treatment for cataract.9

This was supported by a study conducted by Rajesh sinha, et al.(2009) with the aim on

the prevalence of cataract was carried out in urban and rural field practice areas of the

department of preventive and social medicine,I.G. medical college Shimla. All the

persons aged 60 years and above were included in the survey, which was covered.

There were 465 aged persons in the study population, of which only 406 could be

examined. Senile cataract was present in 140 persons, thus the prevalence rate was

34.48%. the prevalence was higher in females and in the rural area. Incident nuclear 9

cataract occurred in 13.1% cortical cataract in 8.0%, and posterior sub capsular cataract

in 3.4% of rights eyes. The cumulative incidence of nuclear cataract in right eyes

increased form 2.9% in persons aged 43 to 54 years at baseline to 40.0% in those aged

75 years or older. For cortical and posterior sub capsular cataract, the corresponding

values were 1.9% and 21.8% and 1.4% and 7.3%, respectively. Women were more

likely than men to have nuclear cataract even after adjusting for age.10

This was supported by a study conducted by Limburg H, et al.(1998) with the aim was

conducted on incidence of cataract carried out in Karnataka in persons 50 years of age

and older in 19 districts of Karnataka state, India. Presentation of the results of rapid

assessments of bilateral cataract blindness in persons 50 years of age and older in 19

districts of Karanataka state, India. A total of 21,950 persons 50 years of age and older

in 19 out of 20 districts were examined. In each district, 15 clusters were randomly

selected and in each cluster systematic Random cluster sampling was used.it was found

that the prevalence in females was higher than in males. Cataract surgical coverage, an

indicators for coverage and service utilization, varied from 42% to 68% in different

districts. On average, males had a higher coverage than females. Of all aphakic eyes in

the sample, 26.4% could not see 6/60. Barriers to cataract surgery are linked to service

providers. It was concluded that rapid assessments for cataract blindness in persons

aged 50 years and older can be conducted at district level in India with existing

resources and at affordable costs. The results suggest an increase in cataract surgery

requires a shifts in health education strategy and massages. The large variation in

prevalence justifies district-level surveys.11

2) Studies related to glaucoma

This was supported by a study conducted with the aim was conducted byPan Yet

al(2011).research finding were published in an article according to that, Glaucoma is a

major eye problem afflicting millions of people worldwide. As the population increases,

the number of people with glaucoma also increases, with glaucoma becoming an

increasing public health concern. That paper presents the natural history of open angle

and angle closure glaucoma. Researcher examined the glaucomatous progression in

terms of changes in optic disk morphology and visual fields as well as the risk factors 10

for progression. According to that study review highlights the attitude of glaucoma

globally and the need for a greater understanding of this disease and its natural

progression.12

This was supported by a study conducted with the aim was conducted byRossetti Let

al(2010).patients with glaucoma with an objective to provide guidance in managing

glaucoma patients more effectively, researcher focuses on the importance of detecting

progression and measuring its rate within the management of primary open-angle

glaucoma today. recent findings strongly indicate that continued monitoring of visual

fields (vfs) and reassessment of target intraocular pressures (iops) depending on vf

progression rates are mandatory in the management of glaucoma. The study highlights

the visual function changes observed as glaucoma progresses and discusses disease

impact on patients' quality of life. Hence the researcher concluded that, patient's

individual rate of vf progression by using newly developed analyse will be helpful to

forecast the potential future development of the glaucoma. an individualized treatment

approach then requires that in patients in whom the risk of becoming visually impaired

or blind during their lifetime is higher, a more intensive medical iop-lowering therapy

such as fixed combinations can be considered as treatment option.13

This was supported by a study conducted with the aim was conducted byLee PPet

al(2010).to assess the degree of consensus among glaucoma experts on the

measurement, characterization, and potential implications of intraocular pressure (IOP)

and its fluctuation for glaucoma treatment. A multinational panel of 9 glaucoma experts

used a modified Delphi process to rate the level of agreement with 72 statements

characterizing methods of measuring IOP, after receiving a literature review, panelists

rated each statement on a 9-point Likert scale with each statement were determined

using a binomially distributed statistical definition. The study finding found to be

consensus in 46% of 81 statements, nonconsensus in 6%, and indeterminate status in

48%. Categories having the highest proportion of statements with consensus were

importance of IOP reduction (4/4 statements), importance of long-term IOP fluctuation

and reduction (6/9), and impact of medication on short-term and long-term IOP

fluctuation (6/10 for each). Hence the researcher concluded that, modified Delphi

11

process was useful in identifying areas of consensus regarding IOP measurement and

importance of IOP fluctuation among glaucoma experts. Concurrently, the need for

additional investigations assessing the role of IOP changes in glaucoma management is

highlighted by the indeterminate and non-consensus ratings.14

3)Studies related to blindness:

This was supported by a study conducted with the aim byMganga Het al(2011).had

been conducted in africa with an aim to review the literature on vision loss in africa and

summarize the findings related to gender equity.for the study researcher collected

information from across sub-saharanafrica on the evidence of gender inequity and

reasons for this inequity. finally, the results were used to generate suggestions on how

gender equity could be improved.in all published surveys (except one), cataract surgical

coverage among women was lower than cataract surgical coverage among men.

Evidence suggests that a variety of approaches are needed to improve the use of eye

care services. three main strategies are needed to address gender inequity in vision loss.

First, it is important to address transport needs. second, counselling of patients and

family members is required. finally, programs need to put in place pricing systems that

make the services affordable the population. hence the researcher concluded that vision

2020 can be achieved in africa, but investment is needed in a variety of strategies that

will ensure that eye care services are affordable, accessible, and acceptable to women

and girls.15

This was supported by a study conducted by Rushood AAet al(2010).with an objective

to evaluate the concept of quality assured mobile eye services (MES) in implementing

the vision 2020 initiative. For the study the researcher used Literature review as well as

the medical records of Al-Basar International Foundation (BIF) on MES. More than 38

countries have been included in this exercise during which more than 620 eye camps

have been conducted. More than two million people have benefited from the services

provided including medicines and glasses in these eye camps and about 180,000 sight

12

restoring surgeries performed for cataract, glaucoma, blindness. Hence the researcher

concluded that Quality assured MES are a very important means of tackling the

problems of blindness and implementing the vision 2020 initiative. The adoption of this

concept by major stake-holders in the prevention of blindness (e.g. WHO, IAPB) will

bring an additional momentum to the achievement of this noble goal.16

4) STUDIES RELARED TO STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

A study was conducted by Adriono G, Wang D in Indonesia on adult diabetic patients

to assess the use of eye care and its predictors among diabetic patients in Indonesia. for

the study researcher took 196 diabetic adult patients from several hospital and gathered

all of their data using self reported questionnaire and record review, and an eye

examination by an eye care professional with dilation of the pupil within the preceding

year. researcher found results as, among 196 participants, 166 (84.7%) had not

undergone ocular examination in the last year, including 100 of 119 patients (84.0%) at

the university clinic. fewer than half (82 of 166 [49.4%]) of all patients reported being

told of the need for eye examinations by their physician. in regression analyses, factors

associated with having an eye examination were higher diabetic retinopathy knowledge

score (odds ratio = 1.52; p = .01) and years since being diagnosed as having diabetes.

The most common reasons given by subjects for not having had eye examinations

concerned lack of knowledge about the need for care (97 of 160 subjects [60.6%]),

while financial barriers were cited by only 22 of 160 subjects (13.8%). hence the

researcher concluded that the annual eye examination were improved by providing good

health education regarding eye disorders, so there is need for intervention on eye

disorders for adult population17

A study was conducted by Woo JH et al, on smoking patients attending

ophthalmology OPD with an aims to assess the awareness of blindness. For the study

13

researcher took 200 patients and chosen a cross-sectional survey using a structured

interview of randomly selected current smokers attending an eye clinic was conducted.

The knowledge blindness, was assessed. The awareness of blindness were evaluated.

Out of 200 current smokers aged from 14 to 83 years, only 42.5% (85 patients) were

aware that smoking causes blindness. Smokers' perception of harm caused by smoking

was 6.53±3.21 (mean±SD) on a visual analogue scale of 0 to 10. Patients placed

blindness as the second most important motivating factor to quit smoking immediately,

within 1 year and 5 years, after lung cancer. Hence the researcher concluded that the

awareness of the risk of blindness from smoking was lowest compared with five other

smoking-related diseases among eye patients who smoke. However, blindness remains a

key motivational factor in smoking cessation and hence should be emphasized as an

important negative health consequence of smoking in public health education and anti-

smoking campaigns.18

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

14

“A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING SELECTED

EYE DISORDERS AMONG GERIATRICS IN SELECTED RURAL AREAS

AT TUMKUR”

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To assess the existing knowledge of geriatrics regarding selected eye disorder.

2. To assess the post test knowledge score regarding selected eye disorders.

3. To find out significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores.

4. To determine the association between post test knowledge score and demographic

variables.

6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

EVALUATE: Evaluate refers to measure the knowledge of geriatrics regarding

the selected eye disorders.

EFFECTIVENESS: It refers to extent with structured teaching programme on

Eye disorders achieves desired effects in improving the knowledge of geriatrics as

evident from gain in the knowledge score

STRUCTURAL TEACHING PROGRAMME: It refers to the systematically

develop instructional method and teaching aids designed for the geriatrics to

provide information on eye disorders.

KNOWLEDGE: It refers to response of the geriatrics to the questions stated in

the questionnaire regarding the selected eye disorders.

15

EYE DISORDERS: Any abnormalities or unusual things that happen in any parts

of the eye. These unusual things can be in color, shape, size, functions, sensations

or position of the eye.

GERIATRICS: It refers to the persons who have crossed the age of more than 60

years.

6.5 HYPOTHESES:

H1: There will be significant difference between pretest and posttest

knowledge scores regarding the selected eye disorders.

H2: There will be a significant association between posttest knowledge score

with selected demographic variables.

6.6ASSUMPTIONS

Geriatrics of rural area may have minimal knowledge regarding the selected eye

disorders.

STP provides an opportunity for learning and better understanding regarding the

selected eye disorders.

Geriatrics of rural area will positively utilize the knowledge regarding selected

eye disorders.

6.7 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:.

Geriatrics who are available at the period of study.

Effectiveness of Structural teaching programme in terms of knowledge.

6.8VARIABLES

Variables are an attribute of a person or object that varies or takes different

values

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Structured teaching programme on

selected eye disorders.

16

DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Knowledge level of Geriatrics on selected

eye disorders.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES: Age, sex, place of residence,

occupation, source of information, family income, type of family.

6.9 PILOT STUDY

The pilot study will be conducted on 10 samples to assess the reliability and

feasibility of the tool using co-relation and coefficient technique.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY :

7.1.1 SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION:

The data will be collected from the geriatrics age of the selected rural areas at Tumkur.

7.1.2 RESEARCH DESIGN:

Pre experimental- One group Pre test Post test Research Design.

7.1.3 RESEARCH APPROACH:

An evaluative approach is considered to be appropriate for this study.

7.1.4 RESEARCH SETTING:

The geriatrics in selected rural areas at Tumkur.

7.1.5 POPULATION:

TARGET POPULATION:-

Target population of the study is geriatrics.

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION:-

17

The population of present study includes the geriatrics of the selected rural areas

at Tumkur.

7.1.6 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The data collection procedure will be carried out for a period of 6 week.

The study will be initiated after obtaining prior permission from concerned authorities.

The data will be collected from the geriatrics by using structured interview schedule to

assess the pre existing knowledge regarding selected eye disorders. After administration of

structural teaching programme, the data will be collected 7 days later from old age people by

using structured questionnaires to assess the improvement in the knowledge.

7.2.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Simple random sampling technique will be used to select the samples.

7.2.2 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample comprised of 60 geriatrics age residing in rural area and who will be

available during the data collection.

SAMPLING CRITERIA

7.2.3 INCLUSIVE CRITERIA

Geriatrics who are willing to participate in the study.

Geriatrics who knows kannada.

Above 60 years people.

Both male and females

7.2.4 EXCLUSIVE CRITIRIA

18

Those who are not co-operating.

Not available during the study.

7.2.5 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The structured questionnaire is used to collect data from the geriatrics. Content validity will

be established by requesting the experts to go through the developed tool and give their

valuable suggestions.

The structured questionnaire should consist of the following sections.

SECTION A: Questionnaire related to the demographic data.

SECTION B: Questionnaires to structured interview schedule regarding selected eye

disorders.

7.2.6 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected will be analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential

statistics.

(A)DISCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:

Mean percentage& standard deviation of subject will be used to qualifying the level of

knowledge regarding the selected eye disorders.

(B) INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:

Paired t-test will be used to examine the effectiveness of STP by comparing pre and

post test scores. And to find out the difference in knowledge between pre and post test.

The chi square will be used to find out the association between socio demographical

variables of geriatrics with pre test knowledge scores. The data will be planned to

present in the form of tables and figures.

19

7.2.7 TIME AND URATION OF THE STUDY.

The time and duration of study will be limited to 6 week or as per guidelines of university.

7.3 DOSE THE STUDY REQURIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR INTERVERTION

TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR HUMAN OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE

DISCRIBE BRIEFLY.

Yes, Structured teaching programme is the intervention that is going to be given to the

geriatrics .

7.4: HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTIONS?

The pilot study and the main study will be conducted after the approval of the research

committee. Permission will be obtained from the concerned head of the institution. The purpose

and details of the study will be explained to the study subjects and an informed consent will be

obtained from them. Assurance will be given to the study subjects regarding the confidentiality

and anonymity of the data collected from them.

LIST OF REFERENCE.

20

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p.13.

2. Deena David. Old age health problems Changes that occur in the body of person; Health

and fitness;2009sept21/4021.avilable from:http://www.surching.com.

3. Lasik, lasek. www.online info. Definition, causes and different way of treatment.2009-

2011. Available from:http://www.online-eye-info.com.

4. David A, Quillen, M.D; Common causes of vision loss in elderly patients;American family physician. 1999jul;1:60(1): 99-108.

Available from: www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p99,html.

5. Available from: VRL:http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets287/en/.

6. Present status of the national programme of control of blindness in india. Community eye

health j. 2008mar; 21;(65): available from: www:cehjournal.org/indian/journal/21/jeeh-

21-65-s103:ht ml.

7. Ajeetbhardwaj. prevention of avoidable blindness and visual impairment. Times of

India[2007]. plan for the 2011oct.

Available from: http://Www.Who.Int/Mediacentre/Factsheets/Fs282.

8. R Gorge, L Vijaya. Taking glaucoma a challenging in India; Indian journal of

ophthalmology; 2008March6,valume:56/Issue:2/page97-98.Avilable from:

http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?

issn=03014738;year=2008;volume=56;issue=2;spage=97;epage=98;aulast=George.

9. Lau JT, Lee V, Fan D, Lau M, Michon J. Knowledge about Cataract Glaucoma, and

age related muscular degeneration in the Honkong Chinese population; Br J

Ophthalmic. 2002-oct;86(10):1080-4.

10. RejeshSinha, Chandra shekharkumar. Etiopathogenesis of cataract; Journal review

Indian J ophthalmol.2009 May-Jun; 57(3):245-249.

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11. Limburgh H, Kumar R. follow-up study of blindness attributed to cataract in Karnataka

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9. SIGNATURE OF THE

CANDIDATE

10. REMARKS OF THE GIDE

11. 11.1 NAME AND DESIGNATION

OF GUIDE

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO-GUIDE

23

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

11.6 SIGNATURE

12. 12.1 REMARKS OF THE

CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL.

12.2 SIGNATURE

24