Rice Today vol. 14, no. 2

8/9/2019 Rice Today vol. 14, no. 2

1/37US$5.00 ISSN 1655-5422

www.irri.org

International Rice Research Institute

April-June 2015, Vol. 14, No. 2

What kind of rice do consumers want?

Rice in Latin America on the world stage

Rice yield rises with WeRise

Celebrating 50 years of

rice research in India


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contents Vol. 14, No. 2

EDITORIAL: CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF IMPACTTHROUGH RICE RESEARCH IN I NDIA ................. 4

NEWS ......................................................................... 5

RICE TODAY AROUND THE WORLD ........................ 9

INDIAN FARMER KICKSTARTS TWOGREEN REVOLUTI ONS ....................................... 10

INDIAIRRI TIMELINE SPANS THE DECADES ....... 12

REGIONAL COOPERATION SPEEDS UP THERELEASE OF RICE VARIETIES ............................ 14

A SCHOOLBOY AT HEART: CELEBRATED INDIANSCIENTI ST SPEAKS HIS MIND ........................... 16

RICE SCIENTISTS FROM INDIAHELPING AFRICA ............................................... 20

NUGGET S OF PLANETARY TRUTH ........................ 22

DRR RICE MUSEUM FEATURES TRADITIONALWISDOM AND SCIENTIFICBREAKTH ROUGHS ............................................. 23

REVISITING 50 YEARS OF INDIANRICE RE SEARCH .................................................. 26

YIELD RISES WITH WERISE .................................... 30

WHAT’S COOKING .................................................. 33Home-made noodles from Ghana

WHAT LATIN AMERICA’S RICE SECTOR OFFERSTHE WORLD ........................................................ 34

AVERTING HUNGER IN EBOLAHITCOUNTRIES ......................................................... 36

MAPS ....................................................................... 38What kind of rice do consumers want?

STRIKING A BALANCE THROUGH ECOLOGICALLYENGINEER ED RICE ECOSYSTEMS ..................... 40

RICE FACTS .............................................................. 43India reaches the pinnacle in rice exports

GRAINS OF TRUTH ................................................. 46

About the cover. Indian farmer Nekkanti Subba Raoholds part of his bumper crop of flood-tolerant Swarna-Sub1, which he harvested in 2009 on his Andhra Pradesh

farm. He was also on the cover with the miracle rice IR8,in October 2006 to celebrate the 40th anniversaty of thatvariety's release. On pages 10-11, find out more about

how this amazing pioneer, popularly known as Dhaan

Pandit (rice expert), helped kick-start both the first andsecond Green Revolutions in India. (Photo by Manzoor

Hussain Dar)

editor-in-chief Gene Hettel

managing editor Lanie Reyes

associate editor Alaric Francis Santiaguel

Africa editor Savitri Mohapatra

Latin America editor Nathan Russell

copy editor Bill Hardy

art director Juan Lazaro IV

designer and production supervisor Grant Leceta

photo editor Isagani Serrano

circulation Antonette Abigail Caballero, Lourdes Columbres, Cynthia Quintos

Web masters Jerry Laviña, Lourdes Columbres

printer CGK formaprint

Rice Today is published by the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI) on behalf of the Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP).

IRRI is the world’s leading international rice research and trainingcenter. Based in the Philippines and with offices located in major rice-growing countries, IRRI is an autonomous, nonprofit institut ion focused onimproving the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmersand consumers, particularly those with low incomes, while preservingnatural resources. It is one of the 15 nonprofit international researchcenters that are members of the CGIAR consortium (www.cgiar.org).

Responsibility for this publication rests with IRRI. Designations usedin this publication should not be construed as expressing IRRI policy oropinion on the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or itsauthorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Rice Today welcomes comments and suggestions from readers. Theopinions expressed by columnists in Rice Today do not necessarilyreflect the views of IRRI or GRiSP.

International Rice Research Institute 2015

This magazine is copyrighted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License(Unported). Unless otherwise noted, users are free to copy, duplicate, or reproduce, and distribute, display, or transmit any of the articles or portions of the ar ticles, and to make translations,adaptations, or other derivative works under specific conditions. To view the full text of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/.

International Rice Research Institute DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, PhilippinesWeb: www.irri.org/rice-today

Rice Today editorialtelephone: (+63-2) 580-5600 or (+63-2) 844-3351 to 53, ext 2725;fax: (+63-2) 580-5699 or (+63-2) 845-0606; email: [email protected],[email protected]

Rice Today Editorial Board

Bas Bouman, GRiSP

Matthew Morell, IRRI

Eduardo Graterol, Latin American Fund for Irrigated R ice

Marco Wopereis, Africa Rice Center

Mary Jacqueline Dionora, IRRI

Osamu Koyama, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences

Erna Maria Lokollo, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Dev.

Pradeep Kumar Sharma, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University

Gonzalo Zorrilla, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA)

© D

I R E C T O R A T E O F R I C E R E S E A R C H


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The Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch (ICAR) and the InternationalRice Research Institute (IRRI) are

delighted to jointly observe 50 years ofsuccessful rice research in India. During 12-15 April 2015, around 400 Indian researcherswill be holding the 50th Annual Rice GroupMeeting of the All India Coordinated RiceImprovement Project in Hyderabad.

ICAR’s Hyderabad-based Directorate of Rice Research (DRR),recently named the Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR),is also planning special events later this year to celebrate itshalf century of significant contributions toward ensuring foodsecurity for all Indians.

The India-IRRI partnership has been a fruitful synergisticrelationship. IRRI has had a long tradition—since the 1960s—oftapping into the unique expertise of many prominent Indianscientists to guide its research, governance, and management.Over the years, more than 50 Indians have distinguishinglyserved—or are serving—IRRI as globally recruited staff and

17 have been decision makers as members of the Board of Trustees. Since 1964, many Indian scholars have studied at IRRIto earn advanced degrees or participate in other educationalprograms.

During IRRI’s early days, Dilbagh S. Athwal, an Indian plantbreeder, worked at various levels in IRRI’s upper managementfor a decade during 1967-77, ultimately serving as the Institute’sfirst deputy director general. Later, M.S. Swaminathan, thefirst World Food Prize Laureate in 1987, served as IRRI’s fourthdirector general during 1982-88.

Indian scientists at IRRI have contributed significantly toIRRI’s success in using cutting-edge science to help bring foodsecurity, economic growth, and environmental protection to

the world through their dedicated research and administrativeefforts. G.S. Khush, the celebrated rice breeder and 1996 WorldFood Prize Laureate, worked for 34 years at IRRI and madecountless contributions to keep the Green Revolution in riceproduction on the right path, especially with his breedingteam’s development of landmark varieties IR36 and IR64. Otherprominent Indian researchers, as international staff members atIRRI, have helped the Institute become what it is today. They arelisted on the IRRI-India website.

For their part, ICAR and IIRR are particularly interested inSouth Asia-focused flagship projects related to climate change,resource management, rice varietal development, GM research,and capacity building.

ICAR and IIRR especially appreciate IRRI’s initiative in settingup, in 2012, the South Asia Rice Breeding Research and TrainingHub at the International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics in Hyderabad. The hub is already providingtargeted breeding and training in India with a spillover benefitto other countries in the region.

ICAR and IRRI are seeking new opportunities to increaseIndia’s focus on upstream and innovative research and tocatalyze the transfer of the new technologies to the region’sfarmers and others in the value chain. In addition, thepartnership is playing a major role in further developing the ricesector, particularly in eastern and southern India.

In this issue, on adjacent Grains of truth, pages 46-47,you can read more about the historic India-IRRI partnership

Celebrating 50 years of impact through rice research in India

from the perspectives of Dr. Swaminathanand J.K. Ladha, principal scientist and IRRIrepresentative for India and Nepal. Also,find out on pages 10-11 why progressiveIndian farmer-researcher Nekkanti SubbaRao, standing in the same field on his AndhraPradesh farm, is featured on a second RiceToday cover.

On pages 16-18, Indian rice breeder extraordinaire E.A.Siddiq talks about his life’s work in an exclusive IRRI pioneerinterview. Dr. Siddiq developed semidwarf basmati varietiesfor the country’s agricultural export trade and stiff-strawedvarieties for India’s now-thriving rice-wheat rotation. While onthe IRRI Board of Trustees during the early 2000s, he fought forthe continuation of the International Network for the GeneticEvaluation of Rice as well as hybrid rice research, which were onthe budget-cut chopping block at the time.

Late last year, a cadre of renowned Indian rice scientistsand administrators was asked to give testimonials on behalf ofthe thriving India-IRRI relationship. There was an enthusiastic

response. Topics ranged from achievements in hybrid rice andbuilding India’s scientific capacity to addressing climate change.Read selected highlights of these tributes on pages 26-29 andsee the full set on the Rice Today website.

The centerfold features the panoramic mural of Indianrice farming mounted on the wall of the DRR’s Rice Museumin Hyderabad. Commentary on what it signifies comes from B.Mishra, former DRR project director, who commissioned thework in 2005. This issue’s map section on pages 38-39 providesan interesting assessment of the rice preferences of urbanconsumers in India and Bangladesh.

On pages 20-21, learn about the achievements of twoIndian scientists far away from home working with the Africa

Rice Center—systems agronomist Senthilkumar Kalimuthu andlowland rice breeder Venuprasad Ramaiah.

In his regular Rice facts column on pages 43-45, IRRI headeconomist Sam Mohanty discussess India reaching the pinnaclein rice exports.

So, while reflecting on the last 50 years, read and enjoythese features and others in this special India-focused issue ofRice Today !

In the meantime, as the directors general of our respectiveorganizations, we pledge that ICAR-IRRI will continue thepartnering spirit of the last five decades to involve our scientistsin enhancing food security in not only India but in all of SouthAsia.

Robert S. Zeigler

Director general

International Rice

Research Institute

Subbanna Ayyappan

Director general

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Secretary of the Department of Agricultural

Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of

Agriculture of India, and

Member, IRRI Board of Trustees (2013-15)


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News

5Rice Today April-June 2015

Describing the 2011-2020strategic plan of AfricaRice to

boost the rice sector in Africa as“evidenced-based and thereforevery solid and powerful,” he urgedAfricaRice sta “to be adventurousand ingenious in the way we roll outour rice science.”

Dr. Roy-Macauley outlined hisrst priorities as:

• Rendering partnerships moreecient around rice science andsector development,

• Strengthening capacity for rice

science and sector development,• Improving access of smallholder

rice producers to markets,• Reintegrating rice science in the

policy agenda of countries, and• Increasing investments in rice

science and sector development.

Source: http://africarice.org

A F R I C A R I C E

K azuki Saito, Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) agronomistfrom Japan, was awarded the Agropolis Foundation'sLouis Malassis Young Promising Scientist Prize for

his exemplary and promising contributions in the eld ofagriculture and food. Dr. Saito (second from right) is thedriving force behind the Rice Agronomy Task Force, convened

by AfricaRice, which is conducting activities in 21 countriesacross Africa. Yield-gap survey protocols for the AgronomyTask Force, developed under Dr. Saito’s leadership, arecurrently being used in these countries by national researchinstitutions in sub-Saharan Africa.

The results from the surveys are enabling AfricaRice andits partners to identify the opportunities available to introducetechnologies to close yield gaps. (See A game changer in Africa’srice agronomy on pages 34-35 of Rice Today Vol. 13, No.3)

Source: http://africarice.blogspot.com

AfricaRice agronomist wins France's YoungPromising Scientist Prize

Harold Roy-Macauley, a SierraLeonean national, wasappointed as the new Director

General of the Africa Rice Center(AfricaRice) at an ExtraordinarySession of the Council of Ministersof AfricaRice held on 6 February

in Kampala, Uganda. Dr. Roy-Macauley has nearly 30 years ofexperience in agricultural researchwith extensive leadership andmanagement expertise. He iscurrently the executive director ofthe West and Central African Councilfor Agricultural Research andDevelopment (CORAF/WECARD)—aleading subregional organization

Harold Roy-Macauley is newAfricaRice director generalthat coordinates and facilitatesagricultural R&D activities in 22

countries in West and Central Africa.Dr. Roy-Macauley is no stranger

to CGIAR, having served previouslyas the regional director for the WorldAgroforestry Centre in West andCentral Africa. He has consulted fornumerous international and bilateralorganizations on biosafety and biotechnology and was the managingdirector for the Regional Center forImproving Adaptation to Droughtin Senegal, a research and trainingcenter of CORAF/WECARD.

As part of his mandate atAfricaRice, he underlined theimportance of “introducingmore high-end life science andsocioeconomic applications in theRice Sector Development Hubs,convened by AfricaRice, to helpconsolidate the already profoundand signicant changes the rice valuechain is undergoing in Africa.”

A F R I C A R I C E


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Vietnam plans greenerrice cultivation

Arcadia Biosciences Inc., anagricultural technologycompany that develops

and commercializes plant traitsand products that improvefarm economics and benet theenvironment and human health, has joined with the International Centerfor Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).

They have jointly announcedthe completion of a third year ofeld trials of nitrogen-use ecient(NUE) rice. CIAT has been testing therice at the Center’s research elds inColombia. For the third year in a row,rice lines with Arcadia’s NUE trait

produced signicant yield increasesrelative to conventional varieties.

Three-year field trials with nitrogen-efficient rice showsignificant yield increases

Over the 3years of eld trials,the leading riceline with Arcadia’sNUE trait out-yielded controllines by an averageof 27%. The trialsincluded bothirrigated lowlandand rainfed uplandlocations. In thethird year trialat 50% of normalapplied nitrogenfertilizer, the leading NUE rice line

out-produced the control line by33%. The previous two years’ trials

V ietnam plans to reduce greenhouse gasemissions from rice cultivation by 14% by2030, according to the Ministry of Natural

Resources and Environment. Pham Hoang Yen, anexpert involved in the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and theKyoto Protocol, said that, in the last few years, thecountry had chased the goal of a 20% reduction ingreenhouse gasses (GHG) in the overall cultivationsector by 2020.

What the country has been doing includespreparation for National Appropriate MitigationAction and other policies developing countriesadopted to control global GHG at a UNFCCconference in Bali 8 years ago.

Vietnam has also carried out a program of

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In Junelast year, the country had 253 CDM projects andhad registered 11 programs of activities. Thismove earned it 10.7 million certied emissionreduction credits granted by the CDM ExecutiveBoard through CDM activities, Mr. Yen said. Thetotal GHG emissions reduction from the 253 CDMprojects was 137 million tons of carbon dioxideequivalent.

Source: http://english.vietnamnet.vn

showed yield increases of 22 and 30%respectively.

Source: http://www.pharmiweb.com

I R R I

C I A T


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Course title Date Application deadline

Effective Presentation Skills Workshop 28 July 28 May

Training Workshop on Rice Technology Transfer Systems in Asia 7-20 June 6 April

Rice: Research to Production 10-28 August 25 June

Research Data Management 8 September 8 July

Effective Presentation Skills Workshop 28 September-9 October 28 July

Molecular Breeding Course 12-23 October 12 August

Rice: Postproduction to Market (2nd offering) 27-29 October 27 August

Basics of Rice Production (2nd offering) 2-13 November 27 August

Ecological Management of Rodents, Insects, and Weeds,

in Rice Agroecosystems

9-13 November 2 September

Basic Scientific Writing Course 9-13 November 9 September

Advanced Applications of ORYZA V3 in Rice Research 9-13 November 9 September

Research Data Management 24-26 November 24 September

Effective Presentation Skills Workshop 3 December 3 October

IRRI TRAINING CALENDAR 2015

For inquiries, contact [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected]. Phone: (63-2) 580-5600 ext 2538 or +639178639317; fax: (63-2) 580-5699, 891-1292, or845-0606; mailing address: The IRRI Training Center, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines (Attention: TC Course Coordinator); Web site: www.training.irri.org.

Note: Fees and schedules are subject to change without prior notice.

India is one of the world’s largest rice-producing and -consumingcountries, not to mention one of IRRI’s most important partners in rice

research.So, since Rice Today began publishing in 2002, we have provided

a cornucopia of coverage on India—several covers and more than 40stories and features on a range of topics important to Indian farmersand consumers. See the listing and links to those stories at www.irri.org/rice-today/india.

Rice trade liberalizationExamining a tricky issue

New environment sectionCan high food productionand biodiversity coexist?

The future of rice in AsiaInspiring youth to stay in the industry

ISSN 1655-5422

www.irri.org

International Rice Research Institute July-September 2006, Vol. 5, No. 4

C e l e b r a t i n g t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

R i c e C o n g r e s s 2 0 0 6

S p e c i a l

5 2 - p a g e i s s u

e :

1Rice Today October-December2009US$5.00 ISSN 1655-5422

www.irri.org

International Rice Research Institute October-December 2009, Vol. 8, No. 4

Praying for rainPerils of the delayed Indian monsoon

Africa modernizes its rice production

Tribute to Father of the Green Revolution

Unusual weather patterns: signs of climate change?

1Rice Today April-June2014

www.irri.org

International Rice Research Institute

April-June 2014, Vol. 13, No. 2

Creating an oasis with rice

Climate-smart rice for Africa

Bitter harvest from a noble cause

Where Latin America’s rice gets a baptism of fire

US$5.00 ISSN 1655-5422

Rice Today coverage on Indiaover the years


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IN EARLY February, Robert Zeigler, director general of theInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI; center 2nd row with Rice Today ), interacted with rice-farming families innortheastern Thailand near Ubon Ratchathani. This was anarea where he spent significant time more than 20 yearsago when he was the leader of IRRI's Rainfed Lowland RiceEcosystem Program. His objective was to help improve riceproduction and the livelihoods of farmers trying to makea living under the region's harsh rainfed conditions. Hisprognosis after the 2-day visit: "I'm very happy with whatI've seen and heard. A lot of progress has been made."

IN LATE January, IRRI's Appslab Team, the people behindthe Rice Crop Manager app., visited Batad Village inBanaue, Ifugao, Philippines. This location is a UNESCOHeritage Site featuring the spectacular AmphitheaterRice Terraces. From left to right are Apol Banasihan, CarloLiwanag, Prime Sazon, Terry Velasco, Erica Banasihan,Weng Castillo, PJ Sinohin, Edsel Moscoso, Apple Suplido,and Jecjec Dela Torre.

SAFARI WITH Rice Today. Jedd Dumaguina, soundrecordist and photographer for Monoxide Works,poses with Rice Today in a four-wheel-drive vehicleduring a safari in Masai Mara National Reservein Kenya. The Masai Mara, one of the best knownwildlife reserves in Africa, is very popular withtourists, travel writers, documentary makers, andresearchers.



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Rice Today April-June 2015Rice Today April-June 2015

965Indian Council of Agricultural Research

AR) established the All India Coordinated Riceprovement Project (AICRIP) in Hyderabad.ian breeder S.V.S. Shastry (right in photo) andyne Freeman, IRRI’s representative in India,e designated as the first joint coordinators.Benjamin Pearey Pal became the firstctor general of ICAR. He later served as an early

mber of IRRI's board of trustees (1967-70).

dia-IRRI timeline spans the decades Compiled by GenPhotos from IRROver the last five decades, this selection from IRRI’s historical timeline (online at www.irri.org/about-us/our-history) has many Indian connections tied to people and events.

1967Indian plant breeder Dilbagh S. Athwal joinedIRRI’s management team and ultimately servedas the Institute’s first deputy director general. Andhra Pradesh farmer Nekkanti SubbaRao tested IR8 on his farm and supervisedits first large-scale demonstration andmultiplication.

The India-IRRI partnership intensified whenscientists from AICRIP and the Central RiceResearch Institute in Cuttack began to visitIRRI headquarters in the Philippines. This led tothe first formal memorandum of understandingfor cooperation in research and training signed

by ICAR and IRRI in 1974.

1968After threshing his first full harvestof IR8 resulting in a bumper ricecrop, Indian farmer K.N. Ganesan saw that this variety, which usheredin the Green Revolution, would bechanging his family's future. Hewas so impressed with the variety'sperformance that he named hissecond son, born that same day, IR8–IR-ettu (Irettu) in Tamil.

1981The seminal book, Principlesand practicesof riceproduction, by IRRI agronomistand principal scientist S.K. De Datta, waspublished by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. It wasthe model for many future IRRI books pickedup by reputable science publishers. In 1986, Dr.De Datta received the first International SoilScience Award from the Soil Science Societyof America.

1982M.S. Swaminathan becameIRRI’s fourth director general. Helater won numerous honors andawards. In 1987, SwaminathanHall at IRRI headquarters wasdedicated in his honor. In 1991,he won the John and AliceTyler Prize for EnvironmentalAchievement and the HondaPrize. In 1999, he was namedamong the 20 most influentialAsians of the 20th century by Time magazine.

1986Amir U. Khan (right), IRRI agriculturalengineer, received the InternationalInventor’s Award for Industry fromSweden'sKing Carl Gustaf duringceremonies held in Stockholm. Theaward recognized his contributionsto the farm machinery industry indeveloping countries such as the axialflow thresher.

1996G.S. Khush, IRRI principal plant breeder,won the World Food Prize, with H.M.Beachell, former IRRI plant breeder.He has also won the Rank Prize forNutrition in London (1998) and the WolfPrize in Agriculture (2000). In 2002, inrecognition of his 29 years as head of IRRI’sPlant Breeding, Genetics, and BiotechnologyDivision and leader of various researchprograms, the Collaborators’Center buildingwas renamed Gurdev S. Khush Hall. The week-long 3rd InternationalHybrid RiceSymposium was held in

Hyderabad.

2002ICAR hosted the first steering committee meeting of thefor Unfavorable Rice Environments (CURE) in New Sant Virmani, IRRI plant breeder, was elected as athe American Association for the Advancement ofreceived the International Service in Crop Science Athe Crop Science Society of America . In 2005, he recPravasi Bharatiya Samman Award and Japan’s InteKoshihikari Rice Prize.

J.K. Ladha, IRRI soil nutritionist, was named a fellAmerican Society of Agronomy. Other recognition heincludes: fellow of the Soil Science Society of Amerfellow of the American Association for the AdvancScience (2009), and the International Service in Ag

Award from the American Society of Agronomy (20

003ew Delhi, the achievements of

onomistVirendra Pal Singh wereognized as he departed IRRI after ser vingInstitute for 30 years where he worked

mprove the rice-farming systems inavorable environments.IRRI agronomistVethaiya

asubramanian receivedInternational Fertilizer Industryociation International Award.

2006His Excellency A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (center), president of the Republic of India,and party visited IRRI Headquarters. Heinteracted with staff scientists, seekingsolutions to problems faced by Indianfarmers.

The 2nd International RiceCongress in New Delhi attracted nearly1,400 rice researchers, traders, millers,farmers, and agriculture ministers,

including 400 delegates from 46 countries.

2007Darshan Brar, head of IRRI'sPlant Breeding, Genetics, andBiotechnology Division, won the Koshihikari InternationalRice Prize, recognizing hisrice research body of work.He also received the CGIAROutstanding ScientistAward,honoring his originalwork that furthered CGIAR

goals.

2008More than 40 years after hiswork with IR8, Mr. Subba Rao distributed seed from his harvestof flood-tolerant Swarna-Sub1to other farmers who multipliedit, ultimately leading to thesignificant spread of the variety inthe region.

In New Delhi. the S outhAsian wing of the project, Stress-

tolerant rice for Africa andSouth Asia (STRASA), wasinaugurated.

2011The Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelUniversity of Agriculture andTechnology in Meerut honored IRRIDirector General Robert Zeigler bynaming its new soil- and plant-testing laboratory after him. He wasalso conferred with the honorarydegree of doctor of science by theGovind Ballabh Pant Universityof Agriculture and Technology in

Pantnagar. In 2014 (photo), he wasconferred with an honorary degreeof doctor of science during the 35thconvocation ceremony of TamilNadu Agricultural University inCoimbatore. Sam Mohanty, IRRI economistand Social Sciences Division head,won the prestigious Glory of IndiaAward in New Delhi.

2012The project, Improved Rice-based RainfedAgricultural Systems in Bihar, was launched inIndia by the Catholic Relief Services and IRRI.Supported by the Bill & Mel inda Gates Foundation,it targets drought- and flood-prone environments. Dr. Zeigler inaugurated new and added officespace for the IRRI India Office in New Delhi locatedat Rajendra Place. The IRRI South Asia Rice Breeding Hub atthe International Crops Research Institute for

the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad,India, was inaugurated by Dr. Zeigler and Dr.William Dar, director general of ICRISAT (middlephoto).

The 6th International Hybrid Rice Symposium was held in Hyderabad.

2009An international agreement wassigned between ICAR and IRRIto support and facilitate India'srice research, helping the nation'srice production at a time ofunprecedented price volatility andsubsequent need for revitalizationof food production. The Cereal SystemsInitiative for South Asia (CSISA)

was established to promotedurable change at scale in theregion's cereal-based croppingsystems.CSISA India’s activitiesfocus on areas of the easternIndo-Gangetic Plains dominatedby small farm sizes, low incomesand comparatively low levelsof agricultural mechanization,irrigation, and productivity.

2013Coromandel InternationaLimited signed a memorandunderstanding with IRRI for cin promoting and disseminarice research technologies in As part of the 2013-16 IWork Plan, the Institute andNadu Agricultural Universa memorandum of understanpromote research, training, a

of information and technoloits farming systems and valu Bayer CropScience, IRICAR sponsored an inauguraFutureForum in New Delhi.Bouman, director of GlobaPartnership, was one of th Senior officials from Indof Agriculture visited IRRI fseries of awareness and consmeetings, particularly to disc

In its Golden Jubilee year, the Directorate of Rice Research inHyderabad is given national institute status under the ICAR umbrella. It isnow the Indian Institute of Rice Research . It has been IRRI’s privilegeto have worked, trained, and learned together with Indian scientists over5 decades to help improve the lot of rice farmers and to help feed theworld's hungry.

Ashish Bahuguna (left in photo with Dr.Zeigler), secretary of the Ministry of Agricultureand Cooperation, Government of India, signed amemorandum of agreement with IRRI to furtherstrengthen IRRI’s collaboration with India. The global rice research agenda was thefocus of a plenary talk given by Dr. Zeigler duringthe Third International Agronomy Congress heldat the Indian Agricultural Research Institute inNew Delhi.

In his Coromandel lecture, Cutting-EdgeRiceScience forFood Security,Economic Growth,and Environmental Protection in India and

Around theWorld , Dr. Zeigler noted that IRRI andIndia have been working together since the mid-1960s to develop and deliver ways to help Indianrice farmers improve their rice productivity.

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R ice farmers in India,Bangladesh, and Nepalwill have faster access tonewly developed high-

elding climate-smart varieties.his is thanks to an unprecedentedgional seed cooperation agreementat speeds up the release andssemination of rice varieties tonet farmers in the region.

aves breeding timehe regional seed cooperation saves at of resources and the time requiredr a variety to be released in oneuntry. The time it takes from initialaluation of a breeding line to thelease of a new variety could taketween 3 to 6 years.

“With this seed cooperationreement, a rice variety that hasen tested, approved, and releasedone country can be released inher countries without undergoingrther testing a nd evaluation,long as they will be grown in

milar agroclimatic conditions,”ys Abdelbagi Ismail, principalientist at the International Rice

esearch Institute (IRRI). “Thegional cooperation system is theost suitable platform for the threeuntries because they share similarroecosystems and borders.”

ow it all startedRRI played a catalytic role to makee regional cooperation happen,”ys Dr. Ismail, who also leads theress-Tolerant Rice for Afr ica anduth Asia (STRASA) project. “The

by Lanie Reyes

Institute convened the senior ocialsof the three countries through ameeting under STRASA.”

The regional seed cooperationstarted when delegations fromIndia and Bangladesh met inFebruary 2013. The delegationfrom India was headed by AshishBahuguna, secretary of agricultureand international cooperation ofthe Ministry of Agriculture; MatiaChowdhury, minister of agriculture,headed the Bangladeshi delegation,among other respective r elevantagencies, including Monzur Hossain,secretary of agriculture. From IRRI,the delegation was headed by V.Bruce J. Tolentino, IRRI deputydirector general for communicationand partnerships.

Among other things, the t wocountries agreed to have a jointevaluation of improved rice varieties

for release in areas withsimilar agroclimaticconditions in both countries.Part of that agreementprovided for reciprocalacceptance of research data,including results of farmers’participatory varietal selectionactivities that are generated in onecountry to support varietal release inthe other country.

And, consistent with the goalof bringing the needed climate-change-ready varieties to farmersin the shortest time possible, thetwo countries agreed on the promo-tion of prerelease multiplication anddemonstration of breeding lines andvarieties at advanced stages of releaseto fast-track awareness among farm-ers and to ensure a sucient supplyof breeder seed once a variety wasreleased. In relation to this, the t wo

Regional cooperationspeeds up the releaseof rice varieties

Nepal’s agriculture secretary, JayaMukunda Khanal, shares the sameview. “The cooperation has opportuni-ties and options to improve the liveli-hood of poor farmers in the region,”he says. “It will provide a platform toshare good practices among countriesand the exchange of technologies andquality seed can help aain higher riceproductivity in the region.”

Mr. Bahuguna notes that,although the agreement covers onlyrice, it can be extended to other cropslater on. “This cooperation is notlimited to the seed sector and willlead to agricultural developmentin the region,” Mr. Bahuguna adds.For him, this cooperation can beexpanded and replicated to otherparts of the world. “The SouthAsian Association for RegionalCooperation can play a vital role in bringing in more countries to theplatform.”

Results to bootThe regional cooperation, even in itsinfant stage, has produced concreteresults and has demonstrated whatcan be achieved. In fact, s everalvarieties released in one countryare already popular in another. “Forexample, BR11, BRRI dhan 28, andBRRI dhan 29, which are modernhigh-yielding rice varieties releasedin Bangladesh, are now widelygrown in eastern India,” reports Mr.Bahuguna.

Indian varieties are nowestimated to be planted on more than

21% of the rice area in BanglaSome Indian rice varieties, suas Swarna, Sarju 52, and SamMahsuri, are now popular in

As the initial implementstep of this agreement by Inseveral varieties released inBangladesh, such as BINA d10, 11, and 12, are recently nofor release in the Indian statWest Bengal, Assam, and OThese varieties will be evalufor release in other states alsonly for a year—as providedagreement.

Sukha dhan 5 and 6, drotolerant varieties released inare being considered for releUar Pradesh and Bihar.

The Indian government been proactive in carrying ouregional cooperation agreemfact, starting in 2015, the Depof Agriculture of India alloe30% of its funds to programsas the National Food SecurityMission (NFSM) and BringinRevolution in Eastern India (to further promote climate-sdeveloped by STRASA.

According to Dr. Ismail, regional seed cooperation wout smoothly not only becauthese three countries share sguidelines for varietal evaluarelease, but because each coushares a similar goal—that isdelivering t he technologies nfarmers.

Indeed, the success of thcreation and the implementathis regional s eed cooperatiodemonstrate that partnershipcollaboration can accomplishgoals very rapidly. It is hopedwith IRRI’s catalytic role and

a lead institute of the Global Science Partnership, more mican be achieved among the pIn the future, this kind of regcooperation could help partnresources eciently as countshare relevant information wanother.

Ms. Reyes is the managing editRice Today.

INDIA, BANGLADESH,Nepal, and IRRI sealthe deal. From left,S.M. Nazmul Islam,Bangladesh; RobertZeigler, IRRI directorgeneral; Jaya MukundaKhanal, Nepal; andAshish Bahuguna, India.

WORKING TOGETHER( from left ) India'sAshish Bahuguna andBangladesh's MatiaChowdhury and MonzurHossain.

countries agreed to work togetherin formulating seed protocols andguidelines that are compatible acrosscountries.

On 18 October 2014, Nepal joined with the governments ofBangladesh and India to sign aprotocol on regional seed cooperationin a workshop on seed issues held inKathmandu, Nepal.

A historic momentThis regional cooperation on ricevarieties among the three countrieswas declared historically signicant by the agriculture executives.

Dr. S.M. Nazmul Islam,agriculture secretary of Bangladesh, believes that signing of this regionalagreement ushers in a new era ofcollaboration and cooperation thataims to help improve the livelihoodof the poor farmers in the region.

S T R A S A - B A N G L A D E S H


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G E N E

H E T T E L ( 3 )

Conducted by Gene Hettel

The IRRI pioneerinterviews

A long association with IRRIMy professional association withIRRI started in 1968. When I was arice breeder at IARI, IRRI providedme opportunities to participatein its international symposia andconferences. Starting in 1987,as project director of DRR, myassociation with IRRI became evencloser. As project director (1987-94),I progressively strengthened the

relationship between India and IRRI.My roles as a scientist, project

director, deputy director general(crop science) at ICAR, and later as amember of IRRI’s Board of Trusteesenabled me to know and discoverwhat India could gain throughcollaborative activities with IRRI,particularly in germplasm exchangeand human resource development onall aspects of rice science.

Rewarding stint for IRRI in EgyptWhen I was a senior scientist at IARI,IRRI, with M.S. Swaminathan as itsdirector general, was keen to developrice research in Egypt. I was chosen to be the rice breeder to join the USAID-supported project for establishing theNational Rice Research and TrainingInstitute. In 1983, I joined the project,which was technically coordinated by the University of California-Davis,

and contributed to shaping andstrengthening Egypt’s rice breedingprogram.

Overall, the project team did alot of good by streamlining research,training local scientists, and helpingmany get their PhD degrees.That 3-year exposure was really awonderful experience personallyfor me and I feel, even today, that Iachieved all that was expected of meas a breeder there.

Critical issues while on theIRRI BoardKeeping INGER. While serving on theIRRI Board, there were several issuesI was concerned about during theearly 2000s when Ronald Cantrell was Institute’s director general. Itwas a time when funding supportfrom major donor sources to CGIARinstitutes, including IRRI, wasdeclining. To cope with the situation,

IRRI was contemplating projects andprograms which should be continuedand which ones might be pruned.Whether IRRI should continue ornot with the International Networkfor the Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) was one of the issues beforethe Board for a decision.

I impressed upon fellow boardmembers that it was INGER thatprovided IRRI with true visibility inthe rice world. Connecting almost

A schoolboy at heart:

Celebrated Indian scientist speaks his mind

The legendary Ebrahimali Abubacker Siddiq, 78, began his long and enduring rice research career in 1968 as a cytogeneticist at

the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi, including 7 years there as a senior scientist. In 1983-86, he spent

3 years as a breeder for the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Egypt. Returning to IARI, he was appointed professor

of genetics (1986-87).In late 1987, he became project director at the Directorate of Rice Research (DRR). In 1994, he assumed the position of deputy

director general (crop science) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). In 2000-05, he served as a member of the

Institute’s Board of Trustees from 2000 to 2005. His 35 years of research in plant breeding contributed to the development and

release of high-yielding semidwarf basmati and nonbasmati varieties, which have boosted rice production in India.

Upon retirement from his regular ICAR service in 1997, ICAR named him a national professor (1997-2002). In 2002, he joined the

Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics of the Department of Biotechnology, in which he served as the Distinguished Chair

until 2007, when he continued there as an adjunct scientist. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Hyderabad and IARI

and is an honorary professor of biotechnology at Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University in Hyderabad.

Here are some excerpts from his pioneer interview conducted in April 2014 in Hyderabad.


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all rice-growing countries throughinternational testing and exchangeof germplasm, it was INGER thatenabled rice-growing countriesto strengthen their rice breedingresearch and develop varieties suitedto their own dierent ecosystems. Iemphatically said, don’t prune INGER

because what you are spending on itis not that much but what you gainis much more. Luckily, I and otherINGER proponents on the Board wonout and INGER thrives today.

Into Africa. Except for the limitedINGER testing program, IRRI wasnot doing anything substantialfor Africa. The Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice, formerly WARDA) wasthere addressing rice productionconstraints. Even so, given the largeunderexploited potential in Africa,

I and other board members insistedthat IRRI should emphasize andfocus on improving rice productivityand production on the continent. So,the Board urged IRRI to give neededemphasis to Africa. That is whenthe rst African national—AngelineKamba—became the chair of the IRRIBoard and when IRRI started to sendmore scientic sta to the continentto strengthen rice research there.

Focusing on the rainfed lowlands.

Throughout my time on the Board,I insisted that IRRI should alsofocus on rainfed ecosystems,particularly the rainfed lowlands,where drought and submergence aremajor constraints. Although not soprominent in many Southeast Asiancountries, this ecosystem constitutes alarge area in South Asia, particularlyin eastern India and Bangladesh.We cannot rely indenitely on theirrigated ecosystem alone to meetour future rice demands. There has

to be a balance across the irrigatedand rainfed ecosystems. I am happythat India and IRRI are workingtogether to address this issue throughthe development and adoption ofsubmergence- and drought-tolerantrice varieties in eastern India throughthe Stress-Tolerant Rice for Africa andSouth Asia (STRASA) project.

Don’t cut hybrid rice. There was afeeling that, unlike in China, hybridrice research at IRRI was not making

the expected level of progress. So,the issue came up before the Board ifit were justied to prune the hybrid breeding program. I urged thatthe hybrid rice program be furtherstrengthened, not pruned, because itis the only technology available withproven capability to raise the genetic

yield ceiling. Even though it probablywould not reach the levels achieved inChina, certainly India and a few othercountries in the region could gainfrom the technology in the comingyears. I pleaded with the Board notto curtail ongoing support for hybridrice research. The suggestion wasaccepted broadly and so the hybridrice program at IRRI continues today.

I understand that today around2.4 million hectares are being plantedto hybrid rice in India. If our breeders

come up with hybrids that cansatisfy both farmers and consumerswith appropriate growth duration,resistance to insect pests and diseases,and high grain quality, I am optimisticthat, 3 or 4 years from now, Indianfarmers should be planting 5 millionhectares of hybrid rice. And even witha relatively small hybrid area, Indiais second only to China in bringinghybrid rice to farmers’ elds.

A career achievement withbasmati riceMy major work as a breeder was todevelop high-yielding varieties with basmati quality. The unique quality

characteristic of basmati rice is a com-plex genetic trait. Nearly all the physi-cochemical properties of starch are notsimply inherited. Combining all thequality features of traditional basmatiin a high-yielding background,therefore, was not an easy task.

At one stage of the breeding

process, some people commented,“You are working for so many years;still, you’re not coming out withhigh-yielding basmati varieties.”While visiting the eld, one criticsarcastically asked, “Should we bringin Norman Borlaug (the father ofthe Green Revolution) to develop thekind of basmati rice you are trying toachieve for so long?”

I was hurt by this remark andwas compelled to respond that, withall respect to Norman Borlaug, I told

him in the presence of many that youcan bring not one, but many Borlaugs, but it will not make any dierencein progress, given the complex traitwe are dealing with. I explainedhow dicult and time-consumingit is to combine so many complexlyinherited indices of basmati qualityin a high-yielding background. Iremember how I, along with mysmall sta, used to be in the eldall day selecting productive plant

types in the breeding populationsand the long hours we spent intothe night cooking rice to evaluatethe promising lines for the desiredquality trait combination.

G E N E

H E T T E L ,

I R R I

DURING THE 49th Annual Rice Group Meetings of the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, lastyear in Hyderabad, Dr. Siddiq (right ) confers with Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton, head of IRRI’s T.T. ChangGenetic Resources Center.


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Yet, we failed to reach the targetedgenotype for years. It took us nearly 24years to nally succeed in developingPusa Basmati 1 (PB1) , the rst-everhigh-yielding semidwarf basmativariety, released in 1989. Just like withthe miracle high-yielding IR8, which

would not have sustained us hadwe not come up with progressivelyimproved versions of it withacceptable grain quality and resistanceto insect pests and diseases, PB1 alsoprovided the genetic base for evolving beer and beer varieties and hybrids.

Breeding for the rice-wheat rotationI was also very interested indeveloping an appropriate rice variety

that would enable timely harvestand thus timely planting of wheatin Punjab, Haryana, and westernUar Pradesh. With the fertile soilthere, high fertilizer applicationcauses modern rice varieties to lodge before harvest hence the rice cannot be combine-harvested. Keeping thisproblem in mind, we had introducedPusa 44 in 1994.

Pusa 44 does not lodge at all because of its strong straw. Thisvariety has helped sustain the rice-

wheat system by enabling combineharvesting that clears the eldquickly for proper land preparationand timely wheat planting. This iswhy the rice-wheat rotation in theregion is such a great success. Byvirtue of this trait along with its long,slender, and clean grains as well asresistance to most pests and diseases,it is still popular in the region. Eventoday, there is no variety yet toreplace Pusa 44.

Adding biotechnology tothe toolboxI looked into the prospects of theapplication of biotech tools for directedand speedy rice improvement. Aftera full day’s discussion with me,Gary Toenniessen, representing

the Rockefeller Foundation, agreedto support a rice biotechnologyprogram in India, if we organized andcoordinated it. Thus, the India RiceBiotechnology Network started. For10 years, I coordinated this programinvolving rice researchers engaged in biotechnology.

Under this program, theFoundation helped India by trainingour young researchers in advancedlaboratories abroad and providing

all needed equipment. Althoughthe funding support was not high, Imust admit that, if not for that initialsupport, it would not have beenpossible for India to have built its rice biotechnology research to the levelwe have today.

Future challenge for India:keeping rice farming sustainableThe challenge for the next 20 yearsand beyond is achieving productiontargets on a sustainable basis—ecologi-

cally and economically. Whereas theunfolding technological advances willhopefully make farming ecologicallysecure, the real challenge is going to be in making farming economicallyviable because it is becoming increas-ingly a losing profession.

Farmers are not a happy lot inthis country today. They don’t havesecure livelihood opportunities inthe rural areas because rice farmingand agriculture, in general, are not

professionally aractive. Thus, thereis a large-scale migration of ruralfamilies to urban areas in search of beer livelihood opportunities. Itused to be 60–40%, rural to urbanpopulation; now, the reverse is beingreected.

Today, many farmers do not

want to see their sons becomingfarmers like them. They want themto go for beer-paid jobs in the cities.A recent survey conducted acrossIndia showed that more than 60%of the farmers don’t nd farmingsocioeconomically aractive. Theyfeel they are losers and they want tomigrate to urban areas. So, unless wecome up with appropriate strategiesand policy measures to sustainfarmers in farming, it is not goingto be easy to meet our future food

demands.

A schoolboy in retirement, freelysharing knowledgeNow in retirement, among otherthings, I am an adjunct professor atmy old institute, IARI. Whenever I goto Delhi, I give lectures to studentsand interact with the sta on manyagricultural issues. I really enjoythis kind of activity in retirement.My wife says, “You are retired, but

you still act like a schoolboy.” Maybeso; however, for a scientist, there isreally nothing like retirement. I nowhave time to read and think aboutthe new developments in science andshare those ideas with students andyounger colleagues.

Many companies have askedme, “Why don’t you do some sort ofconsultancy?—whatever you want,we will arrange.” I said, no. I don’tneed nancial support from anybody.I have my pension; I have my lifetime

savings to survive and act as I wish.If anybody wants a free consultancy,there’s no problem. I am available.Otherwise, I am leading a peacefullife!

Mr. Heel is editor-in-chief of RiceToday.

See some video clips from Dr. Siddiq'sinterview at hp://tinyurl.com/Siddiq-interview.

E . A .

S I D D I Q A

R C H I V E

BASMATI RICE is believed to have been cultivated on the Indian Subcontinent for centuries. The term is ofSanskrit origin ("vasmati"), meaning "fragrant".


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How to applySubmit an application online

on or before 15 May 2015.

For more information,

send an email to [email protected].

Rice scholars in South

and Southeast Asia:

The Lee Foundation Rice Scholarship Program is oering

scholarship grants to students pursuing their PhD in elds

allied with the rice sciences.

The Lee Foundation Rice Scholarship Program aims to educate and train a new generation of young rice scientists and researchersto help feed Asia. This exciting new program oers young South and Southeast Asians a unique opportunity to gain excellent

education from reputable academic institutions. It is anticipated that they will be part of a new science leadership in the region and build key partnerships for over 20-25 years.

Research areas• Gene discovery and bioinformatics• Modern rice breeding• Rice systems of the future• Economics and policy

Types of scholarship• 4–5 years for a full PhD program

Scholarship benefits• Round-trip airfare and related travel expenses• Monthly stipend with local medical and

accident insurance• Research support• Leadership and professional development• University fees

Requirements for eligibility

• Citizen of a country in South or

Southeast Asia

• Involved in rice science and related

systems research

• Willing to work on any of a specified list ofresearch areas for his or her PhD

• With great potential for scientific achievement

• About to enroll in a PhD program or have

gained admission to an approved course at

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

• An adequate level of proficiency

in English

• Not more than 35 years old at the time

of application

The grant supports a 4–5-year PhD program that will be pursued jointly at IRRI and at theDepartment of Crop Sciences (http://cropsci. illinois.edu/) and the Illinois Plant Breeding Center(http://plantbreeding.illinois.edu/) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Apply now!


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L

ike many of his classmates,Venuprasad Ramaiah wasplanning to become anengineer. But, during his

st year of bachelor’s degree studiesthe University of Agriculturaliences in Bangalore, India, aurse in plant genetics taught byinspiring teacher, Ms. Savithri

mma, marked a turning point in hise.

“For me, that was a ‘wow’oment,” said Dr. Ramaiah, aientist at the Africa Rice Center

AfricaRice). “It sparked a passion ine for research in this eld. Theres been no looking back since then.”

After completing his PhD innetics of grain yield and root length

nder drought stress in r ice, whichpursued at the same un iversityd at the International Rice Researchstitute (IRRI) in the Philippines,r. Ramaiah obtained a postdoctoralllowship at IRRI and, later, at Theorld Vegetable Center in Taiwan.e then took up the position of aoject scientist in the groundnut

eeding unit of the Internationalrops Research Institute for the Semi-rid Tropics, in Hyderabad, India,2009. However, since he was keenreturn to rice research, he decidedjoin AfricaRice as a lowland-riceeeder in 2010.

“My family friends andlleagues thought I was crazy foraving an aractive position india, but I am passionate about ricesearch,” Dr. Ramaiah remarked.

Rice scientists from India helping Afric

“I also strongly believe that the realneed is in Afr ica, where even smallcontributions can have more impacton the livelihoods of farmers than inAsia.”

At AfricaRice, Dr. Ramaiahworks on rice breeding for the rainfedlowland ecosystem with nationalprograms under the Africa-widerice breeding task force, whichcovers about 30 countries, andwith international organizations,particularly IRRI. He is also closelyinvolved in training research staand students.

His team has successfullytransferred the SUB1 submergence-tolerance gene–identied by IRR I

scientist David Mackill and U.C.Davis researcher Pamela Ronald–intotwo important rice varieties in WestAfrica (WITA4 and NERICA L-19)that are susceptible to ooding. TheseSub1 varieties will be disseminatedto rice farmers in ood-prone areas inAfrica.

Building on his successfulwork on drought tolerance at IRRI,Dr. Ramaiah is coordinating animportant project at AfricaRice to

identify genes for drought tolerance,anaerobic germination, and irontoxicity. The project is done inpartnership with Cornell University,IRRI, and the National Institute ofAgrobiological Sciences in Japan andwith support from the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation.

Dr. Ramaiah's pioneering workhas already led to the identication ofextremely promising material amongthe more than 2,000 accessions inAfricaRice's genebank.

These eorts are expectedto deliver beer stress-tolerantvarieties to small and poor Africanrice farmers in rainfed areas. Thesevarieties will help make the farmers’

yield and income stable as well asprotect them from the threats ofclimate change.

“Despite all the challenges inAfrica, it is most rewarding for meand my team to see the results toproducts and feel that we are a partof it,” said Dr. Ra maiah. “We feelimmensely proud that, with properresources, we can do research on apar with the best organizations in theworld.”

Senthilkumar Kalimuthu lovesastronomy and space scienceand named his son Majoris,after one of the largest stars

known to mankind. Yet, as a systemsagronomist at the Africa Rice Center(AfricaRice), he has his feet rmlyplanted on the ground.

Born to a farming familyin Ramanathapuram District inTamil Nadu in southern India, Dr.Kalimuthu vividly remembers hisschool holidays, which he spenthelping his mother on their farm. Herecollects the anxiety of farmers inhis village as they prayed for rain.

“When rain didn’t come, our riceplants failed to ower and often we

had to harvest feed for cale insteadof food for us,” he said.

This experience led him totake up agriculture during hisundergraduate studies and focuson water-saving rice c ultivationtechnologies as the topic for his MScand PhD research so that he couldhelp such farmers.

Dr. Kalimuthu is justiablyproud that not only d id he receivethe Thirumathi K. Rangammal

Savitri Mohapatra

DR. RAMAIAH conferswith Arnaud Gouda,

a research technicianin the AfricaRice

BiotechnologyLaboratory, where they

are "mining" for allelesin the genebank.

DR. KALIMUTHU (right )confers in the field withTask Force members.

Award for his MSc research fromthe Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, but also because hisndings were later disseminated tomore than a million farmers in TamilNadu through the Department ofAgriculture.

His work was so muchappreciated that he was able toreceive initial funding from theDutch government for his doctoralresearch at Wageningen Universityin The Netherlands. On completion,he became a postdoctoral researcherat Wageningen University and laterin the French National Institute ofAgricultural Research in France.

Since he was keen to help rice

farmers and make an impact onthe ground, Dr. Kalimuthu joinedAfricaRice in 2012 as a systemsagronomist at the Center’s regionalstation in Tanzania. Explainingthe potential impact of research inAfrica, he said, “Thr ough agronomy,it is possible to double the nationalaverage rice yield in Tanzania to 4tons per hectare. This ‘potential’ iswhat drives me to work in and forAfrica.”

Venuprasad Ramaiah:

A passion for rice genetics

and breeding

Senthilkumar is coordinthe activities of the Agronomand Mechanization Task Forconvened by AfricaRice in Eand Southern Africa. He is amonitoring rice R&D activitirice sector development hubTanzania, Uganda, MadagasRwanda, and Ethiopia, wherhas trained more than 200 ricresearchers and 350 rice farmin rice agronomy, of which 40are women. He is also supervstudents, research assistants,some researchers.

His studies and experienhelping him to realize his dr becoming an eminent agronImportantly, the lessons thatlearned during his childhoodfrom his mother on their farmcontinuing to guide his foots

Recounting one such leshe said that, when he was waon their farm with his mothefeet would press on roots of rplants. He was worried that damaging the plants. But his

assured him that destroyingroots a lile would produce mtillers and more y ield. “I didunderstand at that t ime. But through my experiments, I sethe roots get pruned by mechweeding. This helps increasetillering and yield.

Ms. Mohapatra is the head of Mand Communications at AfricaR

RRAMAN,AFRICARICE(2)

Senthilkumar Kalimuthu:

A stargazer with feet firm

planted on the ground


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19/37

In India, rice has beengrown since timeimmemorial. Here, therice grain has always

been considered sacred. Thespirit of the Divine is believed

to reside in each rice grain.Rice is a symbol of fertilityand being used in worshipwherein grains are oered toGod.

Rice is the essence, a wayof life and it is blended withfestivals, traditions, rituals,and each walk of life of therice farmers. It is seen in music(particularly folk songs),poems, art, and sculpture.

Large parts of folklore have become interwoven with rice culture.For more than half of humanity, riceis life, providing its nurturing energy.Indeed, many consider the crop as theroot of civilization.

As a rice researcher for nearlyfour decades and as project directorof the Directorate of Rice Research(DRR) for 5 years, I realized the needfor establishing a rice museum thatdepicted a combination of traditionalwisdom and the major

breakthroughs of scienceand technology in breeding(release of Sub1 varietiesand hybrids), managementpractices (direct seedingand aerobic rice), pest anddisease management, cropresource management(agronomy), postharvesttechnology, engineering, biotechnology, andgenomics.

traditional and science-based ricefarming. It depicts the dierentrice ecosystems—irrigated,upland, shallow lowland, semi-deep water, deep water, andoating rice. It also shows seed

production plots and hill rice.The mural illustrates how

rice farmers’ lives are governedand regulated by the seasonalrhythms of rice growing—sowing, planting, fertilizing,weeding, irrigating, harvesting,threshing, and hulling. Theirlives from birth to death are bound to rice.

As the sta and collaboratorsof the DRR celebrate its 50th

anniversary, the DRR RiceMuseum is observing its 10th year ofoperation, having opened its doorson 31 March 2005. The panoramicmural, particularly, has been a solemnplace for sta and visitors to pausein the museum—to take some quiettime to reect on the importance andsignicance of India’s rich and diverserice culture.

Dr. Mishra was project director for theDRR, 2000-05. During his

time, 144 inbred rice varietiesand 9 hybrids suited for dierentrice ecologies were released.He facilitated the developmentof hybrid rice in India, whichis now planted on around 2.4million hectares. He coordinatedthe largest AICRIP network onrice up to that time, having 47

funded projects and more than90 cooperating centers withnearly 500 rice scientists.

DRR Rice Museumfeatures traditionalwisdom and scientific

breakthroughsby B. Mishra

An integral and crucial part ofthe DRR Rice Museum is a muralpainting that gives a panoramicview of the various operations of

ENTRANCE TO theDRR Rice Museumin Hyderabad.

R.M. SUNDARAM, DRR senior scientist inbiotechnology ( second from right in upper photo),gives special guests a tour of the Rice Museumincluding ( from left ) Bas Bouman, GRiSP director;

J.K. Ladha, IRRI representative for India; and(extreme right ) Matthew Morell, IRRI deputy directorfor research. The bottom photo shows the panoramicmural in the background.

SECTIONS OF the mural show variousIndian rice farm operations. See alarger segment in the centerfold on thenext page.



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Rice Today April-June 2015Rice Today April-June 2015oday April-June 2015, Vol. 14, No. 2

A section of the panoramic mural housed at the Rice Museum of the Directorate of Rice Research in Hyderabad, India. It depicts how rice farmers’li

governed by the seasonal rhythms of growing the crop. See the previous page for more background.


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time to celebrate, pause,nd reflect

her detailed account of Five decadesAICRIP , N. Shoba Rani writesout the program’s growth andntributions to the rice revolutionIndia. The acting director of the

RR/AICRIP for a time in 2014, sheates that the Golden Jubilee ofCRIP, which r eceived directorate

atus as the DRR in 19751 , is a time tolebrate success and a time to paused reect on the way forward andface new challenges. “It is also a

me to hear the heartbeat of the ricermers,” she adds.

According to Dr. Rani, thedian Council of Agriculturalesearch (ICAR) located AICRIP inyderabad in 1965 with a ma ndatethe time to develop an integratedtional network of cooperativeperimentation on all aspects of riceoduction. “Accelerating bree dingith the new semidwarf varietiesriving on the s cene would be a key

ort,” she says.

RI’s connection in India formallyarted with AICRIP

he Rockefeller Foundation, theS. Agency for Internationalevelopment (USAID), and I RRI were

while the Rockefeller Foundationdesignated Wayne Freeman asthe joint coordinator,” says Dr.De Daa. “Dr. Freeman also laterserved with distinction as IRRI’s rstrepresentative in India.”

As AICRIP’s rst ma nager, Dr.Shastry, who also served on IRRI’sBoard of Trustees in the early days(1970-73), saw his priority beingproject implementation and notso much bureaucratic things suchas memoranda of understandingand streamlining administration.“The focus was on the semidwarfcultivars, which covered the entireresearch area of the AICRIP center inHyderabad,” he says.

“The bread and buer of cropimprovement is genetic enhancementand crop husbandry,” he adds. “Thegenotypes must be matched with the biological and physical environmentin which the crop is grown. IRRI andAICRIP met this challenge guided by the competence and vision of thescientists at both inst itutions.”

The key to success:germplasm exchangeAccording to the DRR’s currentdirector, V. Ravindra Babu, AICRIP’svarietal improvement has involvedthe pooling of breeding materialgenerated in more than 100 regionalrice-breeding stations across India.“This has allowed for testing

under dierent rice ecologies andagroclimatic zones,” he says. “Thegreatest advantage has been the freeexchange of genetic material at boththe national and international levelsthrough IRRI’s International Networkfor Genetic Evaluation of Rice orINGER.”

“India has beneted from itspartnership with INGER by directlyreleasing 70 entries from diversesources to date as varieties,” saysD.V. Seshu, former IRRI plant breeder(1976-93) and an early INGERcoordinator. “The use of severalhundred test entries as parents invarious breeding programs led to therelease of an additional 252 varietiesin 24 Indian states. INGER entrieswere also used directly as either

restorer or CMS2

lines that led to therelease of around 40 hybrids in India.”

Developing hybrid ricefrom scratchSpeaking of hybrid rice, the India-IRRI collaboration is a uniqueexample of how to develop such a

technology from scratch, accto Sant Virmani, IRRI plant b(1979-2005) and former leadeIRRI’s Hybrid Rice Program.

“We encouraged India’s psector to develop and dissemhybrid rice technology by fresharing IRRI-developed hybrmaterials and seed productiotechnology with them,” says Virmani. “This concerted eoresulted in the development a

commercialization of hybrid by 1994. In recognition of thidevelopment, India, in collabwith IRRI, hosted the 3rd InteSymposium on Hybrid Rice i

“IRRI has s upported theprogram in India by continusharing breeding materials a

Compiled by Gene H

A time to celebrate, pause and reflect…

REVISITING 50 YEARS OF INDIAN RICE RESEARCHDecember 2014, I noted that 2015 would mark the 50th anniversary of India’s Directorate of Rice Research (DRR) ande Annual Rice Group Meeting of its All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP). So, at that time, J.K. Ladha,e International Rice Research Institute’s (IRRI) representative in India, and I encouraged a cadre of renowned Indian riceientists and administrators to provide some brief recollections and testimonials, particularly espousing the exceptional

artnership between India and IRRI. We also asked a long-time DRR breeder to provide her unique look at AICRIP’s legacy.Responses were heartening, enthusiastic—and enlightening. In addition to historical perspectives, topics ranged from

hievements in hybrid rice and building India’s scientific capacity to addressing climate change. What follows here areme selected gleanings. The complete set of contributions is at www.irri.org/rice-today/india.

D R R

I R R I

THE FIRST joint coordinators of AICRIP were S.V.S. Shastry (right ) and Wayne Freeman.

soon associated with the project toenhance the pace of rice research inthe country.

According to S.K. De Daa, oneof IRRI’s rst agronomists, servingthere from 1964 to 1991, IRRI’s

collaborative research with Indiawas formally launched shortlyafter AICRIP’s establishment.“ICAR appointed S.V.S. Shastry, adistinguished breeder and geneticist,as its coordinator and project leader

INGER IS celebrating its own 40th anniversary in 2015.

its Golden Jubilee year, the DRR has been given

tional institute status under the ICAR umbrella. Itnow the Indian Institute of Rice Research.

its Golden Jubilee year, the DRR has been given

tional institute status under the ICAR umbrella. Itnow the Indian Institute of Rice Research.

2 CMS or cytoplasmic genetic male sterile is a plant's inablity to produce functional pollen. It is an important tool in hybrid seed production. Hybrids often

heterosis or hybrid vigor, whereby the traits of a hybrid progeny are enhanced as a result of the genetic combination of its parents.


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oduction technology and providinggular consulting services throughsits by Inst itute breeders,” addsr. Virmani. “Concurrently, IRRIs enhanced the capacity of Indianientists and seed productionrsonnel with postdoctoral, on-the-

b, and short- and medium-termaining in the Philippines as well asIndia.”

apacity building is criticalthers in the cadre also mentionede critical importance of capacity

uilding. Professional advancementr Indian scientists has been key, not

nly in hybrid rice development, butmany aspects of rice research.

According to Mano Pathak,rmer IRRI director of researchd training (1974-89), the Inst itute’s

aining programs were initiated toovide MS, PhD, and postdoctoralsearch programs. “Additionally,”says, “short-term nondegreeograms on rice production,st and soil management, and

ostharvest technology have been anmportant feature of the Institute’s

tensive training courses, some up tomonths in duration.”

Since 1965, Indian scholars whove trained and done research at

IRRI tally around 110 PhDs, 15 MSs,135 interns, and 15 research fellows.“Many Indian scientists, who are partof the IRRI alumni network, nowoccupy key leadership positions inICAR and the university system andare signicantly contributing to thecountry’s rice crop production anduse,” points out Dr. Pathak.

“A major recent achievementin India-IRRI capacity buildingis in simulation modeling forclimate change impact assessmentand resource optimization forenvironmental susta inability,”adds Himanshu Pathak, Centerfor Environment Science, IndianAgricultural Research Institute. “Thevarious workshops and conferenceson climate change and environmentwill go a long way in ach ievingsustainable livelihoods for millions ofIndians.”

Pradeep Sharma, vice chancellorof Sher-e-Kashmir University ofAgricultural Sciences and Technologyof Jammu, adds management ofsoil and water to the list that IRRIsupports for capacity building inIndia. “These two natural resourcesare th reatened by overexploitationand misuse as well as by climatechange,” he warns.

Global climate change:a pivotal issueMany in the cadre obviously hadthis issue on their minds—andwith good reason. “Global climatechange—characterized by increasingtemperatures, more variable rainfall,sea-level rise, and melting glaciers—isprojected to signicantly impact rice

production in India and neighboringcountries, and aect the food andlivelihood security of millions,”says Pramod Aggarwal, regionalprogram leader for South Asia of theCGIAR Research Program on ClimateChange, Agriculture, and FoodSecurity (CCAFS).

According to Dr. Aggarwal,India and IRRI share a longresearch collaboration to study therelationship between rice and theclimate. “For example, IRRI andICAR scientists worked togetherto set up automatic methanegas measuring facilities, whichwere instrumental in producingrevised estimations of methane gasemissions, leading to a downwardevaluation of emissions from theagricultural sector.”

He points outthat now IRRI and theInternational Maize andWheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) are workingwith CCAFS on obtaininggreenhouse gas estimatesunder dierent managementpractices in farmers’ eldsin several “climate-smartvillages” in India and SouthAsia. “These studies willlead to the development ofmore robust measurement,reporting, and vericationsystems for methane gasemissions in rice paddies,”says Dr. Aggarwal.

Farmers in the climate-smart villages in easternIndia have been givenaccess to drought- andood-tolerant r ice varieties,such as Sahbhagi dhan andSwarna-Sub1, respectively,

among many other adaptivepractices. “Water-saving andlow-emission practices suchas alternate weing anddrying and direct-seededrice are an integral part ofthe climate-smart portfolioin these villages,” he adds.

APAARI’s regional roleIn Asia, IRRI has interactedclosely with the Asia

INCE 1989 when ICAR implemented a national p rogram on hybrid rice development, IRRI researchersave contributed much to improving this technology, which can greatly increase India’s rice productionnd farmers’ income.

G E N E

H E T T E L , I R R I

SINCE 1965, more than 1,000 Indian scientists have attended IRRI’s short- and medium-term courses.

Pacic Association of AgriculturalResearch Institutes (APAARI)

sinceits inception in 1990. APAARI andIRRI have had a long partnershipin promoting and initiating riceresearch for development activitiesin India and South Asia, according toRaj Paroda, former APAARI executivesecretary (1992-2014), ICAR directorgeneral (1994-2001), and I RRI Boardof trustees member (1990-93). “Forexample,” says Dr. Paroda, “APAARI,on the advice of IRRI, published the book Hybrid rice in China , which helped promote hybrid rice researchin India.”

Dr. Paroda added that APAARIhelped facilitate the germplasmexchange activities of INGER in India,worked with IRRI and CIMMYT toinitiate the Rice-Wheat Consortium

I R R I

L A N I E R E Y E S , I R R I

for the Indo-Gangetic Plains1994, and enthusiastically enthe CGIAR’s Global Rice SciePartnership (GRiSP) in 2010.

Impact of the Green RevolAll of the products and activthe ongoing Green Revolutiohad remarkable impact in Ind“During the 1960s, the countimported up to 10 million tonfood grains annually,” says GKhush, 1996 World Food Prizlaureate and IRRI rice breedeprincipal scientist (1967-2001)the last 10 years, India has ex4−6 million tons of food graiyear,” he says. “The quantityexported in 2013-14 was 10.7 tons—more than a ny other coConsidering that the populat

India has increased350 million in 1960 current 1.254 billiona remarkable achiev Mutual benefits arewards“IRRI and ICAR haalways been naturapartners,” says Dr. Daa, former ICARdirector general (crscience) and IRRI ticulture specialist an biotechnologist (199“That dynamic parhas become successand benecial for binstitutions.”

DRR director Bagrees. “IRRI has bR&D partner of thefor the last 50 yearsthe rewards have bmutual,” he says. “

that, through contincollaboration betwethe two organizatioas equal partners, wwill be able to meetIndia’s future challto rice production aproductivity.”

Mr. Heel is editor-inof Rice Today and IRhistorian.

EAST INDIAN rice farmers are now meeting their food security needs withclimate-smart varieties, such as drought-tolerant Sahbhagi dhan. SeeCreating an oasis with rice on pages 10-11 of Rice Today , Vol. 13, No. 2.


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Unreliable weather can makeor break rice farmers that relyon rainfall for water. Climatechange makes it even harder

predict weather conditions, thuswering the chances of recoveringrmers’ investments in mitigatinge impact of erratic rainfall paerns

n their crops. To help solve thisoblem, a prototype weather-

ce-nutrient integrated decisionpport system (WeRise) came about.eRise is a web application tool thattegrates rice nutrients with weatherta to provide farmers with weatherd crop advisories.

ce roulette

rowing rice in rainfed environmentslike gambling. It is dicult forrmers to decide when to sow oransplant rice because they cannotedict the arrival of the monsoon.

hey also can not foresee whethere season’s rainfall will be enoughsustain their c rops. Even withcient rainfall at the beginning ofe season, they have no guaranteee rain will continue. Obviously, toouch or too lile rainfall can lead to

a poor harvest. The weather can a lsoinict damage during harvest time.If harvesting coincides with rains,farmers need plastic sheets to keepgrains dry. The boom line is thatno one can tell how much of theirinvestment can be recovered after acropping season.

Optimal production can beachieved through good agriculturalpractices, which can be designedto t the dierent types of rainyseason. For example, a long-cycle ricevariety should be chosen for longrainy seasons with sucient rainfall.In areas where the rainy season isshort, a short-cycle variety is suitablefor coping when water is scarce. If

the rainy season is long enough butrainfall is insucient, a drought-tolerant rice variety can be a goodcandidate.

When drought occurs, a short-cycle variety should be used to avoidwater shortage at the critical stagesof plant growth. However, thesedecisions are made at the start ofthe planting season. Farmers cannotchange the variety of their choiceafter they have planted it.

Tailor-made weather andyield reportsWeRise is a product of collaboration between the International RiceResearch Institute (IRRI) and Japanon the project Climate ChangeAdaptation in Rainfed Rice Areas(CCARA). WeRise aims to improvethe chances of farmers of having good

rice yields even with unpredictableweather paerns. Japan’s Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheriesfunds CCARA.

WeRise provides crucial weatherand grain yield advisories in theform of a narrative summary. Thisincludes the start and end of therainy season, the expected rainfalldistribution and ooding or droughtthat might occur during the season,when to sow and transplant the crop,what variety is appropriate, andhow to apply fertilizer eciently. Italso contains graphical outputs ofrainfall, minimum and maximumtemperatures, wind speed, vaporpressure, and solar radiation.

These sets of information arelocation-specic to subdistrict levelsof countries in Southeast Asia. Theseasonal weather predictions are based on the localized outputs of theScale Interaction Experiment-Frontier(SINTEX-F) Research Center forGlobal Change developed by Japan’sAgency for Marine Science andTechnology. SINTEX-F is designed topredict when the El Niño SouthernOscillation will occur, 1 to 24 monthsin advance. Thus, WeRise can providefarmers with predicted weather andyield information with enough leadtime for them to prepare and decidewhat and when to plant.

WeRise can also predict yield based on recommended sowing and

Yield rises with

WeRiseKeiichi Hayashi, Anita Boling,

d Tsutomu Ishimaru

fertilizer application timings usingthe ORYZA crop modeling tool,which simulates the growth anddevelopment of rice as well aswater under dierent conditions,including local weather. The grainyield advisory is also location-specicso that end-users can choose asubdistrict for this advisory.

From theory to field realityIn rainfed rice farming, the timingof sowing is crucial because goodyield is linked to a sucient watersupply and good crop growth. Somefarmers plant early while others aremore cautious and start sowing latein the monsoon. Relying mostly onguesswork, farmers can have high orlow yields as a result of coincidence;thus, they cannot obtain the sameresult in the following year.

In 2014, WeRise was tested inIndonesia to see whether it couldminimize the eect of poor timing.Although many farmers startedsowing rice after a downpour at the beginning of the rainy season, theWeRise team, following its weatherprediction, planted rice much later.

A few weeks after the farmersplanted, rainfall stopped. The youngrice seedlings planted by the farmerssuered from water scarcity andsome plants did not survive. TheWeRise team, on the other hand,obtained signicantly higher yieldthan the far mers who did not receiveany weather advisory and relied ontheir instincts.

A user-friendly toolWeRise is designed for agriculturalextension agents and farmers whocan access the Internet throughsmartphones or computers. Local

millers and retailers of agriculturalinputs are potential users who can be sources of information for farmerswith no Internet access. WeRise isnow available in English, Bahasa,and Lao, making informationdissemination even simpler forsmall-scale rice farmers who are nottech-savvy.

The feedback from 53 researchand extension workers in Indonesia,Lao PDR, and the Philippines has

been positive. They found Weasy to use and understand. also said that explaining theto farmers was easy.

“The information is morcomplete and it has graphs,”Beby Noviani, an extension wfrom Indonesia.

Muhammad Jono, anothIndonesian extension workesummed up his experience wWeRise in one word: “simple

Raising farmers’ oddsWith WeRise, rice farmers wto use their resources ecienchoosing a suitable variety, aa failure in crop establishmenand using an ecient fertilizapplication. This can help redtheir risks and make rainfedfarming beer and more stabBy providing farmers with tiaccurate information, farmercan enjoy beer harvests, whtranslate into higher earningmore reliable protability. ThWeRise could make rainfed rfarming aractive to young pchanging the perception thaagriculture is an all-or-nothioccupation.

Drs. Hayashi and Ishimaru arescientists from the Japan InternResearch Center for AgriculturSciences (JIRCAS) working onCCARA project. Dr. Hayashi i project coordinator who leads thagronomy and soil science comDr. Ishimaru is a plant breederthe genetics and breeding compDr. Boling is a former postdoctof CCARA.

K .

H A Y A S H I ( 3 )

A CROPPING calendar based onaccurate weather information couldmean better rice yields for farmers.

weather-rice-nutrient decisionupport app is helping farmersnsure yield in rainfed areas


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R R A M A N ,

A F R I C A R I C E ( 4 )

What’s cooking? by Ms. Lynda Hagan

Ingredients

• 250 grams rice flour

• 250 grams wheat flour

• 165 grams egg whites

• 25 grams xanthan gum

• 10 grams salt

• 200 milliliters water (add a pinch of

food coloring)

• 25 mL or 5 tsp cooking oil

Directions

Preparing the noodles (one or two days

before cooking the noodles)

• Mix rice and wheat flours, xanthan gum,

and salt in a bowl.

• Add egg whites and cooking oil, and

mix well.

• Gradually pour 200 mL of water intothe flour mixture and mix it with a fork

or your fingertips to form a soft dough.

Place the dough on a lightly-floured

work surface and knead for about 5

minutes until smooth and elastic. Set it

aside for 20 minutes.

Home-made noodles from Ghana

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