Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System - Abdel Kader Dodo - Iullemeden Aquifer

4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006

Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer

System

4th WORLD WATER FORUM

Mexico, Marsh 17th, 2006


GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW


Niger

Nigeria

Mali

R. Niger

•Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria

Aquifers :• Cretaceous Intercalary

Continental• Tertiary Terminal

Continental• > 2000 billion m3

Niger river :• 30 billion m3 per

year

Area : 525 000 km²•Mali : 31000 km² (6%)•Niger : 434000 km² (83%)•Nigeria : 60000 km² (11%).

Population :• 15 million (2000)• 28 million (2025)

IAS OVERVIEW


NATURAL RESOURCESNon renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m3

Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m3/y

« W » National parc (Niger Republic)

160 billion m3/y to Atlantic ocean

Fisheries > 200 species

Livestock > 4 million cattle

Irrigation land > 300 000 ha

Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m3


SHARED IAS ISSUES•Increased water demand because of growing population : 15 millions in 2000, double in 2025

•Climate change

•Decreased groundwater recharge rate

•Land degradation 100 000 ha/year

•Silting : river, lake, pools

•Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood


SHARED IAS ISSUES• Lack of exchange information

between countries sharing and exploiting the same resource

• Lack of cooperation on aquifers although Basins Authorities exit in the region : NBA, LGA, etc…

• Aquifers only studied in the limits of the national borders


Within the goal of sustainable :•environmental protection and sub-

regional and national development•cooperative framework for joint

management of risk and uncertainty

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To establish the capacity, to identify, reduce and mitigate transboundary risks from changing land and water use and from climate change in the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System


PROJECT OUTCOMES•Joint mechanisms for identification of transboundary risk issues in the IAS;

•A joint development and conservation strategy for the IAS;

•A joint tripartite legal and institutional cooperative framework for the IAS;

•Joint programmes for awareness, participation and inter-governmental communication.


IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS

•Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ;

•Strengthening the State of knowledge of IAS;

•Awareness, Participation, Capacity Building;

•Consultative Mechanism;


STEERING COMMITTEE

(Periodic control and Evaluation)

Countries : Partners :DNH - Mali - UEP/GEF

DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - ESA - IRD

DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - IGRAC - GTZ

OSS

Implementation Agency

IAS Project

- Coordination and Technical Management

- Regional Coordination

- Scientific Control

National Teams

National Coordinator

National Focal Point

National Coordination Committee

Scientific Audit

Scientific Evaluation

Validation of final reports

Experts

Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis

Consultative Mechanism

Recharge

Modelling

Remote Sensing

PROJECT STRUCTURE

UNESCO

Scientific Supervision


• Three national reports for TDA (Mali, Niger and Nigeria) for further IAS wide analysis (under implementation) ;

ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR :

• Common digitalized maps for a further hydrogeological risks analysis;

• Analysis of information/data availability in support of cooperation among countries;

• Legal and consultative mechanism ;

• Management tool development (database)


H = High Risk M = Medium Risk W = Weak Risk

RISKS IDENTIFIED

RISKS Mali Niger NigeriaMean value

Lack of knowledge of groundwater flow patterns H M H H

Lack of knowledge of Surface Water and Groundwater connexion H H H H

Basin Awareness H H H HClimatic changes : floods, droughts H H H HDeforestation H H H HGroundwater exploitation W W M WDecline of Artesianism uncontrolled M H H HWater pollution H H H HSoil salinisation M M W MInadequate groundwater network H M H HNon consultative groundwater Exploitation H H H H


PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSISDIRECT CAUSES (Natural origin)

ENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUES

DIRECT CAUSES(Human origin)

IMPACTS COMMON BASIC CAUSES

Climatic changes, (reduced rainfall and runoff)Frequent droughtsReduced connexion between surface water and groundwater because of silting, sand dunes established

Groundwater resources scarcity

Increase in water demand (growth population, mining and agricultural activities)Inadequate water infrastructure

Reduced groundwater rechargeDecline of artesian water pressureReduced renewable groundwater resourceAlternative water resources

Deficient political and legal practical frameworkInadequate basin awarenessInsufficient knowledge and participation in sustainable water resource managementLack of consultative mechanism in groundwater resources management although several Basin AuthoritiesDeficiency in application of law

High concentration of fluoride, nitrates

Groundwater quality

degradation

Pollution by urban, industrial and mining activitiesAgricultural activities (pesticides, manures)Land use and inadequate change in land use

Soil SalinizationLess production in agricultureDiseases

Climatic change: droughts, desertification, establishment of sand dunes

Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources

Deforestation (firewood)Uncontrolled hunting activitiesClearing of land for agricultureMigration of the population from deserted zone to wetlandsLand use and inadequate change in land use

Employment (firewood)Reduced tourismIncrease water erosion


ENVIRON. ISSUES & TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONSENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUESEFFECTS & SYMPTOMS TRANSBOUNDARY

MANIFESTATIONSSTRATEGIC ACTIONS

Groundwater resources scarcity

Increase of percentage of population without access of drinking waterLess agriculture (reduced area under irrigation)Transfer water (big towns, mining areas)

Transboundary migration of the population increasing water demand in the new habitatIncrease potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists using the same water point (well, dug well, boreholes)

Sustainable and jointly development of water resourcesOperational consultative mechanism of water resource management (exchange data, groundwater exploitation modelling, ) to alert water scarcity

Groundwater quality degradation

Change option in water demand (fluoride)Less production of agricultureSanitation issues (diseases)More importation of foodChange option of water use

Transport pollutions with effects on human population, ecosystem.Transport of diseases

Prevention and control of risk pollution“Pollutant-Payer”, taxesOperational legal framework

Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources

Reduced wildlife populations of flora and faunaReduced biological properties of the soil (fertilisation)Increase of denuded areas and loss of wetlandsIncrease of water erosion, and sand dunes establishment

Migration of fauna and flora to wetland and peaceful zonesMigration of the population including diseases migration, destruction of new humid habitatMigration and increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists

Strengthening public awareness in support of decision-making processes;Environmental education for civil society“Pollutant-Payer”, taxes


Sliding of isohyets southwards by 100 km:decrease of 20%- 30% of the rainfall

DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE


Erosion and silting in Niger river

Development of sand dunes

DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE


Evolution des Débits annuels : Ecart à la Moyenne

-500-400-300-200-100

0100200300400500600

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

Ecar

t (m

3/s)

Ecart / Moyenne (864 m3/s)

Reduced Niger river runoff at

Niamey : 36,2%

CLIMATIC IMPACTS


-4,00-3,00

-2,00-1,000,001,002,003,004,00

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3Ecr (Pluie)Ecr (Débit)Cumul Ecr.-Piézo.

Reduction of groundwater recharge

(R. Dessouassi et G. Mahé , 1997)

CLIMATIC IMPACTS


DIRECT HUMAN CAUSE


DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : FLUORIDE (6mg/l)

Bony Fluorosis Apatite :

Ca5(PO4)3 (OH, F, Cl)

More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed


COMITE DE PILOTAGE(Niveau Politique)

SECRETAIREFacilitateur)

MALIComité Technique

NIGERComité Technique

NIGERIAComté Technique

STEERING COMMITTE(Political level)

SECRETARYFacilitator)

MALITechnical Committee

NIGERTechnical Committee

NIGERIATechnical Committee

TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM


EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Maintenance of Database; coordination national committee

activities ; preparation of decisions to the Steering

committee

MALITechnical

Committee

NIGERTechnical

Committee

NIGERIATechnical

Committee

STEERING COMMITTEE(Political Level)

PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM


Groundwater

Surface WaterClimatology

Administrative Domains

Users

COMMON DATABASE


COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP


REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES


• Definition, Quantification and Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS• Addressing lack of data/information : A need for country capacity building ;

• Rational management of surface water and groundwater ; and• “ Implementable “ consultative mechanism for cooperation and coordination.

CHALLENGES


END

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Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System - Abdel Kader Dodo - Iullemeden Aquifer

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