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Chapter 2

The Birth of FilipinoNationalism

Lecture Notes in Life and Works of Rizal

Dr. Francis Baleta, RFT, RPT

Isabela State University


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Nationalism

or

devotion

to

or

advocacy

of

national

unity

and

independence

is

the

most

important

prerequisite

to

the

formation

of

national

consciousness,

indeed

the

sine

qua

non

to

the

development

of

national

identities

.

BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM


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It is a feeling developed in apeople living in a contiguous

geographic area, a sentiment

forged by a common history,language and literature, customs

and traditions and even by a

common religion.



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As a historical development, it is arelatively new concept, a product ofthe ferment and political upheavals of

the 18th century and a child of theFrench Revolution, which wasexported to other nations of Europe

during the Napoleonic wars and later,by war and commerce, by colonialismitself, to other parts of the world.


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In the history of colonized andexploited peoples all over the world,no significant struggle for liberation

and independence ever succeededin making any headway without theearlier development of nationalism

among the people involved in themovement.


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No such sentiment existed in thePhilippines before the 19thcentury.

To be sure, the different ethnic groups in

the country shared the same basicelements of nationalism such assimilarities of racial and cultural features,but Spanish and colonial policy as well as

certain natural barriers retarded thedevelopment of nationalistic feelingamong the Filipinos.


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The insular and mountainous characterof Philippine geography limited socialcontact and communication.

The dismal state of transportation andcommunication facilities rendered thesenatural barriers much more formidable.

Moreover, the Spanish medieval practice

of requiring passports for travel from oneprovince to another virtually estrangedregions from one another.


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The Filipinos in different parts of the country,therefore, failed to realize the similarities oftheir grievances and the existence of acommon source of suffering and misery.

Linguistic differences and the absence of acommon language, aggravated by thedeliberate refusal of the Spaniards topropagate the Spanish language, weighed

heavily in fomenting regionalism andprevented the people from developing anational language that would have unitedthem.


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FACTORS THAT LED TO THE BIRTH OF

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Opening of thePhilippines to worldtrade from 1834 to 1873

-This stimulated theeconomic activities in thecountry which broughtprosperity to some of theFilipinos but most of all tothe Chinese and theSpaniards.


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It resulted to the rise of anew social class referred

to as Middle Class orthe Ilustrados

- Acquired material

wealth- Improved their social

stature and influence

- Clamored for socialand political equalitywith the colonial

masters.


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Influx of Liberal Ideas

With the opening of the Philippines to

world trade, European ideas freely

penetrated the country in form of printed

books, newspapers, and treatises madeavailable to the natives as they participated

in the process of exchange of goods and

products.

The new knowledge and current events

they learned and acquired outside affected

their ways of living and the manner of their

thinking


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The Rise of the MiddleClass

- The middle class or theIlustradofamily sentmembers of their family

particularly male childrento study abroad.

- These students would beexposed to European

thoughts and would laterlead in call for reforms.

- Filipino patriots andpropagandist mostlycame from this class


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Opening of Suez Canal

- The Suez Canal was

created by a French

engineer named

Ferdinand de Lesseps- This man-made canal

made transportation

easier, making the

transfer of goods andideas better and faster.


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Spanish Revolution of 1868

- The period when QueenIsabella was ousted by

Generals Francisco Serranoand Juan Prim

- This incident had proven thatSpain was not invincible andthat even how powerful it wasit cannot escape social unrestand political upheavals.

- In 1873, the first SpanishRepublic was established andthe Liberals installed Carlos Ma.Dela Torre as the governorgeneral in the Philippines


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Liberal Regime ofCarlos Ma. Dela Torre

- It was during his term asgovernor general that

freedom of speech wasallowed among theFilipinos

- De la Torre was a well-

loved leader becausehe was concern withthe needs of the natives


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- He ordered the abolition of flogging as

punishment for military disobedience

- He implemented the Educational Decree

of 1863 and the Moret Law which delimitthe secularization of educational

institutions and allowed the government

to take control among different schools

and academic institutions.


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SecularizationMovement

- An interest groupconsisted of Filipino priestswho demanded that theybe allowed to handle

parishes in accordancewith the provisions of theCouncil of Trent

- It was once headed byFather Pedro Pelaez andwas followed by Fr. JoseBurgos.


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Restoration of the Monarchand the Installation of

Izquierdo as gov. gen. ofthe Philippines

- 1870, Spanish monarchy wasrestored with Amadeo de

Savoy as new king.

- This king eventually sent

Rafael Izquierdo as the

governor general in Manila


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Izquierdo was theexact opposite of De

la TorreHe ordered that theexemptions andprivileges enjoyed by

workers of thearsenals and shipyards be repealed,giving reason for

these workers tolaunch a mutiny thattook place in 1872.


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The Cavite Mutiny

- An uprising of the arsenal andshipyard workers of Cavite as aresponse to the repeal of theirprivileges such as exemptionfrom paying tributes andperformance of forced labor.

- This took place on January 20,1872 and was headed bySergeant La Madrid

- This small mutiny was

magnified by Spanish to makeit appear that it was a wide-scaled conspiracy and thateven Filipino clergy were partof it.


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The Martyrdom ofGOMBURZA

The Three Martyr PriestJose Burgos

Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Youngest among thethree

One of the majoradvocates ofsecularization

Born on 9 February1837During that time was thecurate of the Cathedraland Canonigo Magistral


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Mariano Gomes

Born in Sta. Cruz,

ManilaFirst to be executed

Founded La Verdad,

which served as the

mouthpiece ofsecularization

Oldest among the

martyr priests


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Jacinto ZamoraBorn August 14,

1835

He already losthis mind during

the proceedings


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Significance of the martyrdom

of the three priests

Filipinos forgot their regionalhostilities and felt the need ofbeing united for a common cause

The Filipinos instead of developingfear from the Spaniards,

developed hatred instead

The GOMBURZA served asinspiration to future patriots toselflessly fight the Spaniards in

order to put a stop on injusticesand abusiveness committed bythe colonizers.


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THE REFORM AND COUNTER

REFORM MOVEMENTS

REFORM MOVEMENTS:The PropagandaMovement

Major Propagandists

Graciano LopezJaenaA native of Jaro,Iloilo.Famous for his

satirical workentitled FrayBotodFounded LaSolidaridad in 1889


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Marcelo del Pilar

A fierce lawyer and

writer from Malolos,Bulacan

Identified by Spanish

authorities in Madridas the most

dangerous Indio

Founded the

Diariong Tagalogin 1882, the first

Filipino newspaper

written in the

vernacular.

Used the pennames


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Used the pennamesPlaridel, DoloresManapa, Piping

DilatFamous worksinclude:

- La SoberaniaMonacal en Filipinas(Monastic Supremacyin the Philippines)

- La Frailocracia Filipina(The Friars in thePhilippines)


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Jose Rizal

Known for his novelsNoli Me Tangereand El Filibusterismo

Founded La LigaFilipina after thefailure of thePropaganda

Movement


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Other Propaganda Literature

NinayPedro Paterno

SampaguitasPedro Paterno

ImpresionesAntonio Luna

La Universidad de Pilipinas: Plano de

EstudiosJose Maria PanganibanCelebres FilipinosMariano Ponce

Historia de IlocosIsabelo delos

Reyes

El Folklore FilipinoIsabelo delos

Reyes


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Masonry

One of the oldest fraternities in Europe

Became a popular organization for

Filipino liberals and democratsRevolucion1st Filipino Masonic lodge inBarcelona founded by Lopez Jaena

SolidaridadFounded by M. del Pilar in

MadridNilad1stMasonic Lodge in the Philippinesfounded by Pedro Serrano Laktaw


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COUNTER - REFORM MOVEMENTS:

QiuopquiapPablo Feced in real lifeHis articles expressed hatred and

contempt against Filipino reformists

His articles were usually published in

Diario de Manila and El Liberal in

Madrid

His infamous work was Filipinas:Ezbozosy Pinceladas (Philippines: Sketches

and Strokes) that was a biased

assessment of the Philippines

Wenceslao Retana


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Wenceslao Retana

Defender of Frailocracy

Published Questiones

Filipinas: Avisos y

Profecias, a compilation

of articles attackinganti-friar Filipino

reformists

Had a dispute with Rizal

but eventually becamethe heros biographer


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Fray Jose Rodriguez

Wrote an attackagainst the Noli in apamphlet entitled

Caiingat Kayo

In response Rizalwrote, La Vision del

Fray Rodriguez


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Fray Lucio Bustamante

Ridiculed the Filipinoswho wanted to learn

Spanish yet cannotsatisfactorily performtheir manual jobs.


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Other Counter

Publications

Diario de Manila

El Liberal

La Voz de Espana

Failure of the Propaganda


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Failure of the PropagandaMovement

Inadequacy of funds

The publication of La Sol ceased toexist

Personal and health problems ofreformists

Homesickness

Conflict of interests


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La Liga Filipina

Founded by Rizal on 3 July 1892 atTondo, Manila

Objectives:Unification of the archipelago into a one

compact, vigorous and homogenous body;Mutual protection in every want and need;

Defense against all forms of violence andinjustices;

Encouragement of education, agriculture andcommerce;

The study of application of reforms


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Significance of theMovement

Succeeded in influencing

profound political

developments

Politicized a greatnumber of Filipinos

Establishment of a group

that yearned for reforms,

the Katipunan

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