Road RIPorter 2.4

8/14/2019 Road RIPorter 2.4

1/12

IThe Road-R PorterBimonthly Newsletter of the Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads. July/August 1997. Volume 2 # 4

see Mountains to Sound on page 4

Re-Greening from theMountain to the Sound

By Doug Schindler

High in t he Cascade

Mountains, east of Seat t le,

Washington, a new twist is

being added to t he process of logging

road decommiss ioning. This twist

adds biosolids compost to t he

compacted, nutrient-deficient soils of

abandoned roads.The Mountains to Soun d Re-Green ing Program is

becom ing an intern ational mod el of organic waste recycling,

forest land revegetation, and youth volunteerism.

The Mountains to Soun d Greenway Trust started its Re-

Green ing Program in 1995 as part of a larger biosolids

forestry program. It focuses on removing un need ed logging

roads in the cor ridor alon g I-90 from the Cascades to Seattle.

Biosolids are the n utrient-rich by-produ ct of mun icipalsewage treatmen t processes. The Greenway Trust has

developed an EPA award-winning p rogram th at uses

bioso lids to fertilize workin g fore sts in the Green way. Part of

the savings realized to pu blic agencies thr ough this local re-

use o f biosolids fun ds the six year Re-Green ing project.

GroCo, the com post used for th is program, is a mixture of

2/3 sawdust and 1/3 biosolids which have comp osted for

over a year. It is a comm ercial prod uct used by landscapers

and h ome gardeners throughout the Puget Sound region.

Because m any logging roads are devoid of organic

matter an d n utrients, adding comp ost provides advantages

over most other road decom missioning projects. Biosolids

provide most n utrients n eeded for p lant growth, (especially

nitrogen) and th e comp ost makes them readily available.

These nu trients greatly increase th e ability of native plants

and tree s to establish th emselves, and th e plant roots help

ho ld these loose soils in place. The comp ost adds large

am oun ts of organic matter to the soil, helping to prevent

erosion. Organic matter absorbs more water than soil and

increases po re space in the soil, allowing water to pen etrate

rather th an flow over the su rface. This process, in addition

to enhan ced plant re-establishm ent, has the potential to

greatly increase water quality.

The Re-Green ing Program h ires out heavy equipm ent

work to local con tractors who follow conven tional road

removal procedur es by pulling up side-casts and re-estab-

lishing the n atural slope as much as po ssible. They remove

culverts, pull all fill material out of creek cro ssings, and

create rough waterbars along the entire road. The contrac-

tor hau ls in h un dreds of tons o f GroCo and p iles it alon g the

road, to be spread by a track hoe th at pulls up the side-casts.

Adding seed to the com post en han ces germination greatly,

due to the warmth and m oisture of the compost.

A Successful Volunteer ProgramAfter the heavy equipm ent work is finished , group s of

youth volun teers spread h ay over the disturb ed soils, apply

seed, further d efine waterbars, armor all waterways, and

spread m ore large woody debris. They also may constru ct a

trail along the old road bed. On steep slopes, where the

comp ost and see d wont hold, volunteer s build terraces to

help ho ld the materials in place. By summ ers end, the old

road pr ism an d adjoining slopes will be covered by thick,

knee h igh grass, holding the soil together un til native

vegetation fills in. Volunteers r eturn to the site th e following

spring and plant thou sands of trees to blend th e road scar

into the surroun ding moun tainside.

These young volunteers are recruited th roughout th e

year by the Greenway for other environmental workprojects, and com e from groups such as Campfire, YMCA,

Scout troo ps, local schools, churche s, and even juvenile

courts. By working on road rem oval and cam ping out,

which m any h ave n ever don e, they develop a sense of

ownership in th e Greenway corridor an d are educated on

the Greenway, the en vironm ent, biosolids recycling an d the

poten tial hazards o f logging roads.

One of the most exciting partnerships created out of the

Re-Green ing Program h as been with the King Coun ty World


2/12

The Road-RIPorter July/August 19972

From the Wildlands CPR Office...

Wildlands Center for PreventingRoads is a national coalition of

grassroots groups and individualsworking to reverse the severe

ecological impacts of wildland roads.

We seek to protect native ecosystemsand biodiversity by recreating aninterconnected network of roadless

public wildlands.

P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807

(406) [email protected]/WildCPR

DirectorBethanie Walder

Development DirectorTom Youn gblood-Petersen

Interns & VolunteersChuck Cottrell, Scott Bagley.

John Masterson

NewsletterJim Coefield

Board of Director sKatie Alvord

Kraig KlungnessSidney Maddock

Rod MondtCara Nelson

Mary O'BrienTom Skeele

Board of Advisor sJasper Carlton

Libby EllisDave Forem anKeith Hamm er

Timothy HermachMarion Hourdequin

Lorin LindnerAndy Mahler

Robe rt McConne llStephan ie Mills

Reed NossMichael Soul

Dan StotterSteve Trom bulakLouisa Willcox

Bill WillersHowie Wolke

WildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlands CCCCCenter for

PPPPPreventing RRRRRoads

The past two m on ths saw th e rise and fall of the Pave the Parks Rider, the

release of the 1997 Road to Ruin repor t and con tinuing debate over fundin g for

Forest Road con struction an d ISTEA/Symm s reauth orization. Everywhere you look,

roads are in the n ewsthanks in p art to the good work that m any of you are doing to

spread the word about the ecological effects of roads, not to mention the economicand so cial costs. This issue ofThe Road-RIPort erincludes a w ide variety of topics,

from the cover story abou t a unique coo perative project for road removal in Wash-

ington, to an essay abou t roads in deser ts, toBibliography Notes on the ecological

impact of roads on wetlan d hydro logy.

Thanks and Challenge

Many thanks to the Cinnabar

Foun dation for providing a challenge

grant supporting our work against

motorized recreation on public lands.

This is an even m atch, so an yone who

send s us a Cinnab ar-tagged contribution

will be m atched d ollar-for-dollar byCinn aba r. A great way to leverage your

bucks, road-rippers.

Weve moved!

Weve got some fancy new digs in

an o ld grain elevator up th e street from

our dull form er office. Were still

shar ing space with The Ecology Center

and several other Missoula environmen-

tal organizations, but weve all got a lot

more room to breathe now, even tho ugh

the arom a of decom posing grain wafts

throu gh the walls every once in a wh ile.Address (its a PO Box) and ph on e nu mb er rem ain the sa me. Next time youre in

Missoula, stop in at 801B Sherwood, an d say hello and up date us on your road -

fighting a ctivities.

Int ere st ed in a job???

For th ose of you familiar with o ur b ibliograph ic database, you kn ow th at it is

time for its bienn ial check-up . This upd ate can occur anywh ere with a decen t

library, so if you are interested , give us a call ASAP. Its a BIG job, we expe ct it to ta ke

6 weeks of full time work, which could be spread ou t over a 3-mon th per iod. We

want it comp leted by Decemb er 199 7 at the latest, so we will take inquiries about th e

job throu gh August 15. The basic job requiremen ts are strong organization and

comp uter skills, attention to detail, and access to a library with CD ROM database

search ing capab ilities. Pay is DOE.

Legal Not es:

The Legal Notes in this issue is an up dated su mm ary of cases involving ORVs. It

covers some of the legal aspects discussed in the Road-Rippers Guide to Off-Road

Vehicles, as well as additional information th at was not includ ed in the guide. If you

are interested in learn ing mor e abou t fighting ORVs and m otorized recreation, please

contact ou r office.

In this Issue

Mountains to Sound, p. 1Doug Schindler

Odes to Roads, p. 3Daniel Patterson

Updates , p. 5

Regional Reports , Alert s , p. 6

Legal Notes , p. 8Chuck Cottrell

Bibliography Notes, p . 9Bethanie Walder

Outreach & Resources, p. 10


3/12

The Road-RIPorter July/August 1997 3

Desert MusingsBy Daniel Patt erson

Imagine th e power of true silence an d a 100-mile view. The

arid landscape in your vision is radical in its beauty. Wild,

blazing, rough & hu ge. A real desert. Thorn s and lizards.

Creosote bush and golden eagles. Riparian wond erlands. A

place wher e time stands still in the sun . A real-world place

that gives us hop e for the planet. As I write this on the fourth

of July, I think o f how th ese deser ts mu st have looked 221

years ago as th e USA was first form ing as a n ation. Roadless,

with jaguars, Mexican gray wolves, desert tortoises, California

con dor s; a living, balance d conc ert of native biodiversity. Vast

stands o f cryptogamic crusts, living desert topsoils of

cyanob acteria, lichens, m osses, green algae, and m icrofungi.

Tribes such as the Mojave, Yaqui, Quech an, an d Dineh h olding

a proud an d sustainable

culture in th e desert

southwest. Amazingly huge

uncut m asses of desert

wilderness, virtually

uninhabitated by humans

and dom estic livestock in

1776.

Now it is 1997. Im

working on desert conserva-

tion in south ern California

a desert hom e to about

20 m illion p eople.

Everyones an environmen-

talist with a capitalist

consu me r twist. The historyof the Amer ican west is one

of desert destruction and

hu man takeover. The desert

southwest has b een u nder intense exploitation for over 100

years, the native people rem oved to small reservations.

Welfare ranch ers run pu blic lands. Off-roaders swarm ou t of

bulging desert cities. Roads devastate desert hab itat.

Unlike bioregions that re ceive more p recipitation, p lants

may n ot return to disturbed deser t sites like roads for 50-100

years or mo re. Soil com paction caused by blading, tires,

treads, hooves, etc., can prevent seed catchment and germina-

tion, ther efore leaving even closed roads b are an d inviting to

desert drivers. A dead strip across the land. One pass of a tire,

livestock stompin g, or even a hu man footprint, will killcryptogam ic soil crusts. Cryptogams are the found ation of

desert life and p rotect soils from erosion , aid in water infiltra-

tion and stor age, increase soil nutrients, and augm ent sites for

seed germination. When a road or route is created in the

desert, it will be there for m uch lon ger than a h um an lifetime.

Amer icas desert ecosystem s are being cut to the bon e with

roads and developmen t.

The U.S. Bureau of Land Managem ent (BLM), largely

responsible for ou r desert p ublic lands an d resources, has

man aged much of the ecosystem into severe degradation.

After years of bad m ana gemen t, in 1994, th e U.S. Fish an d

Wildlife Service (USFWS), was forced by a ctivists and th e

courts to use the power of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to

protect and restore th e desert tortoise. This is where I came in,

as an independent restoration contractor within the BLM

California Desert District, to develop, implem ent, an d m onitor

road closures an d route revegetation on d esert tortoise critical

habitat. Before I started, I knew BLMs history of mismanage-

men t of public resources an d land, but I was optimistic that

the BLM was finally going to do its job as a lan d stewa rd. After

all, this was Bruce Babbitts Inter ior Depar tmen t: Ame ricas

Conservation Agency.

I had a clear BLM plan and USFWS opinion from Section 7

of the ESA, man dating road closure as a ter m an d con dition for

an ORV open are a. After a field review, I selected a high-

quality habitat area for 20 miles of road closure. The biologist

and archa eologist agreed with my selection. And perh aps

most significantly, the ORV group s did no t protest. They had

already agreed to restoration as m itigation for a new 26 ,000

acre ORV free p lay area .

I was involved in an un stoppab le road ripping pro ject, or

so I though t. But th e pro-ORV Area Manager had no taste for

restoration. He claimed th at BLM could n ot close any roads

(except hillclimbs) un til route

designation was com plete. Butroute designation h as been

stalled in the Californ ia desert

for almo st 20 years. The

longer official designation is

delayed, the more routes are

formed and the greater the

influence of off-road madness.For three m on ths I argued with

the Area Manager to co mp lete

my job and comp ly with the

ESA, but he wasn t going to let

road closures happen in his

Resource area as long as he

could he lp it.After much persistence

from some fine and talented

BLM specialists wh o really

believe in pr otecting and restoring pub lic lands, we were

finally able to com ply with the opin ion to close roads and

begin the process of he aling this fragile land scape. Habitat

restoration activities are on ly the first step in desert re covery.

While road and off-road scars will only truly h eal after man y

years, reducing the impacts h elps protect th e survival of

species like the de sert tortoise. Fighting to do this within the

agency itself is tiring an d expen sive, and thou gh this area

man ager now con siders approving more road closure projects,

many others have yet to be swayed.

Last sum mer a BLM recreation plann er was covertlyworking with ORV interests on resurrecting th e famou sly

destr uctive Barstow to Las Vegas mo torcycle race. He had bee n

in comm un ication for m onth s with ORV organizers before

informing the resou rces staff. It is no coincidence tha t his job

and p rograms are m ainly funded by Californ ia green sticker

fun ds con trolled by ORV activists. My expe rien ce inside BLM

showed me the heavy influence off-roaders have on public

lands management. But there are many talented people in the

Odes to Roads

See Desert, Page 7

Drawing by Aaron Jones


4/12


Conservation Corps, an international program which brings 18

to 24 year olds to the Puget Soun d area for over 6 mon ths to

work with local me mbe rs on conservation projects. Their

program fosters global comm unication and cooperation as

their members carry new techniques back hom e, and in many

cases start similar conservation cor ps. In the future, as the Re-

Greening Program

expan ds, the World

Conse rvation Corps

will provide tech nical

assistance and

volunteer supervi-

sion.

Unique

PartnershipThe success of

the Re-Green ing

program has been

dependent upon the

expert advice and

involvemen t of itsmany partners.

Techn ical advice has bee n p rovided from the Washington State

Departmen t of Natural Resources, the University of Washing-

ton College of Forest Resour ces, King Coun ty Water Pollution

Contro l Departm ent, th e King County World Conservation

Corps, Sierra Club, and Weyerhaeu ser. The roads rem oved in

the first two years of the program were on Weyerha euser land s

earm arked for trad e to the Forest Service.

Weyerhaeuser p ermitted the roads to be rem oved, donated

the use of machinery to imp rove roads to th e sites, and

provided invaluable assistance plann ing the removal work and

acquiring of all the perm its needed to formally abandon the

roads.

The University of Washington College of Forest Resourceshas bee n involved in biosolids research for decade s and h as

developed living guidelines for using com post in these

extreme con ditions to fully realize their ben efits. In the first

year of the program, the college condu cted studies on the

slope stabilization e ffects of the work an d found concrete d ata

showing tha t comp ost greatly increased stability and plant

establishm ent in comparison to steep slopes where biosolids

were not applied.

The comb ination of rem oving logging roads, youth

volunteering and recycling former waste products has at-

tracted the attention of politicians, the press, and numerous

agency officials. In 1997 th e Greenway Trust was awarde d a

grant from the EPA to study the ben efits of biosolids in ro ad

removals versus more convention al techn iques. The Univer-sity of Washington will study, over th e n ext two years, the

removal of a series o f roads kn own locally as th e Zorro cuts.

These scars are the m ost visible in the Greenway corridor an d

are h ighly visible to a ll who travel alon g this stretch o f I-90

each year.

Doug is t he Field Operations Manager for Moun tains t o Soun d

Greenway Trust. A Seattle native, Doug has spent t he past four

years with t he Greenway, building up its volun teer programs and

establishing the Re-Greening Project. Photos court esy of the Re-

Greening Program.

Mountains to Sound, cont. Surviving Last

Wint ers DelugeThis last winter (96/97), brough t

record amounts of snow and r ain to

the Pacific Northwest. After watching

mon ths of news reports of houses

sliding and ro ads being destroyed by

landslides, voluntee rs finally returned

to last summ ers sites to see h ow they

held up to the severe winter. Afterclearing out ma ny rockslides from

across the access road, volunteers

found green grass popping up

throu gh the h ay, and n ative vegeta-

tion re-establish ing itself. The sites

showed n o signs of slides or ero sion.

All the ter raced h illsides h ad h eld and

were bright green. About h alf of the

trees transplanted from the p ull-back

area h ad survived the winter.

About Mountains to Sound GreenwayThe Mountains to Soun d Greenway Trust, foun ded

in 1991, is a partne rship of citizens, private land owne rs,

businesse s, pu blic agencies, and local governm ents

working to protect and enhan ce the scenic I-90 corridor

from Puget Sound to the east side of the Cascade

Moun tains. As the Pacific North west boom s, the tru st

supp orts efforts to preserve op en spa ce, farms, workingforests, historic sites and to create n ew trails, recreation

and tourism op portunities along the 13 0 mile long

Moun tains to Soun d Greenway.

For m ore information on the Trust or o n th e Re-

Greenin g Program, contact:

Moun tains to Sound Greenway Trust

506 Second Ave, Suite 15 02

Seattle, WA 98104

(206) 382-556 5

em ail, MTSGreen way@tp l.org

Before...

...After


5/12


Updates

Purchaser RoadCredit Update

The Porter/Kenn edy am endm ent,

proposed by Rep. John Porter (R-IL) and

Rep. Joseph Kenne dy (D-MA), to cut

timber road funding in th e Interior

Appro priations bill (which fu nds th e

Forest Service) passed the U.S. House of

Representatives on July 10th by a vote of

246-179 . This would have been an

amazing victory, if Representative Norm

Dicks (D-WA) hadnt offered anoth er

amen dmen t (which p assed 211-209)

restoring most of the funding. The end

result was a cut of only $5 m illion from

the road construction/reconstruction

budget and $25 million from the

purchaser road credit program.The Porter/Kennedy amend-

men t would h ave directly elimi-

nated subsidies where the Forest

Service bu ilds logging r oads and

directly saved th e American

taxpayer $ 40 m illion a year.

Cutting the purchaser road credit

program, a m ove already proposed

by th e Clinton Adm inistration ,

would have saved an additional

$50 million in timber resources

ann ually. (Remem ber, the Porter/

Kennedy amen dmen t did NOT

affect the Forest Service roadmaintenan ce budget. The amend-

men t only prevents a taxpayer

sub sidy of NEW logging road s.)

We end ed up with a basically

insignificant cut in road fu ndin g after a

fantastic grassroots campaign made this

on e of the hottest issues in Congress.

Newspap ers from USA Today to the

Washington Postand th e Seattle Times

wrote editorials supporting the Porter/

Kenn edy amend men t. But the Clinton

Adm inistration weighed in against us

when Sec. of Agriculture Dan Glickman

sent a letter from the administration toKenn edy saying the Porter/Kenn edy

amen dmen t was too extreme. Appar-

ently they forgot about their budget

proposals to do the same thing.

Why the turn-aroun d? We dont

kno w right no w, but well keep you

posted. The fight isn t over. Next stop,

the Senate. As we went to press the

Senate was preparing to consider this

issue.

And than ks to everyone who made

calls on July 8th to th eir represen tatives,

the ph one lines were ringing all day on

the timb er road s issue. We may ask you

to call again when the issue hits the

Senate. Ques tions? Feel free to give us a

call, or con tact the Western Ancient

Forest Camp aign in DC at 202/879-3188.

Pave the Parks:R.S. 2477 Update

The Pave the Parks rider went

throu gh a roller coaster Congressional

run, but in the end we came out on top.

Heres a brief run-down:

Senato r Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) ha d

attached a rider to S. 672, the ap prop ria-

tions bill carrying em ergency flood relief

funds. The Stevens Rider would

resur rect portions of a 131-year old

minin g law, R.S. 2477 , repealed in 1976 ,

to elevate old right-of-way claims to

constru ct roads in Ame ricas wilderness,

nation al parks, wildlife refuges and

backcountry areas.

In ear ly May, by a slim 51-49

margin, the Senate voted to retain the

Pave the Parks rider. Becau se R.S.

2477 required n o process for notifyingthe governm ent, or other documen ta-

tion of road way claims, few records exist

and sp urious claims could easily be

subm itted if the Rider becam e law.

Sen. Stevens ch anged th e original

rider to a watered down comm ission to

study the statu te. Regardless, it was

down hill from th ere for access advo-

cates.

The political pressur e against this

idea was quite strong, than ks to a well

coordinated grassroots campaign by a

coalition of environmental groups, road-

rippers included. The White House

received tho usan ds of calls, and n ewspa-

pers across the country wrote editorials

against it.

President Clinton vetoed the flood

relief bill and sen t it back to Congress to

take out th e objectionable riders, (there

were oth ers besides R.S. 2477). Con-

gress did their work, cut o ut th e Pave

the Parks com mission from th e flood

relief bill, and we won the battle.

Kudos to all who called, wrote,

emailed, and gen erally raised he ll.

ALASKAWhittier Road,Prince William Sound:Success - for now!

For over a year, Alaskanenvironmental and recreation

organization s have been fighting

the construction of a road to

Whittier, Alaska (see RIPorterv1,

n3 , p8 ). Led by Trustees for

Alaska, co-plaintiffs include the

Alaska Center for the Environm ent

(ACE), Alaska Wilderness Recre -

ation and Tourism Association

(AWRTA) and Alaska Wild lan ds

Alliance (AWA). The t iny town of

Whittier sits at the edge of the

College Fjord Port Nellie Juan

Wildern ess Study Area in th eChugach Nation al Fore st. Whittier

is inaccessible by car, though

access is available by rail and

water.

Construction was scheduled to start

this sum mer un til the Ninth Circuit

Court granted an injunction pen ding a

decision regarding the case at the

District Court level. After sitting on the

case for over a year, the District Court

immediately decided against the

plaintiffs the d ay after the in junction

was granted. Trustees then app ealed the

District decision to the Ninth Circuit, andasked for ano ther injun ction. The

injunction was granted an d the case was

scheduled to be h eard as this issue of

th e RIPorterwent to press. The case is

based o n violations of Section 4(f) of the

Transportation Act (see RIPorterv1, n5,

p14), as well as violations of th e NEPA.

Well inform you of the Ninth

Circuit ruling when it is available.

Aaron Jones


6/12


Regional Reports and Alerts

NEW MEXICO

Road Proposed t hrough

Petroglyph National Mon.

Senator Pete Domenici, R- N.M.,has introdu ced legislation to exten d two

roads across Petroglyph National

Monument outside of Albuquerque,

N.M. The Mon um ent was designated to

protect 1 5,000 a ncient Native Amer ican

rock etchings. Unfortunately, this side

of Albuquerque is also the citys fastest

growing area, with m any p lanned roads

and h ousing developments. The road

extensions through the monu men t are

part of city plann ers attemp ts to

accommodate Albuquerques westward

sprawl, and to relieve traffic congestion.

Governors from 19 New Mexican

pue blos, representing th e All Indian

Pueblo Coun cil, have ban ded together

in hop es of sending a un ified message

to Con gress: Eno ugh is Eno ugh . Steve

Juanica, council vice chairman, says, If

the road is made necessary through the

national park, then what will prevent

other forms of encroachment on tribal

hom elands? Juan ica says the tribes are

not interested in negotiating with state

represen tatives on the road s. The All

Indian Pue blo Councils po sition has

always been to protect sacred sites

above all, he says. We hon or the inte nt

of the public officials to do well fortheir con stituents, he said. But pub lic

leaders mu st also un derstand ou r

stance. Enou gh is enou gh.

CALIFORNIA

Fort Irwin to Expand

onto Critical HabitatBy Dan Patterson

The worlds largest ORV organ iza-

tion, th e U.S. Army, is continuing its

efforts to acquire over 300,000 acres of

pub lic land in th e Mojave desert.

Located rou ghly between the town of

Barstow CA and Death Valley National

Park, Ft. Irwin is a spraw ling 6 50,000

acre base. Ft. Irwin is extensively used

for heavy tank train ing and battle

simulations, and the con stant military

war-games have reduced the desert to

dust.

After a pu blic trouncing of th eir

plan to expand to the n orth and east, the

Army an d the Dept. of the Interior are

attemp ting to craft a comp rom ise deal

that would allow a huge southward

expan sion into the Alvord Mountains

area, an area designated as h igh quality

desert tortoise habitat. Reportedly, the

Army wo uld pa y Interior m illion s, which

would be used to acqu ire private

Catellus (railroad) lands across the

Mojave Nation al Preserve. USFWS

originally issued a draft jeopardy

opinion (which disallowed the proposal)

on the southward expansion of Ft. Irwin

in 1991. Now they have flip-flopped,

offering a no-jeopardy opinion thatclaims th ey dont need to pro tect all the

west Mojave critical habitat units to

allow for tortoise recovery.

Military war -

games, roads, and a

fatal respiratory

disease are major

threats to desert

tortoises and their

habitat. The area

south of Ft. Irwin

contains th e only

undiseased tortoise

population in thewest Mojave and is an

important genetic

link to th e east

Mojave.

Any deal will

require congressional

approval. Desert rats

and wildland lovers

should act now to

stop the m ilitary destruction of endan -

gered species and your p ublic land s.

For m ore info, contact:

No Pu blic Lan d for

Ft. Irwin! Coalition

POB 7745San Diego CA 92107

[email protected]

Comm ents are needed:

Ed Hastey

BLM Californ ia State Director

2135 Butano Drive

Sacrame nto CA 95825

916/979.2845

Bruce Babbitt

Secretary of Interior

Washington DC

202/208.7351

Ray Bran sfield

USFWS

2493 Portola Rd., Suite B

Ven tura CA 93003

805/644.1766

Also contact your represen tative

and senators at 202-224-3121.

ONTARIO, CANADA

Temagami Road

challenge in Ontario

Cross Lake, a fragile lake in th e

Tem agam i Region of Ontario, Can ada

was scarred by an illegal road in

October 1996. This road was built on

the h eels of a Compreh ensive Land Use

Plan released in April 1996 that called

for no motorized access to th e waters

edge (to pro tect a sen sitive trout

fishery).

In Jun e 199 6, the Minister of

Natural Resou rces (MNR) and Govern-

men t of Ontario accepted the land useman agement plan and then ignored it a

few mon ths later. The Tem agam i Lakes

Association (TLA), Wildlands League

and Sierra Legal Defense Fun d (SLDF)

filed su it against the MNR un der

Canadas Environmental Bill of Rights.

In a rare turn of events, the On tario

Ministry of Environm ent an d Energy

(MOEE) then filed su it against th e MNR

in April 1997 for violating the Environ-This desert tortoise was t he unfortunate victim of an ORVs foray intothe desert. Howard Wilshire photo.

-


7/12


BLM who want to stop ORV destruction of the deser t. We mu st continu e our efforts

to reach out to them and supp ort their work. We must keep the pressure on land

man agers. Babbitt himself said, Dont expect us to do the right thin g, make us do

it.

ORV interests are well organized an d fund ed, but th ey are vulnerab le. Most

peop le do not like ORVs and th e disturban ces they cause. To win, we must u nite and

reach out to poten tial partners in our com mon fight to stop the motorized raping of

the p ublic land s. The Ame rican west is the scene o f this struggle, a desert duel over

heritage definitions and the impo rtance of n ative biological diversity.

The west is an

arid lan d. To

defend the west

effectively, we

must remem ber to

fight for the wild

desert. Each time

we allow a new

road to be bladed,

an ORV event to

occur, or a military

war games expan-

sion the desertsuffers deep an d

long lasting

wounds. Do

something real to

protect and restore

your favorite desert place. During your wildlands excursions, carry tools and close

roads in sen sitive habitats. Dig 1 meter by 1 mete r pits near m ajor intersections withopen roads. Use big rocks and de ad and down ed plant m aterials (logs, branches) to

block and cam ouflage the road youre closing. Mon itor the p rogress and effective-

ness an d rem ediate if need ed. Often, simp le action s may keep vehicles off a

backcoun try road, allowing it to revegetate. Youd be surp rised how m uch yo u can

accom plish in just a da y. Do it for Cactus Ed Abbey. Do it for the n ative plan ts and

an imals. Do it for

your children. Doit for th e rocks

and spirits. Do it

for the sake of

true remoteness

and silence.

If we do n ot

keep up the fight,

the mad motor

mobs will continue the slow conversion of our u nique and wonderful deserts into

true wastelands. And h ow will these deser ts look after the next 221 years? For sure,

the deserts will have the last word. It rema ins

to be seen if it is a story of cottonwood s,

tortoises, wilderness, and desert bighorn sheep,

or a tale of tamarisk, tumb leweed, ravens, andmotorized m adness.

Daniel Patterson is a road-ripping restora-

tion ecologist based in San Diego, California. He

runs Round River Ecological Services (619/

222.4691) and work s to prot ect and restore

critical habitat and n ative ecosyst ems in t he

desert southw est. Dan is open for contact from

readers.

E-mail: [email protected]

Desert , cont .men tal Assessmen t Act by a llowing an

illegal road built into the Cross Lake

area.

The trial has been d elayed for a

second time, and th e new trial date is set

for August. The Wildland s League, TLA

and SLDF are asking for the issue to be

resolved by requ iring the MNR to

rem ove the illegal road.

For m ore info, contact th e Wild-

lands League at 416-971-9453 .

MINNESOTA

Boundary Waters Canoe

Area Updat e

On May 22, 1997, Senator Rod

Grams (R-MN) and Congressman James

Oberstar (D-MN) laun ched ano ther

assault on th e Boun dary Waters Cano e

Area (BWCA) Wilder ne ss w he n the y

introdu ced bills to significantly increasemo torized uses within the area. This

legislation is similar to a bill they

introduced in Congress in 1996 that

Clinton threate ned to veto.

The new bill contains detrimental

provisions that go beyon d just the truck

portage provisions that Clinton opposed.

They include eliminating a 20 yearphase-out of m otorboats in the Seagull

Lake por tion of the Wilderness th at was

to take effect on Jan 1 , 1999.

This bill would have terr ible

impacts on the BWCA Wilderness, and

on th e entire National WildernessPreservation System. We need your h elp

opp osing this legislation.

What you can do:

Contact Grams and Oberstar:

Sen. Rod Grams

Dirkson Senate Building

Wash ington D.C. 20510

202-224-3244 (ph)

202-228 -0956 (fax)

ema il: ma il_grams@gram s.senate.gov

Rep. Jim Oberstar

2366 Raybur n House BuildingWashington D.C. 20515

202-225 -6211 (ph)

202-225-0699 (fax)

ema il: oberstar@h r.house.gov

For more information, contact:

Friend s of the Boundar y Waters

Wilderness

1313 Fifth St. SE, Suite 329

Mine apo lis, MN 55414

612-379-3835

Mark Alan Wilson

We must keep t he pressure on land

managers. Babbit t himself said,

Dont expect us to do the right t hing,

make us do it.

-


8/12


Legal Notes

Executive Orders& ORVs

By Chuck Cott rell

Executive Orders 11644 and 11989

On February 8, 1972 , Presiden t Nixon issued Executive

Order (E.O.) No. 1164 4, r egulatin g off-roa d vehicle (ORV) use

on pub lic lands. 42 U.S.C.A. 4321. The President n oted th at,

thou gh often used for legitimate pur poses, ORV use com es in

frequent con flict with wise land an d resource m anagement

practices, environ men tal values, and oth er types of recre-

ation al activity. Preside nt Carter a mended Nixons E.O. in

1977 with E.O. No. 11989, clarifying the p urp ose of th e

original directive. This purp ose is to establish policies an d

provide for proced ures tha t will ensure that th e use of off-road

vehicles on pub lic lands will be con trolled so as to (1) protectthe resou rces of those lan ds, (2) promote th e safety of all users

of those land s, and (3) minimize conflicts amon g the various

users of those lands.

Respective agency h eads (defined to include the Secretary

of the Interior) were instructed to prom ulgate regulation s

throu gh wh ich the status o f public land s in relation to ORV use

could be determin ed. In addition to the goal of minimizing

user conflict, the E.O.s requ ire tha t th e d esignation o f areas

and trails follow these guidelines:

D The respective agency head shall ensure adequ ate oppor tu-

nity for public participation in th e prom ulgation o f such regu-

lations and in the designation of areas and trails under this

section.Areas an d Trails:

D Shall be located to minim ize damage to soil, watershed, veg-

etation, or other resources of the public lands;

D Shall be located to minimize harassment of wildlife or sig-

nificant disrup tion of wildlife hab itats;

D Shall be located so as to m inimize conflicts taking into ac-

count n oise and other factors;

D Shall be located in are as of th e Nationa l Park System only

if respective agency head determ ines that off-road vehicle use

in such locations will not ad versely affect their natur al, aes-

thetic, or scen ic values;

E.O. No. 11989 stren gthen ed th e pr ovisions o f E.O. No.

11644 by d irecting land m anagers to close areas an d trails toORV use whe never consider able adverse effects on the soil,

vegetation, wildlife, wildlife habitat, or cultural or historical

resources is, or will be, caused b y their u se. Areas an d trails

are to remain closed un til it is determ ined that th e adverse

effects have been eliminated an d mea sures are in place to

prevent future recurren ce. President Carters addition also

gave managers the option to adopt a closed-unless-open policy

in their man agement areas.

Subsequen t court ru lings have served to clarify and

emp hasize some o f the provisions of the Executive Orders.

Substantial Adverse Effects-Sierra Club v. Clark, 756 F.2d 686 (9thCir. 1985)

While neither p arty con tested the fact that Dove Springs

Canyon , located in the Californ ia Desert Conser vation Area,

had b een w iped out by ORV use, the court sided with th e

defendant, stating that damage was substantially unnotice-

able in th e WSA as a wh ole. Damage to Dove Spr ings Canyon

therefore did not rep resent significant adverse dam age

which would necessitate closure. The court noted that theSierra Clubs interp retation of th e regulations wou ld result in

total prohibition of ORV use within the Desert Area, because

it is doubtful that any discrete area could withstan d un re-

stricted ORV use without considerab le adverse effects.

In FLPMA, Con gress had found ORV use, no ma tter h ow

dam aging, to be p erm itted whe re app ropr iate. 43 U.S.C.A.

1781(a)(4). Only by allowing ORV use to be evaluated w ithin t he

context of the Desert Area as a whole could both m andates be

met. If there is to be a chan ge it must com e by way of

Congressiona l reconsideration.

This decision weaken s th e p rovisions of E.O. 11989 by

allowing such broad discretion to agencies when determining

what constitutes considerable adverse effects.

Minimi zat ion of Environm ental Impact sAme rican Motorcycle Assoc. v. Watt, 543 F.Supp. 789 (9th

Cir. 1982)

In this case, the plaintiffs challenged th e criteria con-

tained in the California Desert Conservation Desert Plan for

app roval of ORV routes. The ne utral, interrogative language of

the Plans criteria did not exp licitly requ ire that an area beclosed if certain cond itions we re satisfied. The Plan criteria

would have further led to routes being approved if there were

no finding of considerable adverse impacts. The court found

this standard to be q ualitatively differen t from the m inimiza-

tion criteria mandated by BLM regulations, 43 C.F.R. 8342.1,

and in th e Executive Order.ORV routes an d areas mu st be designated with an inten t

to minimize environm ental impacts, not merely to avoid

considerable adverse imp acts.

User ConflictNW Motorcycle Assoc. v. USDA, 18 F.3d 1468 (9th Cir.

1994)

The Northwest Motorcycle Association brou ght su it over

the Forest Services decision to close th e North Entiat area of

the Wena tchee National Forest to ORV use because of user

con flict. The closure, the Association a rgued , was illegal

because it was based upon comm ent from area h ikers, not on

the pe rsonal experien ce of any Forest Service person nel.Comm ents from h ikers should no t have been u sed as a criteria

of the evaluation be cause they were m ade by intere sted

persons.

The court resp on ded by stating that it could envision no

better way to determ ine the existen ce of actual past or likely

future conflict between two user groups than to hear from

mem bers of those groups. This emph asizes the imp ortance

of written pu blic com men t to agency officials when ever

conflict is ob served per taining to ORV use, wh ether it be with

other users, wildlife, or the lan d.

see Legal Notes, page 10


9/12


Bibliography Notes

Bibliography Notes sum marizes and highlights som e of the

scientific literature in ou r 6,000 Citation Bibliography on the

ecological effects of roads. We offer bibliography searches to

help activists access important biological research relevant to

roads. We keep copies of most art icles cited in Bibliography

Notes in our office library.

Roads & WetlandsBy Bethanie Walder

Wetlands are defined as areas of land with some

what poo rly, poor ly, or very p oorly dra ined soils.

These areas rem ain wet for part or a ll of the year.

Wetlands can occu r in almost any geograph ic area, from

coastal and tidal areas, to riparian areas, and even in h igh

elevation areas. Because th e hydrologic system is a con-tinuum, an y impacts to one part will also impact th e contigu-

ous parts. Roads built throu gh wetland ecosystems often have

severe impa cts (Adam us a nd Stockwell 1983, McCleese an d

Whiteside 1977, Winter 1988). In addition to direct hydro logic

impacts, roads cause significant indirect effects by altering

vegetation, wh ich ch anges available hab itat for wildlife,

especially migratory b irds.

Wetland fun ction is driven by forces such as solar en ergy,

wind an d hyd rologic forces (including tides, gradient curren ts,

run -off and groun dwater). Roads interru pt these driving

forces, altering wetland hydrology (Adam us an d Stockwell

1983). Basic research on roads and wetlands has found the

following road-related wetland im pacts:

D concentrating and accelerating sediment runoff (particularly

from construction); (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk

1996);

D fill including a ssociated alteration of circulation an d m ove-

men ts of fish an d wildlife; (Adam us an d Stockwell 1983);

D chan nel straightening, deepening an d widening; (Adam us an d

Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);

D water level increases or decreases, (most result from inad-

equate cu lverting, water table disturban ce, or accelerated run -

off); (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);

D constraining and diverting surface and subsurface flows;

(Zeedyk 1996);

D intercepting grou ndwater flow; (Zeedyk 1996);

D increasing sedim ent loading; (Zeedyk 1996);D clearing vegetation and conversion to barren road surfaces

and facilities; (Adamus and Stockwell 1983; Zeedyk 1996);

D reducing ha bitat or displacing wildlife; (Adam us an d Stockwell

1983; Zeedyk 199 6);

D introduction of toxic runoff; (Adamus and Stockwell 1983;

Zeedyk 1996).

Even wh en cu lverts are p roper ly installed, roads don t

allow nor mal water flow either above or below ground. Roads

act as dam s, altering or blocking water flow from on e side of

the road to the oth er (Winter 1988). This can result in flooding

on on e side of the road and drying out on the other, altering

vegetation and associated species. Roads also can cause subtle

changes to hydrologic flow that appear only in extreme

cond itions. For example, roads can reduce nutrient transpo rt

durin g infrequen t (25 year) storm events. Such storms may

indirectly be critical to the con tinued p rodu ctivity of down-stream fishery foo d cha ins (Adam us an d Stockwell 1983).

Though roads can cause inadequate drainage in some

instances, they can also cause problems through excessive

drainage (by constru cting drains and ch ann els too deep ly, for

examp le), leading to a drying out of the wetland. This can lead

to indirect effects such as fire hazards on organic soils, or

altered vegetation comp osition (McCleese an d Wh iteside

1977). Drier vegetation co nditions will favor uplan d plants

over wetland plan ts, which on ce established, often take over,

even if norm al flooding regimes re turn (McCleese andWhiteside 1977, Thibodeau a nd Nickerson 1985 , Zeedyk

1996). This is significant becau se short-term a lterations of

flood cycles can have sub stantial and long-lasting effects on

wetland vegetation (Thibodeau and Nickerson 19 85).

Roads affect groundwater a nd recharge wetlands

(wetlands wh ich help recharge local groun dwater systems) by

decreasing water availability through storm sewering (Winter

1988) and reducing groun dwater rech arge (Zeedyk 1996 ). In

addition to alterations in h ydrologic fun ction, water qu ality is

impaired by roads and road run -off. Nutrients, chlorides,

heavy metals and organic chemicals enter groundwater from

road ru n-off (Ehren field and Schn eider 1991). According to

one study, focused on suburban development in the Jersey

pine barrens, engineering features located within or near thestudy sites, including dam s, drainage ditches an d chan nelized

streams, had a greater impact on the hydrology of the wet-

lands than did the presen ce of roads, septic systems or storm

sewers (Ehre nfield and Schn eider 19 91). Clear ly, a dam w ill

have a stronger impact than a road, but road impacts are

significant, non etheless.

Few stud ies focus sp ecifically on th e direct impacts o f

roads on we tland hydro logy, partly because it is und erstood

that introdu cing a solid structu re into a fluid system will

see Bibliography on p age 11

Kraig Klugness


10/12


The Ecological Effectsof Roads:Implications for Conser vation -A Report from Victoria

by Marion Hourdequin

Conser vation biology is a m ission -oriented d iscipline

aiming to protect biodiversity and m aintain ecological and

evolutionary processes. To be effective, con servation bio logy

need s to inform societal decisions, and con servation b iologists

need to share th eir science with activists and p olicy makers.

On Jun e 8, Wildlands CPR helped sp onso r a symp osium

en titled The Ecological Effects of Roads: Imp lications for

Conse rvation Plann ing. The session was part of the 1997

me eting o f the Society for Conser vation Biology (SCB) and

helped strengthen the link between science an d conservation

on the ground. Over 100 people attended the sympo sium,

ranging from scientists to activists and teachers to ForestService personnel.

The symp osium sp eakers covered a wide ran ge of topics,

giving both a broad overview of ecological research on roads

and providing in-depth case studies focused on particular

species. Steve Trom bulak of Middlebury College discussed th e

terrestrial effects of roads, while Chris Frissell of University of

Montana emphasized how roads alter hydrological processes,

increase sedimen t in streams, and imp act habitat quality for

fish. Graham Forbes, Martin Jalkowsky and Paul Paquet sp oke

abou t how roads affect black bears, mou ntain lions and wo lves

throughout Canada. Although much of the sympo sium

focused on how ro ads disrup t ecosystems, Terry Spreiter of

Redwood National and State Parks described how road rem oval

can restore both terrestrial comm unities and watershedintegrity.

All in a ll, the sym posium provided an excellent r eview of

road-related research. However, because th e symposium itself

offered little opportunity for informal conversation among

scientists, activists and lan d m anagers, abou t 16 of us m et after

the symposium to discuss roads and conservation. The

participants included un iversity faculty, activists, ind epen den t

scientists and con sultants. The group agreed that there is a

need to dissem inate better th e science relating to roads, and to

develop cre ative app roach es to challenge the gen eral societal

percep tion of roads as an u nqu alified good.

As a follow-up to the SCB me eting, Wildlands CPR ho pes

to support p ublication of the symp osium proceedings in the

journal Conservation Biology. Publication o f key peer -reviewedpap ers relating to roads an d the ir ecological effects would

provide an excellent resour ce for scientists, activists, land

managers and policy makers, would stimulate dialogue about

roads, and would bring us further along the path to road

closure and ecological restoration.

Marion Hourdequin is on the Wildlands CPR Advisory Board

and was formerly WCPR co-director.

Outreach and Resources Road-Ripping Action onthe Gallatin NF

The Gallatin National Forest has bee n doing a fair bit of

road rem oval and r evegetation to get their road de nsities in

comp liance with grizzly bear stand ards, thanks in par t to road

inventories un dertaken by Predator Projects Roads Scholar

Project. They are now removing roads for watershed rehab ili-

tation in som e land acquired in a land-exchange, and they

want us to help them out! The Gallatin has requested volun -

teers to help with revegetation work on abou t 3 miles of road

that seriously impact water qu ality near the h eadwaters of

Cache Creek. They will remove 12 cu lverts an d recon tour th e

slopes wh ile we are in the field.

Its a spectacu lar site nea r Yellowston e Nation al Park. It is

prime grizzly bear ha bitat and is near the bo un dary of the Lee

Metcalf Wilder -

ness. The project

will take 2-3 days

and it is limited to

8 people. Inter-

ested? Contact us

ASAP. Well be

camping out onthe site, and o ur

work m ostly will

be seeding n ative

grasses, transplan t-

ing of other n ative

plants and

instream stabiliza-

tion work.

This is an

opportun ity to

help restore a

road, and to work

with the Forest Service on imp roving their road rem oval

program. They are interested in our knowledge of the bestways to restore areas, and it is an op por tunity to get some

great han ds-on exper ience. We are scheduling the project for

Friday/Saturday Aug 15-16 , thou gh th is date is a bit weath er

depen den t. We can provide transp ortation from Missoula and

Bozeman on Aug. 14. Well be camping ou t at the site starting

on the 1 4th. Because the heavy equipment part of this project

is dependent on weather cond itions, the culvert removal and

reconto uring may be com pleted before we go into the field,

though we ho pe they occur at the same time.

ConclusionExecutive Order No. 11644, as am end ed by Executive

Order No. 11989, clearly provides th e strongest h and le we

have on th e problem o f ORV use on pub lic lands. While the

prevention of the destruction of natural areas and the preser-

vation of biological diversity is the m ost impo rtant reaso n for

removing ORVs from pub lic lands, per hap s the best strategy

for effecting their removal is to focus on h um an issues,

particularly when documentation of widespread ecological

effects is lacking. Conflicts between u ser groups, person al

injuries, acciden t liabilities, and enforcem ent p roblems m ust

be repo rted in w riting to the respon sible agency officials.

Legal Notes, cont .

MT

ID

WY


11/12


Join Wildlands CPR Today!

Memb ership ben efits both yo u an d Wildlands CPR. You

lend your supp ort to ou r efforts, giving us m ore leverage in sub-

mitting comm ents, filing lawsuits, and crea ting pressure to pre-

vent and close roads on pub lic land s. In addition , your financial

support helps us to continue providing information and re-

sources to activists thro ugho ut North Ame rica.

As a Wildlands CPR member, you'll have better access to

these resources, becau se youll receive:

f Our bimonthly newsletter, The Road-RIPorter.

f 10 free bibliography se arches p er year.

f National suppo rt for your cam paign through ou r n ewsletter

and alerts.

f Access to activist tools an d p ublic education ma terials.

f Conn ections with groups working on similar issues, and net-

works with expe rienced road-fighting activists, lawyers an d

scientists.

f Discounts on Wildlands CPR publications.

____$30 Standard____$15 Low Incom e____$50 Friend____$20 0 Supporter____$500 Sponsor____Other: $____________

____$15 ($25 non-me mbers)Handbook (includes all 4 guides)

____$4/Guide ($7 non-members)- circle your choices BLM, ORV, NF, NP

____Total enclosed $______________

Name:__________________________________________________

Organization:____________________________________________

Address:________________________________________________

City/State/Zip:___________________________________________

Phone/Fax/e-mail:________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Join Wildlands CPR Today!

Wildlands CPR Publications: Road-Ripper's Handbook ($15.00, $25 non-members)) A

comp rehen sive activist manu al that includes the four Guideslisted below, plus The Ecological Effects of Roads , Gather-ing Information w ith the Freedom of Information Act , andmore!

Road-Ripper's Guide to t he National Forest s ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By Keith Hamm er. How-to proced ures for gettingroads closed and revegetated, descriptions of environmen-tal laws, road den sity standard s & Forest Service roa d p oli-cies.

Road-Ripper's Guide to the National Parks ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By David Bahr & Aron Yarm o. Provides ba ckgrou ndon the National Park System and its use of roads, and out-

lines how activists can get involved in NPS planning.Road-Ripper's Guide to Off-Road Vehicles ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By Dan Wright. A comp rehen sive guide to redu cingthe use an d abuse of ORVs on pu blic lands. Includes an ex-tensive bibliography.

Road-Ripper's Guide to the BLM ($4, $7 non-members) ByDan Stotter. Provides an overview of road-related land an dresour ce laws, and detailed discussions for pa rticipating inBLM decision-making processes.

Bibliography, cont .

com pletely chan ge the function of that system. Many

available studies have focused instead on mitigating th e

impacts o f roads on wetland h ydrology, by utilizing the

least-imp acting placeme nt and design techn iques. In

addition, a variety of studies focus on indirect effects such

as vegetation ch anges an d hab itat availability. Of the

studies highlighted above, three wou ld prove most e ffectiveto road activists in term s of both un derstan ding wetland

function an d the impacts of roads and road construction:

Adam us an d Stockwell 1983, Winter 198 8, and Zeedyk

1996.

BibliographyAdam us, Paul R. and L.T. Stockwe ll. 198 3. A Method for

Wetlan d Fun ctional Assessm ent. U.S. Dept. of Tran spo r-

tation . Fede ral Highway Adm inistra tion . FHWA-IP-82-23 .

Wash ington , DC.

Darnell, Rezneat M. 1977 . Overview of major developme nt

imp acts on wetlan ds. In: Mon tanari, J.H. and J.A. Kesler;

Co-chairs, Proceedings of the National Wetland Protec-

tion Symposium . Biological Services Program , FWSS/OBS-

78/97.

Ehren feld, Joan G. and John P. Schne ider. 1991 . Chamaecyparis

thyoides,wetlands and su burban ization: effects on hydrol-

ogy, water quality and plant community composition.

Journal of Applied Ecology (1991) 28, 467-490 .

McLeese, R.L. an d Wh iteside, E.P. 197 7. Ecological effects of

highway construction upon Michigan woodlots and wet-

lands: soil relationsh ips. Journal of Environmental Qual-

ity . v6 n4, 476-471.

Thibodeau, Francis R. and Norton H. Nickerson 1985.

Changes in a wetland plant association induced by im-

poundmen t and draining. Biological Conservation 33

(1985) 269-279 .

Winter, Thomas C. 1988. A conceptu al framework for a ssess-ing cumu lative imp acts on the h ydrology of no ntidal wet-

lands. Environmental Management. v12, n5, 605-62 0.

Zeedyk, William D. 199 6. Managing Roads for Wet Meadow

Ecosyste m Recovery. USDA Fore st Service, Sou thwester n

Region, USDOT. FHWA-FLP-96-01 6. Washington , DC.


12/12

BULK RATE

US POSTAGE

PAID

MISSOULA, MT 59801

PERMIT NO. 569

Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads

P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807

Visions...

There always wi l l be plenty of roads;

there m ay never be enough wildernes s.

Howie Wolke

Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	wildlands-cpr
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Road RIPorter 2.4

Documents