Road RIPorter 2.5

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IThe Road-R PorterBimonthly Newsletter of the Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads. September/October 1997. Volume 2 # 5

see Black Hills on page 4

by Leila Stanf ield

Black Hills NF on theRoad to Ruin

During the expan sion of the frontier 150 years ago,

pioneers travelling westward bum ped into the BlackHills of western South Dakota and north eastern

Wyoming before reach ing the Rocky Mountains. Custer an dother exploiters sent back repo rts boasting of timber, forageand m inerals for the taking. People came an d they took.

As a con sequence, the Hillshave been m ined, cut for timber,roaded, and urbanized perhapsmore th an any othe r western U.S.National Forest. Near ly everyforested acre has been logged orthinned at least twice (Alexander1987) and there are now morethan 85 00 miles of roads. (Seema p, pg. 4.) With an a ctive roaddensity greater than four miles persquare m ile, this is an average ofone m ile of road for every 200acre s of land. Not surpr isingly,biodiversity has su ffered from thisintense development.

With th e revision of the 1983Forest Plan (started in 1991),citizens hope d the road m ileageswould be reduced and that theassoc iated h igh level of loggingwould drop. While the cuttinglevel did drop, from 115 m illionboard feet (mmbf) to 83 mm bf, this was due in largemeasu re to irrefutable criticisms of the Draft EIS. For roads,the new Plan allows motorized use on 82% of the Forest. Itwill build 13 miles of new roads (and rebuild 100 miles) eachyear. Thus, instead of determ ining what kinds of reductionsin roads are n eeded to preserve or restore the interiorhabitat nee ded by sensitive anim als and plants, the ForestService continues to m ove in the op posite direction.

The scientific evidence for road-related fragmen tation iscom pelling, but the Forest Service has shu t its eyes to it. Astudy of a represen tative are a of th e Black Hills sh owed verylittle interior, late-successional habitat still exists due tologging an d roads (Shinnem an 1996). The analysis showedpatch sizes of forest are sm all and man y of the already thinstrips of forest are sliced off by roads, further re ducing patchsize and increasing edges. Shinnema n found that roadsreduced the average forest patch size by nearly 80%. Thestudy concluded roads and road edge habitat comprisedmore th an one -third of the study area an d that this was

repre sentative of the Forest as a whole.The Forest Service didnt let scientific evidence stand in

its way. They dismissed the Shinnem an study and create d anew stu dy with different definitions of r oads, structuralstages, and interior forest. Predictably, it concluded frag-men tation was not a problem, finding it to be half that of theShinnem an study (Price 1997). The Forest Service nowrelies completely on this second study from th e SouthDakota School of Mines to justify continued road buildingover the 10-15 year life-span of the new Forest Plan.

Although the Forest Service highlights the obliterationof 13.9 miles of system roads an d 66 m iles of 2-track roadseach year for ten years, this is a paper n um ber. On theground, this restoration may prove mea ningless because of

slow vegetative recovery. It takes160-200 years for ponderosa pineto regenerate into an old forest(the oldest pine found on the BlackHills was dated at about 600years). The obliteration game theForest Service likes to play fails totake into accoun t that, without adense can opy, and without thedead/dying/woody debris, roadsare s till impacting wildlife sen sitiveto edge effects.

Research shows many wildlifespecies are gone or in trouble onthe Black Hills. The grizzly bear,

wolf, lynx, blue and sage grouse,and san dhill crane either havebeen extirpated or are listed asendangered or threatened. 38native species are on the RegionTwo Sensitive Species List, includ-ing 9 bird species, 5 amp hibians, 4invertebrates, and 10 mam mals.

In prep aring the 1997 Forest Plan, th e Forest Service didnot p erform a single viability analysis for an y plant oran imal species. In addition, the Dept. of Inte riors Species atRisk (SAR) program has identified lan d sn ails in the BlackHills for wh ich there is concern but limited inform ation (U.S.Geological Survey Report). Of par ticular conce rn are thePahasapa Moun tainsnail and Callused Moun tainsn ail. Mostsnails have bee n extirpated from most of the BHNF (Frestand Johan nes 1993). The Frest study concludes roadconstruction is generally disastrous wh ere snails are present.Road construction leads to extirpation in the r oadwayprop er, and following construction, it leads to fragmen tationof colonies because relatively immo bile an imals like sn ailscan r arely cross roads.

The Frest study recomm ends six sna il species for listingunde r the Endan gered Species Act. Neither th e USFS nor theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has taken any action on theselisting recommendations.

Also affected is the north ern gosha wk which has bee n

Tree Hugger Don Pay hugs an ancient ponderosa pine in

the Black Hills National Forest . Nancy Hilding photo.


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The Road-RIPorter September/October 19972

From the Wildlands CPR Office...

Wildlands Center for PreventingRoads is a nat ional coalition of

grassroots groups and individualsworking to reverse the severe

ecological impacts of wildland roads.

We seek to protect native ecosystemsand biodiversity by r ecreating aninterconnected network of roadless

public wildlands.

P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807

(406) [email protected]/WildCPR

DirectorBethanie Walder

Development DirectorTom Youn gblood-Petersen

Interns & Volunteer sScott Bagley. John Masterson,

Alex Brooks

NewsletterDave Havlick

Board of DirectorsKatie Alvord

Mary Byrd DavisKraig KlungnessSidney Maddock

Rod MondtCara Nelson

Mary O'BrienTom Skeele

Scott Stouder

Board of AdvisorsJasper Carlton

Libby EllisDave Forem anKeith Ham mer

Timothy HermachMarion Hourdequin

Lorin Lindne rAndy Mahler

Robert McConne llStephan ie Mills

Reed NossMichael Soul

Dan StotterSteve Trom bulakLouisa Willcox

Bill WillersHowie Wolke

WildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlandsWildlands CCCCCenter for

PPPPPreventing RRRRRoads

In this Issue

Black Hills, p . 1Leila Stan field

Odes to Roads, p. 3Scott Stouder

RS 2477 Special Section,pp. 6-8

Gail and Wayne Hoskisson

Regional Reports &Outreach, p. 9

Field Notes p. 8

Bibliography Notes, p . 10Scott Bagley

This issue is p acked with inform ation th at will help you fight roads, including a

special section on how you can fight RS 2477 in your state by using the mode l

developed by the Utah Wilderness Coalition. Gail and Wayne Hoskisson h ave been

organizing the RS 2477 inventory p rogram for two years now and they h ave ex-

pand ed on a great program. For more inform ation, see pages 6-8.

Welcome!Wildlands CPR is thrilled to welcom e two n ew Board Members, Scott Stouder

and Mary Byrd Davis. Both h ave been activists for years, and we are excited about

the stre ngth s they bring to Wildlands CPR. A long time forest and nuclea r acitivist

living in Ken tucky, Mary will help us expand ou r netw ork in the Southeast. Scott

will help us increase our con nections with a broader segme nt of outdoor enthusiasts

who d islike roadsespecially hun ters. We realize tha t hun ting can be con troversial,

but we resp ect Scotts ethics and a dvocacy as a h unter as well as his abhorren ce of

wildland roads. We trust you will too.

In other board n ews, founding

steering comm ittee mem bers Keith

Hamme r and Jasper Carlton both

transferred to the Board of Advisors

earlier this year when Wildlands CPR

officially becam e a 501(c)(3) organ iza-

tion. Were happy to say that we still

talk with both of the m qu ite frequently.

The Wildlands CPR Board will have

its annua l meeting during the first

weekend in November in Montanaif

you have anyth ing you would like us to

consider at th at me eting, please get in

touch with Bethanie, quick-like.

Help us save pap er!

The RoadRIPorter is now available

in PDF form on th e web, and a ll forth-

com ing issues will be as well. We willsend out an a nno uncem ent to all of our e-mail list member s to let them kn ow when

each issue of the newsletter is online. If you are interested in being on our e-m ail

alert list, con tact us at [email protected]. If you want alerts but hate

the Intern et, we will mail our a lerts to you via USPS.

Second Annual Wildlands CPR survey

Last year, man y of you resp onded to our m embe r sur vey, telling us what we are

providing you that is helpful, and what we cou ld work on that would m ake your job

easier. This years survey and m embe rship ren ewal are going out in the m ail shortly.

They are really important to our wor k and, we hope, to you. Please take five minu tes

to complete the survey and sen d it back to us.

Thanks

Thank you to the Peradam Foundation for a generous grant earlier this summ er.Thanks also to Mark Des Merets of th e Cascadia Forest Alliance, and Brett Clubbe of

Cheetwoot Alliance an d Gifford Pinch ot Task Force for spon soring a slide show tr ip

to Portland, OR, and Olympia, WA, in July. And th anks to those wh o sen t letters of

suppor t for our work or donations in the past two month s. We appreciate your help!

Works hops and Conferences

Tom Youn gblood-Petersen and Scott Bagley, our road rem oval guide writer, are

headed up to th e Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) conference in Water ton, Alberta, in

October. Bethanie will pre sen t a talk at the Montana Wildern ess Conferen ce in

Helena in Decembe r. While this newsletter was at the p rinter, Bethan ie presen ted a

sho rt workshop at the Forest Reform Rally in Ely, MN.


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The Road-RIPorter September/October 1997 3

Odes to Roads

Salmon, Ridges and Roads

by Scott Stouder

Ifroze at the movemen t. It didnt fit. The bump o f mid-day

warm th was releasing snow from the tops of old growth firtrees and th e wet, heavy clumps were cascading down,

colliding with lower limbs and pe ppering the rh ododend ronleaves and salal like shotgun pellets. The constant bom bard-men t made th e dark forest a circus of moveme nt. But this wasa ho rizontal m otion in a vertical world, the type only largeanimals make.

I crouched beh ind a 500 year old tree gripping my rifleand sea rching for antlers as 3 cow elk passed within yards.

I stepped ou t as they disappeared in the we t jungle up theridgeline. Too late I heard the h eavy thump of hooves behindme. I turned to see a huge muscled animal with a dark mass ofivory-tipped antlers whirl in an explosion of water an d snowand disappear into the da rk forest.

That encoun ter was over 30 years ago, but the scene h asbranded m y mem ory like a crisp photo with clean, powerfuledges. The ridgeline was a divide between two river drainagesin Oregons central coasta l mou ntains in the Siuslaw NationalForest. I first traveled that elk trail with my father wh o hadhun ted it with his father decades before. Growing up in thecoastal valley below, I continued to hun t the ridge at least onceevery fall. Until the road was built.

Elk and h unters had been travelingand m eetingonthat ridge for millennia. But the sum mer a fter I saw the bullelk, a ragged, graveled scar d own its timber ed spine severedthe ageless connection.

Todayoutside of a few sm all Wildern ess Areasunroad ed ridges separating major drainages no longer e xist inwestern Oregon. This proliferation of roads and the impor ta-tion of mach ines have done m ore than force wildlife intoincreasingly smaller ma rgins of habitat. Our wildlands h avebeen p hysically choppe d and severed by roads to the point ofnon -identity. We no longer know land by its diversity ofnatural functions. Roads built on ridgelines are so dom inating

that the ridge disappear s in peoples minds. The ridge merely

becomes a numbered road.Motorized addiction is the single biggest contributor to

this continued destru ction of knowledge that was once a freegift of the land. Throughout this century unrestricted roadconstruction has occurred to the extent that no one knowsexactly how man y miles exist. Independe nt research showsover 30,000 miles of access roads on Forest Service and BLMlands and at least that m any on private, state, county an d cityowned land s in Oregon alone.

The US Forest Service documents over 378,000 miles ofroads on its 191 million acres of land. Thats mor e thanenou gh gravel and p aved road to cross the United States one

hundr ed times.In western Oregon roads first followed rivers into valleys.

After the flat land was cleared an d plowed the y slowly pokedand pro dded into canyons and draws. Then, as timberprodu ction, mining and grazing followed, the roads crawledout of the valleys to the tops of ridges.

The thousan ds of miles of ridgelines are roaded for areason: theyre the p ath of least resistance. But that ru leapp lies to wildlife as well. Anim als have followed ridgelinesfor the same re ason salmon followed rivers: theyre the

natur al travel routes.But roads don t belong on ridges anymore th an dam sbelong in rivers. Both are blocks to the earths natur al func-tions and immunities.

The 636,000 acre Siuslaw National Forest west ofCorvallis, Oregon, har bors th e m ost pr oductive tree-growingsoil in the West. Its also webbed with over 10,000 miles ofstreams and on ce contained some of the richest and m ost

diverse salmon habitat on earth. Today its just anoth erexample of how one choice was made to the detriment of theother.

By the 1980s the Siuslaws forested flanks were etchedwith more th an 2600 m iles of roads and th e Forest Service washauling away 300 million boar d feet of wood per yearmoretimber p er acre th en an y other National Forest in the U.S.

But sudden ly waters that on ce were a live with m illions ofsalmon were bar ren, and one of the m ost diverse borealsystems of flora and fauna in the wor ld had been replacedwith roaded tree farms.

Aerial forest ph otos docume nted 1,786 flood-causedlandslides of which nearly 80 percent wh ere caused by roadsand clear-cuts.

Today the Northwests salmon and steelhead are in danger

of disappearing forever. Coho h ave declined almost 99 percentsince the late 1800s, and last year near ly every stock of wildsteelhead in th e Northwe st was listed as a can didate for theEndangered Species list.

Salmon crisis ma terial is now m easured in linear feet ofstorage space at the Marine Science Center in Newport, OR.The terrifying prospect of losing forever the p erfect, ancientand irreplaceable genetic connection between our salmon andtheir birth rivers has som ehow becom e a social sedative, as theNorthwest Salmon Crisis turns into a social clich.

Faced with the magnitude of this loss is it any wonder we

Motorized addiction is the singlebiggest contr ibutor to t his continued

dest ruction of knowledge that was

once a free gift of the land.

see Ridges and Roads on page 10

File photo.


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shown to need p rotective m easures to provide solitude foractive nests (Barte lt 1974). The FEIS made n o ment ion of USFSforest-wide data (obtained under the FOIA) which showed only12 ne sts were known to be active in 1993 , while 27 (79%) ofthe previously occupied nests had already been aban doned inareas adjacent to roads and timb er sales. The Forest Servicealso ignored a study which found goshawks were detectedonly in u nh arvested stands (Dykstra 1996).

Other recent studies docum ent imp acts to sensitivespec ies from roads and logging. Looking at effects to songbirdspecies diversity, Crompton (1994) found the total nu mbe r oftimber gleaning insectivore species were generally lower inharvested areas; that large uncut patches were the on ly forestcomp onen t to contain a full array of birds sen sitive to frag-men tation; and certain species had an aversion to edge habitat.Also affected are th e black bear, whose continued existence inthe Black Hills is un certa in (FEIS III-337), and th e m oun tainlion, which is sensitive to high road densities (Turner 1974).

The Forest Service has dismissed the issue of fragmenta-tion due to roads and logging by interpreting the Black Hills NFas being na tura lly fragmented (FEIS 1997). This policycomes directly from the Region Two Office in Colorado whichhas stated th e following: (1) there have been n o species

identified in the Region for wh ich ther e is agreem ent th atfragmentation is a th reat to the species; (2) while timberharvest does ch ange the p atch size and structural stage, this isnot fragmentation; and (3) major and pe rm anen t changes inthe n atural landscapes are the basis for evaluating the imp lica-tions of fragmentation and corridors. These changes includeInterstate Highways, major towns, and developmen ts such asski a rea s (USDA Fores t Service NEPA 1996).

As a result of th is misguided policy, the 1997 Black HillsForest Plan set n o limits on road density, increases roadmileage, and recomm ends against maintaining large patches ofold growth an d interior forest. Given th ese policies, furtherdeclines in sen sitive spe cies on th e Black Hills seem certain.

Leila Stanfield is a founder of Biodiversity Associates/Friendsof the Bow, s Wyoming n onprofit env ironmental organizationlocated in Laramie, WY. The group has worked to prevent theloss of w ildlands and n ative species diversity in the Rocky Mts.since 1988.

What You Can Do:Contact:Jeff KesslerBiodiversity Associates /Friends of th e BowPO Box 603 2Laramie, WY 82070(307) 742-7978.

Write Glickman and ask him to rescind the 1997 BHNFForest Plan Revision for th e reason s stated in this article:

Dan Glickman , Secre tary of the Agriculture200A Whitten Bldg.

1400 Independence Ave SWWash ington DC 20246email: [email protected]

ReferencesAlexander, R.R. 1987. Silviculture systems, cutting methods,

and cultural practices for Black Hills ponderosa pine.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-139,Rocky Mountain Forest and Rage Experiment Station, FortCollins, CO.

Bartelt, P.E. 1974. Management of the Ame rican Goshawk in

the Black Hills National Forest. Thesis, Iowa Sta te U.Boldt, E.E. and J.L. Van Deusen . 1974 . Silviculture of

ponderosa p ine in the Black Hills: the status of ourknowledge. USDA Forest Service Genera l Technical ReportRM-124, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation, Fort Collins, CO.

Crom pton, B.L. 1994. Songbird and sm all mam ma l diversity inrelation to timbe r m anageme nt practices in thenor thwestern Black Hills. Masters Thes is, University ofWyoming, Laramie.

Dykstra, B.L. 1996. Effects of harvesting ponderosa pine onbirds in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming.Masters Thesis, South Dakota State Univ.

Frest, T.J. and E.J. Johannes . 1993. Land snail survey of the

Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming.Final Report, prepared for U.S. Forest Service, BHNF, an dU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, SD State Office.

Price, M.H. 1997 . Report: Fragmenta tion study for the BlackHills National Forest . South Dakota Schoo l of Mines,Rapid City, SD.

States, J. 1996 . Manageme nt of ponderosa pine: silvicultureand its application in the Black Hills National Forest.

Unpub lished pape r.Shinne man, D.J. 1996 . An analysis of range of naturalvariability, roads, and timber harvesting in a Black Hillsponderosa pine forest landscape. PhD Thesis, Universityof Wyoming.

Turner, R.W. 1974. Mam mals of the Black Hills of SouthDakota and Wyoming. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.

U.S. Forest Service Final Environme ntal Impact Statem ent(FEIS). 1997.

U.S. Forest Service. 1996. NEPA Stream lining, File Code:1920/1950. Lakewood, CO.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1996. Biological Resources Division(BRD) Species At Risk Program.

Black Hills, continued

Rapid

City

Black Elk

Wilderness

WyomingS. Dakota

0 10 Miles

Roads on the

Black Hills

National Forest

8,500 Miles ofRoadsAlready!

1,204,701 acres

9,824 acres

(0.8% ) protected

as wilderness.

Map by Biodiversity Associates


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Bibliography Notes

Bibliography Notes sum marizes and highlights som e of the

scientific literature in our 6,000 citation bibliography on the

ecological effects of roads. We offer bibliography searches to

help activists access important biological research relevant to

roads. We keep copies of most art icles cited in Bibliography

Notes in ou r off ice library.

Roads and Erosion

By Scott Bagley

Avariety of problem s result from soil erosion du e to

the constru ction and existence of roads. Since roads

are generally regarded as the primar y cause ofsedimen tation from timbe r ha rvesting, general knowledge of

the p rocesses involved in water-related soil erosion th at lead to

sedimen tation is an impor tant addition to under standing the

impacts of roads on ecosystem s.

Sediment from roads reaches stream channels by one oftwo principle pathways: mass failure or surface erosion of the

road prism. Mass failure is the mor e important cause of

sedimen tation in areas of steep slopes an d un stable soils,

while erosion of r oad sur faces, cutslopes, and fillslopes is a

more important cause of sedimentation in more stable areas(Bilby et al. 1989). Gully erosion m ay also occur in advanced

stages of surface erosion, and may introduce slope instability

and possibly influence m ass failure e vents.

Surface erosionSurface erosion occurs when soil particles are dislodged

by the ene rgy of raindrop imp act or by eddies in the tu rbulent

flow of water, and then transp orted by th e force of gravity. The

relative rate of

surface erosionfrom roadsdecreases with the

length of time

since construc-

tion. This is

because erodingsurface layers can

expose less

erodible sub soils

which may h ave

different proper-ties than the

sur face so ils (Lal

and Elliot 1994 ).

Regardless, roads

continue to besusceptible to

surface erosion

until they are

completely

revegetated.Soil frost is a major factor leading to surface erosion from

locations with bare or sparsely vegetated soils, such as road

prisms. Frost may act in thr ee different ways to influence

surface erosion (Satterlund an d Adam s 1992). First, the

cohesive forces holding together a soil may be o vercome by

the e xpansion of water, causing soil particles to detach fromthe sur face. Second, soil frost m ay prevent water from

infiltrating, resulting in greater overlan d flow. Third, soil frost

may be come a source o f water for overland flow as it melts,

even without rain or snowme lt. Though not comm on in areas

receiving significant sn owpack (snow insulates th e soilsurface), soil frost is a significant erosive factor where bare or

sparse ly vegetated soils are r arely covered by sn ow and where

freezing temp eratu res are comm on. These conditions occur

together in mu ch of the central and southea stern United States

(Satterlund a nd Adams 1992). An add itional concer n related to

roads is tha t soil frost ma y occur a t lower depths if a soil is

compacted (Brooks et al. 1991).Surface erosion occurs by both sheet erosion and r ill

erosion. Sheet erosion (also called inter-rill erosion) occurs as

soil particles are detached by raindrop impact and transp orted

by broad, shallow surface water flow. Detachmen t of soil

particles in inter-rill areas is pr imarily induced by raindro p

impact, since surface flow depths are of n egligible erosivepower. When flow depths are su fficient, rill erosion occurs

due to the com bination of surface runo ff with the impact ofraindrops. A rill is basically an erosion ch ann el and can vary

in size from a rivulet up to about one foot across. As a rill

continues to grow, a gully may develop.A gully is a r elatively deep, recen tly form ed ch ann el

where no well-defined cha nn el previously existed (Brooks, et

al. 1991). Gully erosion, which often occurs at un protected

culvert outlets and along road beds, results from chan ges in

elevation and a lack of pro tective vegetative cover. If condi-tions condu cive to gully form ation are n ot reversed, the gully

will deepen , widen, and lengthen until a new equilibrium is

reache d and exten sive erosion and se dimentation m ost likely

has occurred.

Factors affecting the formation of gullies include slopesteepness, volume and velocity of water, soil type, depth of soil

to bedro ck, and exten t of vegetative cover. Gullying belowculvert outlets occurs from th ese factors, as well as topo-

graphic shape of hillslopes and distance from outlet to ground

surface (Wemple 1994).

Mass failureMass failure is a gravity-driven process th at occurs when

the sh ear stren gth of a soil mass is overcome by th e shear

stresses acting against it. Factors acting to resist movemen tinclude root binding of the soil mass, the cohe sive proper ties

see Bibliography on page 10

Example of gully erosion across a roadbed.

Mark Alan Wildson photo.

Mass wast ing on Gifford Pinchot National Forest. WCPR file photo.


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Volunteers Battle a Relic LawBy Gail and Wayne Hoskisson

Utah wilderne ss advocates continue to stru ggle againsta law that was repealed twenty-one years ago. In

1976 Congress passed the Federal Land Policy andMana geme nt Act (FLPMA) which elimina ted a rem nan t of the1866 Mining Act known as RS 2477 rights -of-way (see

RIPorterv1 #1, v1 #4 and oth ers). Section 8 of this anti-qua ted, Civil War e ra m ining act s tated: The right-of-way forthe con struction of highways over pu blic lands, not re servedfor public uses, is her eby granted. You wou ld think that a lawwritten 131 years ago and repea led 21 years ago shou ld causelittle trouble today. In 1977 and 1978, whe n the Bureau ofLand Managemen t asked states and coun ties for an inventoryof right-of-way claims, there was little interest an d n o on erush ed to submit claims.

During the 1980s, though, wilderne ss designation ofpublic lands becam e a ma jor issue in Utah. According to theBLM, the State of Utah a nd som e of its coun ties claim over

5000 h ighway rights-of-way exist across our p ublic lands inabout ha lf of the 29 counties in the state. In a WashingtonPost interview one cou nty com missioner stated, We aregoing to try to eliminate wilderness in Emery County, as thegoal behind RS 2477 road assertions. This county withthirteen com mu nities on the m ap claims 1140 highways liewithin its borders. The counties clearly seek to block wilder-ness protection, not imp rove transportation.

In 1995, volunteer s organized to do a road inventory in aportion of Emer y County that the Utah Wilderness Coalitionproposed for Wilderne ss designation. Volunteers organized toinvestigate other lands proposed for wilderne ss. Unfortu-nately, the political battles against anti-wilderness legislationintroduced by th e Utah Congressional delegation interru ptedthe inventory. In early 1996 volunteers again organized toinventory RS 2477 claims in Utah. A few peop le from theUtah Chapter of the Sierra Club, the Southern Utah WildernessAlliance an d th e Wasatch Mountain Club m et to p lan theeffort. They approached th e Utah Wilderness Coalition forsuppor t and recognition a s an effort of the Coalition.

The goal was to documen t the curren t condition of everyRS 2477 claim or potential claim in the 5.7 million a cres

prop osed for Wilderness by the Utah Wilderness Coalitionand its 150 member or ganizations. No one knew howdifficult or com plex the docum entation would be. As theinitiative pr oceeded, voluntee rs refined the process ofdocum enting the claims. This was necessary both for gettingpeople where they needed to be and to make sure theybrought back inform ation which cou ld be collated into auseful format.

By sum mer of 1996 th e process evolved into a systemwhich cou ld be used easily by volunteers recruited for fieldwork. First, we mapp ed the entire 5.7 million acres ofprop osed wilderness on to 1:100,000 scale maps. Onto thesemap s we transcribed all the RS 2477 claims we could find.We highlighted the claims in pink. From this ma p we copiedlocator ma ps. We copy enough of the map to sh ow thelocation of the claim in relation to som e easily identifiabletown, highway or well known landm ark. This serves to guidethe volunteer to the claim. We copy sufficient portions of a7.5 minute quad (1:24,000 scale) map to show the claim a ndthe surro unding topography. We often must piece together

several of these 7.5 m inute m aps to show th e full length of aclaim. From there, we trace the Utah Wildern ess Coalitionproposed boundaries onto the copy of the map, which thendelineates the portion of the claim we nee d to documen t.

In addition to th e two ma ps, the packets for the fieldworkers includes a title sheet, an instru ction sheet, and a datasheet. The title sheet includes the name of the proposedWilderness Area an d the n ame (s) of topographical maps usedto m ake the p ackets. We ur ge the volunteer s to purchase th eirown copies of the maps. Having the entire map or m aps m ayhelp m ake the location of the claim clearer as well as help thevolunteer r ema in oriented on the ground . The title sheet alsoincludes the nam e, address and phone n umber of thevolunteer a ssigned to docum ent the claim. We have space tonote the return of the packet and the adequacy of the

documentation. Each claim is assigned a unique number anda nam e (usually from som e near by geographic feature).We make du al copies of the two map s and th e title sheet,

then keep a copy of each m ap an d title sheet as a p acket inour files. We have found th is saves a great dea l of workshould we need to recreate the packet in the future. It is alsoone of the ways we keep track of what has been done, what isassigned but n ot returne d, and who took the packet.

The instruction sheet and data or docum entation sheetare adde d to the volunteers packet. A copy of our data

sheet accompanies t his art icle on the next p age. Anyone i s free to use i t , copy i t , or m odify i t to sui t t heir

Special Section: RS 2477

An eroded RS 2477 claim on t he Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah.

Gordon Swenson photo.

One of hundreds of highways claimed by Garfield County, Utah.

Jim Thom pson photo.


7/12


needs. The instruction sheet is a single sheet pr inted on bothsides. We recycle these as packet s are retu rned. Basically theinstructions describe a simp le documentation process. Thevolunteer sh ould walk the entire claim. We recom men d goingto the end of the claim and then photographing and describingthe claim on th e return ing leg of the trip. We ask for photo-graphs of the beginn ing and end of each claim. We also wantphotographs wh ere the claim m ight look most road-like andleast road-like. We ask for sufficient pho tographs to show th emost ch aracteristic appear ance of the claim, as well as

photographs of any signs of hu man activity (stock ponds, salt

licks, drill holes, etc.) which might explain a purpose or use forthe route. Each pho tograph is keyed to a num bered spot onthe map and a corresponding num ber on the data sheet. Theroute can be described quickly and easily using the ratings onthe data sheet. We speak with the volunteers face-to-face sothat we can ex plain the process, answer questions, or provideinformation ab out the issue. However, we also have success-fully recruited and used volunteers via mail, phone an d ema il.

So far, 285 volunteers have made 554 trips into the wildsto docum ent th e character of RS 2477 claims. Volunteers havespent over 11,000 hou rs in the field and 8,000 hou rs in theoffice. This Utah Wilderness Coalition project providedactivists an incredible oppor tunity to help p rotect our little

rem aining wildernesssomething mo re tangible sendingmon ey, writing letters or m aking phone calls. The volunteersall come back with stories that reveal the awe and resp ect theyfeel towards the places the y inventory.

We have thousands of pages and p hotos showing whatthey found. They created a picture of Utah wilderness at theend of th e 20th cen tury. We will use the info to keep it wild.

If you would like m ore information, con tact Liz at theUtah Wildern ess Coalition: (801)486-2872 or em ail Wayne &Gail Hoskisson a t [email protected].

Gail & Wayn Hoskisson are lmarried full-time health careworkers & volunteer activists for UWC groups.

RS 2477 Aler t

by Ted Zukoski of the Land and Water Fund of the Rockies

In 1866, Congress passed RS 2477, a provision togrant rights-of-way for the construction of highwaysover public lands not reserved for other uses. Countycomm issioners, the motorized vehicle lobby, and theirCongressiona l allies have seized on RS 2477 as a t ool totry to punch motorized trails through p otential andexisting wilderness an d to h og-tie federal agenciesattemp ting to man age trails to protect water quality,wildlife, and peace and quiet. President Clinton earlierthis year killed a Congressional pr oposal to interp retthe law so broadly that it could have allowed countiesto pave new roads across National Parks and otherpublic lands.

But n ow, as th e Administration a ttempts to draftlegislation to set fair rules for determ ining whenpublic highways were ac tually constructed, theyvehit a roadblock: the US Forest Service. While theDepartm ent of the Interior is pressing an approach thatsets some reason able limits on when counties canclaim r ights-of-way, the Forest Service is push ing a

policy that would per mit coun ties to claim a h ighwayhad been constructed where someone h ad kicked rocksor trampled weeds on a trail. The Forest Servicesproposal is ba sed on the Reagan AdministrationsHodel Policy (which Secretary Babbitt revoked), onlyit would more easily surr ender trails to counties.

The Forest Service policy is bearing bitter fruit.This May, the Rio Gran de National Forest in south ernColorado validated a county right-of-way under RS2477 to a jeep trail, part of wh ich the Forest ha d closedto motorized use 18 mo nths ago to protect alpinetundra an d lakes! Based only on a few map s andsurveys presented by m otorized vehicle lobbyists, theForest Supervisor surren dered m anagem ent of the trailto Alamosa County without p ublic involveme nt or

no tification. The Rio Gran de National Forest is nowworking to surr ender up to 65 more r oads and trails toother counties. Several of these trails are within theSangre de Cristo Wilderne ss, and oth ers were closedrecently to motor ized use to p rotect forest resources.

The Forest Service trail give-away must en d. Thebest way to do it is to get the FS to do wh at the Depart-men t of the Interior has already don e: stop processingall RS 2477 right-of-way claims u ntil the ClintonAdministration a dopts a reasonable, un iform policy.

What You Can DoWrite to:Michael Dombeck ChiefUSDA Forest Service

14th & Inde pen den ce Avenue S.W.Washington, D.C. 20250FAX: 202/205 -1765.

Remem ber to include these key points:(1) imm ediately imp ose a m oratorium on p rocessing RS

2477 claims;(2) junk the Hodel Policy and adopt more strict standa rds,

like the ones Dombeck approved when he was BLMDirector.

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An eroded gully, mistaken for a highway in Garfield County, Utah.

Jim Thompson photo.


8/12


PAGE_______OF________

AR EA :_____________________________________________________________________ Un it ____ WSA _____

CLAIMED ROAD: _______________________________________________________________________________

U.S .G.S. m ap qu adrang le ( s ) :_____________________________________________________________________

St art in g Po in t :_________________________ Dat e : _____________________ Be gin n in g t im e:__________

Prepa re d by :________________________ Mem be rs o f g roup:________________________________________

_____________________________________ ________________________________________

P HOTO N U MB ER: # ______ # ______# ______ # ______ # ______ # ______ # ______ # ______MAP MARKER NUMBER: #______ #______#______ #______ #______ #______ #______ #______

EXISTEN CE: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = no construction

2 = bladed

3 = cut and f i l l

4 = major blast ing

and excavat ion

5 = graveled

6 = paved

M AIN TENAN CE: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = no recent maintenance

2 = recent blading

3 = recent cut and f i l lNATURAL RECOVERY: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = erosion

2 = rockfal l

3 = revegetation

WIDTH: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = s ingle track

2 = double track

WIDTH MEASUREMENT: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

SCREEN IN G: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = berms

2 = vegetation

DRIVABILITY: _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

1 = not drivable

(foot or horse pat h)

2 = driva ble by ATVs

or dirt bikes

3 = drivable by 4 WD ve hicles

4 = drivable by 2 WD ve hicles

EVIDEN CE OF U SE _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______

OR N ON -USE:

1 = vegetat ion in track

2 = no tread marks v i s ible

PU RPOSE OR DESTINATION OF TRACK: COM MEN TS:

tno t kno w n ( not re ac hed) __________________________________________________________________________t no appa rent de s ti na t io n __________________________________________________________________________

t ov erl ook __________________________________________________________________________________________

t co rra l or gr azi ng s tru ct ure ________________________________________________________________________

t s toc k po nd ________________________________________________________________________________________

t w ater w ell ________________________________________________________________________________________

t s a lt li ck ___________________________________________________________________________________________

t m in in g cla im or m in in g s tr uct ure _________________________________________________________________

t dr il l s it e o r dri ll in g s tr uct ure _____________________________________________________________________

t ot her: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

RS 24 77 Claim Surv ey Sheet


9/12


Regional Reports and Outreach

New Resources for Road-Ripper sIn July, we completed a comp rehen sive rep ort explaining

the e conom ic, as well as the ecological impacts of r oads.Understanding National Forest Roads and Economics offersquotable facts and figures that you can use to strengthen yourargumen ts against roads on public lands. Its nine pages long,

and you can easily skim throu gh it in five m inutes, photocopyit and give it to the m edia or oth er folks who just dontunde rstand why roads are bad. It is particularly aimed atexplaining the taxpayer su bsidies associated with roads onNational Forest lan ds. Drop us a note and well mail it to you.

Revegetat ion Project1996 Road Remo val Workshop graduates Keith Stockman ,

Marn ie Criley an d Mark VanderMeer joined Bethan ie, Tom andhis son Evan for a road revegetation project on the Gallatin NFin August. After falling asleep to the yelp s of coyotes, we spenta day in the field spreading seed and working on the form erCache Creek road at the edge of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness.The Forest Service did not comp letely obliterate the r oad, butrem oved twenty culverts and added water bars to help restorehydrologic function to this watershed. Our work was directedby Susan Lamont, of the Hebgen Lake Ranger District, andMark Story, Gallatin NF hydrologist. Mark Van der Meer hadmore than two cents of additional advice to throw in oneffective and ineffective revegetation techniques. The week-end wen t well and open s an imp ortant dialogue with the ForestService for road remo val and revegetation.

Big Cypress Action AlertThe 2400 sq. m ile Big Cypress Swamp in

southwest Florida is a cr itical area for pr eservingbiodiversity with 36 en dangered an d threatene danima ls and 124 rare species of plants. It is home to thecritically endangered Florida pa nthe r. Mismana gement of off-road vehicle (ORV) use in Big Cypress National Pre serve hasresu lted in se rious dam age to its soils, hydrology, vegetation ,and wildlife. Unfor tun ately, ORV use is a pe rm itted regulatedactivity in the Preserve. As the resu lt of a lawsuit by the FloridaBiodiversity Project (FBP), the National Park Service h ired an

indepen dent contractor to develop an ORV Managem ent Plan.This Septem ber th ey will be releasing the secon d draft of the irORV Best Man agem en t Pra ctices (BMP) Manual. The se BMPsare specific tactics that range from avoidance of ORV impactsto edu cation an d voluntary m easures. Also included are tacticsto address visitor con flicts (such as ORVs dr iving on orcross ing the Florida Trail).

Its now time for the vast majority of the p ublic who wantresponsible regulations placed on destructive ORV use to raisetheir voices and dem and p roper m anagem ent. The ORV plan

contractor is seeking written comm ents on the draft BMPManua l. Please send your comm ents to the address below assoon as possible. FBPrecomm end tha t your comm ents con tainthe following m ajor points:* Goal: To assure the ecological integrity and natural beauty of

Big Cypress in perpetu ity.* Restrict ORV use to areas and times where impacts will not

occur.* Prohibit ORV use in sensitive wetlands, areas imp ortant to wild-

life, or when conditions are unsuitable ( e.g. water levels tohigh for swam p bu ggies or too low for airboats).

* If impacts cannot be avoided, they need to minimized to maxi-mum extent practicable.

* Restrict ORV use to a designated trail system to avoid or m ini-mize damage and improve monitoring and enforcement.

* Prohibit ORV use that is incomp atible with other recreational

use (i.e. late night airboat use n ear cam pgrounds).* Establish specific biological criteria for open ing and closing

ORV trails.* Establish ORV free areas for proper ly regulated light-imp act

recreation (hiking, biking, camping).* Assure that effective mon itoring and enforcement is in place

before ORV trails are open ed.* Establish quiet hours for wildlife.

Copies of the draft plan can be reque sted from, orcommen ts can be made to:

Dr. Jeffrey L. MarionPlann ing Effort Project Leade rCoope rative Park Studies Unit

Virginia Tech/Dept. of ForestryBlacksburg, VA 24061-0324E-mail: cpsu @vt.edu

For further information contact:Brian ScherfFlorida Biodiversity Projectph: (954) 922-5828e-mail: rscher [email protected]

Hells Canyon Wilderness Rim TrailSince 1989, Wallowa-Whitman National

Forest Supervisor Bob Richmond has be en tr yingto chan ge the Hells Canyon Wilderness boun daryon th e west rim of Hells Canyon in order to allow ve-

hicles to start driving there again. (From 1975 to 1989th eForest Service turned its back while vehicles drove there; theyhavent been able to drive there since 1989 be cause its in aWilderness, and du ring these 8 years, their dirt tracks havereverted back to a foot path .) Now Sen. Gordon Smith (R-OR)and Rep. Bob Smith (R-OR) have introduced S. 1049 and HR799 in Congress, to shove the Hells Canyon Wilderness aside(see RIPorterv1 #3).

As of August 25, 1997 , the Wallowa-Whitman NF has anew Super visor, Karyn Wood. On August 27, th e Hells CanyonPreservation Council me t with her an d prop osed that the last

Continued on next page

-

Laying eros ion control mats on former Cache Creek Road.

Tom Youngblood-Petersen photo. T-12

T-12


10/12


Bibliography Cont.Regional Reportsof the soil, and th e degree of fracturing of the sliding surface.

Slope failures are often associated with factors that increase

shear str ess, including slope steepn ess that equals or exceeds

the angle of internal friction, wet soils, geology and soil types

susceptible to failure, and removal of vegetation (Satterlundand Adams 1992).

Slope steepn ess is probably the most impo rtan t factor

leading to m ass failure. The angle of internal friction, alsoknown as the n atural angle of repose, describes the slope angle

where a balance is reached between shear stresses andstrengths within a soil material in isolation. It is the maxim um

slope angle at which loose soil can be piled. The angle of

internal friction for m ost soil mater ials averages 35 , but

varies between 30 and 45 (Satterlund and Adam s 1992). Soil

moisture may add additional strength by con tributing to soilcohesion, but incr eases she ar stress by adding weight to a soil

mass. Certain geologic characteristics may increase su scepti-

bility to failure, including the structure of pare nt m aterial, as

men tioned above. Parent m aterials also affect the char acteris-

tics of soils form ed from the m. Parent rock types, such asgranite and sandstone, for exam ple, often form shallow, coarse,

cohesionless soils wher e failures may be com mon (Satterlundand Adam s 1992). Vegetation re moval increases a slope s

susceptibility to failure, due primarily to two factorssoils

rem ain wetter longer due to evapotranspiration decreases, androot binding strength decreases a s roots die an d decay.

In addition to the ab ove factors, wind sometim es plays a

role in failures wh en th e swaying of trees causes root m ass

disturbance. Add the presen ce of roads to naturally suscep-

tible terrain, a nd the risk of slope failure is drastically in-creased. Roads can increase landslide risk by oversteepen ing

the slope with sidecast m aterial, overloading slopes with

sidecast and fill material, blocking or redirecting water

moveme nt on to fillslopes and u nstable soils, and rem oving

slope material (Weaver and Hagans 1994).While mass failures are natural phenomena, the presence

of roads significantly increases their occurrence. Road-induced m ass failures can be found pr actically wherever roads

are built in sloping terrain. A mu ltitude of studies provide

evidence for the ser iousness of road-induced catastrophicerosion (AFSEE 1996, Weaver an d Hagans 1996, Ama ranth us

et al. 1985 ).

Imp acts of er osionThe aquatic impacts of sedimen tation are well-known,

especially as they relate to salmon id fishes. Increased sedi-

men tation can dam age aquatic habitat by covering spawning

sites, destroying benthic (bottom dwelling) food sources, and

redu cing water clar ity for visual-feeding fish (Moyle and Leidy

1992). Chan ges in ph ysical chann el conditions can occur withthe inpu t of additional sedimen t. Chan nel aggradation (filling

with sediment) may occur with increases in sedimen t load andsedim en t size (Brooks et al. 1991).

Terre strial impact s related to erosion are significant. By

selectively rem oving sma ller an d less dense clay particles an dorganic matter, erosion reduces the am ount of nutrients

available for plants (Dunne an d Leopold 1978). Loss of well-

developed topsoils decreases a soils infiltration and water

holding capacities and p erm eability for root growth. This

furth er redu ce a sites potential for revegetation. Non-n ativespecies may find degraded soils more conducive to establish-

men t and growth, further stressing a native plant com mu nity.

have found so little time to m ourn our loss of ridgelines? Theover-roading of Amer ica has robbed us of more th an salmon ,and ridgelines. Its strippe d us of our ability to look to thefuture with o ptimism a nd joy.

Since th e road was built over th e old elk trail on m y ridge,world population has dou bled and the u nraveling of theworlds ecosystems has spiraled beyond belief.

Ridgelines an d salmon once defined m y world. But today,as I drive roads and sit by sterile rivers, Im haunted bymem ories and left with only the em ptiness of anger.

Im a ngry because of h ow we treat rivers, salmon andancient elk paths. And Im an gry because we cant seem tostop our war with the wild. But m ost of all, Im angry becauseweve left ourselves with so little of the wild for those whocome after us to see from a ridgelineor through th e eyes of asalmon.

Scott Stouder is Secretary of the Board of the Oregon HuntersAssociation, and a new Wildlands CPR Board member.

Ridges and Roads, Cont.

12 m iles of unroaded Hells Can yon rim be left alone an ddesignated th e HELLS CANYON WILDERNESS RIM TRAIL.

If Karyn Wood says sh e wants to keep this segmen tnon motorized, then it is likely that th e Regional Office and theWash ington, DC office will back h er up, an d the Forest Servicewill cease its neutr ality on Rep. an d Sen. Smiths bills. In that

case, the Smith s bills are likely to fail.Please write to Karyn Wood and tell her she h as the clear

opportu nity to prevent th e terrible preceden t of declassifying aWilderness area in order to make way for cars (and ORVs andpickups). Ask her to pub licly support retaining the last 12miles of Hells Canyon rim as a non moto rized trail, which willprotect this critical wildlife migratory route, provide the only

foot trail on the e ntire rim tha tlooks into Hells Canyon , helpprotect a rchaeologicalrem ains, and avoid Wildernessdeclassification.

Mention to he r that if sheremains silent on this, itamounts to support for

declassification of Wildernessand destruction on the rim.Ask her specifically to answeryou with her response to theproposal to designate the se 12miles as the Hells CanyonWildern ess Trail.

Please write to:Karyn Wood, SupervisorWallowa-Whitman NFP.O. Box 907Baker City, OR 97814

Please send a copy to:

Hells CanyonPreservation CouncilP.O. Box 908Joseph, OR 97846

-

Hells Canyon. HCPC phot o.


11/12


Join Wildlands CPR Today!

Mem bership ben efits both you and Wildlands CPR. You

lend your suppor t to our efforts, giving us mor e leverage in sub-

mitting comm ents, filing lawsuits, and creating pressure to p re-

vent and close roads on p ublic lands. In addition, your finan cial

support helps us to continue providing information and re-

sources to activists throughou t North Amer ica.

As a Wildlands CPR member, you'll have better access to

these resources, because youll receive:

f Our bimon thly newsletter, The Road-RIPorter.

f 10 free bibliography searche s per year.

f National support for your cam paign through our n ewsletter

and alerts.

f Access to activist tools and public education materials.

f Conn ections with groups working on similar issues, and n et-

works with experienced road-fighting activists, lawyers and

scientists.

f Discounts on Wildlands CPR publications.

____$30 Standard____$15 Low Incom e____$50 Friend____$200 Supporter____$500 Sponsor____Other: $____________

____$15 ($25 non-me mbers)Handbook (includes all 4 guides)

____$4/Guide ($7 non-members)- circle your choices BLM, ORV, NF, NP

____Total enclosed $______________

Name:__________________________________________________

Organization:____________________________________________

Address:________________________________________________

City/State/Zip:___________________________________________

Phone/Fax/e-mail:________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Join Wildlands CPR Today!

Wildlands CPR Publi cations: Road-Ripper's Handbook ($15.00, $25 non-members)) A

compre hensive activist manu al that includes the four Guides

listed below, plus The Ecological Effects of Roads , Gather-ing Information wit h t he Freedom of Informat ion Act, andmore!

Road-Ripper's Guide t o the National Fores ts ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By Keith Hamm er. How-to procedure s for gettingroads closed and revegetated, descriptions of environmen-

tal laws, road density standards & Forest Service road poli-

cies.

Road-Ripper's Guide to the National Parks ($4, $7 non-mem-bers) By David Bah r & Aron Yarm o. Provides backgroun don th e National Park System and its use of roads, and out-

lines how activists can get involved in NPS planning.Road-Ripper's Guide to Off-Road Vehicles ($4, $7 non-mem-

bers) By Dan Wright. A com preh ens ive guide to reducin gthe use and ab use of ORVs on p ublic lands. Includes an ex-

tensive bibliography.

Road-Ripper's Guide to the BLM ($4, $7 non-members) ByDan Stotter. Provides an overview of road-related land and

resource laws, and detailed discussions for p articipating in

BLM decision-making processes.

Roads and erosion are unavoidably interconn ected.

Understan ding the types of erosion an d how th ey work areextrem ely important in recognizing the full impact of roads on

wildlands. Knowledge of the basics of erosion is fundam ental

to unde rstanding how roads can drastically modify natural

processes.

Scott Bagley is a m asters st udent in Environmental Studies atthe University of Montana. He also is researching and writing

our upcoming Road-Rippers Guide to Road Removal and

Revegetation

BibliographyAmaranth us, M.P. et a l. 1985. Logging and forest roads related

to increased debris slides in southwestern Oregon.

Journal of Forestry, 83: 229-233.

AFSEE. 1996. Aerial landslide survey of Mapleton Ranger

District following rainstorm of Februa ry, 1996. Ump quaWatersheds Home Fish Stories, internet.

Bilby, R.E. et al. 198 9. The gene rat ion and fate of road-surface

sediment in forested watersheds in southwestern

Washington. Forest Science, 33(2): 453-468.

Brooks, K.N. et al. 1991. Hydrology and the Management ofWatersheds. Univers ity of Iowa Press, Ames, IA.

Lal, R. and W. Elliot. 1994. Erodibility and erosivity. In Lal, R.

(ed.). 1994. Soil Erosion Research Methods. St. Lucie

Press, Delray Beach, FL.

Moyle, P.B. and R.A. Leidy. 1992. Loss of biodivers ity inaquatic ecosystem s: evidence from fish faunas. In P.L.

Fiedler and S.K. Jains (eds. ). Conservation Biology: the

Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation,

and Management. Chapm an and Hall, New York.

Satter lund, D.R. and P.W. Adam s. 1992. Wildland Wate rshedManagem ent. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. NY.

Weaver, W. and D. Hagans. 1996. Sedimen t treatments and

road restoration: protecting and restoring watersheds from

sediment-related impacts. Pages 105-134 in The Pacific

Rivers Council, Inc. 1996 Healing the Watershed: a Guide

to the Restoration of Watersheds and Native Fish in t he W.Weaver, W.E. and D.K. Hagans. 199 4. Handbook for Forest

and Ranch Roads: a Guide for Plann ing, Designing,Constructing, Reconstructing, Maintaining, and Closing

Wildland Roads. Produced for the Mendocino County

Resource Conservation District; in cooperation with theCalifornia Departm ent o f Forestry an d Fire Protection and

the USDA Soil Conservation Service. 163 pages.

Wem ple, B.C. 1994. Hydrologic Inte grat ion of Forest Roads

with Stream Networks in Two Basins, Western Cascades,

Oregon. M.S. Thes is, Oregon State University, Corvallis,OR.


12/12

Road obliteration in progress Gallatin National Forest , Montana. Dave Havlick photo.

Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads

P.O. Box 7516Missoula, MT 59807

Visions...

Any biologist who thinks roads

degrade grizz ly habitat believes in

East er b unnies.

Rep. Helen Chenow et h (R-ID)

Non-profit OrganiztionUS POSTAGE

PAIDMISSOULA, MT 59801

PERMIT NO. 569

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