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ROAD TO REVOLUTIONROAD TO REVOLUTION
20002000 22
PROBLEMS WITH THE PROBLEMS WITH THE FRENCHFRENCH
20002000 33
French in North AmericaFrench in North America• Mostly fur traders
and subsistence farmers
• Generally on good terms with the Indians
• Major settlements were Quebec, Montreal, New Orleans
20002000 44
French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War• Last in a series of four wars
between the British and French• Called the Seven Years’ War in
Europe
20002000 55
Reasons for the WarReasons for the War• Opposing world empires
• Control of the fur trade• Control of land west of the Appalachian Mountains• Indian raids against the colonists
20002000 66
Beginning and End of the Beginning and End of the WarWar
• George Washington loses at Fort Necessity
• British defeat the French at Quebec
20002000 1010
Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763
• Canada to the British
• all lands east of the Mississippi River to England• Florida to England
(from Spain)
20002000 1111
Implications of the French and Implications of the French and Indian War for ColonistsIndian War for Colonists
• British went into debt fighting the war• British wanted colonists to pay for troops stationed in America• Colonists did not want to pay• Proclamation of 1763
20002000 1212
Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763
• British prohibited the settlement of Colonists west of the Appalachians
• Feared conflicts with Native Americans
• Colonists resented the Proclamation
• Difficult to enforce
20002000 1313
TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN THE TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND AMERICANSENGLISH AND AMERICANS
20002000 1414
British enforce the British enforce the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts
• Four in number
• Reinforced Mercantilism
20002000 1515
MercantilismMercantilism
• Economic system followed by England, France, and other major trading nations
• A nation's government strictly regulates economic affairs to enrich its treasury
20002000 1616
BRITISH BEGIN TO TAX BRITISH BEGIN TO TAX AMERICANSAMERICANS
20002000 1717
British Taxation PoliciesBritish Taxation Policies
• Sugar Act
• Quartering Acts
• Stamp Act
• Townsend Revenue Act
20002000 1818
Sugar ActSugar Act• 1764• Revenues for
the crown, not spent on the colonies
• Admiralty Courts tried offenders
20002000 1919
Admiralty CourtsAdmiralty Courts
• Courts could host trial anywhere in empire
• No trial by jury• Judges biased; paid
based on fines issued
20002000 2020
Quartering ActsQuartering Acts
• 1765, 1766
• Ordered the colonies to supply the soldiers with living quarters, fuel, candles, and cider or beer
20002000 2121
Stamp ActStamp Act• 1765• Purpose was to raise revenue to support British troops in America• Placed a tax on 50 trade items such as: newspapers,
playing cards, diplomas, legal documents, etc.
20002000 2222
““No Taxation Without No Taxation Without
Representation is tyrannyRepresentation is tyranny””• Became slogan of the Colonists• First said by Patrick Henry• Colonists were not seeking representation• Did not want to be taxed more than other British Citizens
20002000 2323
AMERICANS RESISTAMERICANS RESIST
20002000 2424
Three actionsThree actions
• Committees of Correspondence
• Stamp Act Congress
• Organized a boycott
20002000 2525
Committees of Committees of CorrespondenceCorrespondence
• Cells in all the colonies
• Kept colonists informed about what was happening throughout the colonies
• Helped unite Colonists in protest
20002000 2626
Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress• 1765• First example of the
colonists working together
• Declared that stamp taxes could not be collected without the people's consent
20002000 2727
British repeal the Stamp ActBritish repeal the Stamp Act
• 1766• Passed the
Declaratory Acts • Stated that the King
and Parliament had full authority over the colonies in all matters
20002000 2828
Organized a BoycottOrganized a Boycott• Not one penny of tax was
paid
• Enforced by Sons and Daughters of Liberty
20002000 2929
Sons and Daughters of LibertySons and Daughters of Liberty
• Groups of patriotic societies that resisted paying taxes
• Oftentimes used intimidation and violence to force other colonists to participate in boycott
20002000 3030
Townsend Revenue ActTownsend Revenue Act• 1767• Import tax on glass, lead, paper, TEA• Money collected used to pay salaries
of royal governors, British judges• Another boycott organized
20002000 3131
Increased TensionIncreased Tension
20002000 3232
ConflictsConflicts
• British station troops in Boston
• Boston Massacre
• Boston Tea Party
20002000 3333
British station troops in BostonBritish station troops in Boston• 1768• British wanted to make sure that
the colonies remained under control
• Soldiers stationed there known as “Lobsterbacks”
• Caused increased tension as Colonists resented the presence of the soldiers
20002000 3434
Boston Massacre / RiotBoston Massacre / Riot• 1770• Soldiers and townspeople
clashed in a street fight • Frightened British soldiers fired
into a crowd of rioters • Five men died as a result,
including a black patriot named Crispus Attucks.
• They were the first colonists to lose their lives in protest against British
20002000 3535
A Massacre?A Massacre?
• Samuel Adams and others used this event as propaganda against the British
20002000 3636
Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party• 1773• Protest against Tea
Act, which allowed tea to be sold for less than smuggled tea
• Bostonians disguised as Indians raided British ships docked in Boston Harbor and dumped their cargoes of tea overboard.
20002000 3737
Consequence of the Consequence of the Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party
• Enraged the King, the Prime Minister and members of Parliament• There were no arrests or convictions• The British wanted to punish Boston as a warning to other
colonists
20002000 3838
Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts• 1774 also called
Coercive or Repressive Acts
• Passed to punish Boston and Massachusetts• Closed Port of Boston• Gave governor
dictatorial powers• Took away the charter of Massachusetts
20002000 3939
Declaration of RightsDeclaration of Rights
• 1774• The First Continental
Congress met• American response to
the Intolerable Acts• Voted to cut off colonial trade with Britain• None called for Independence
20002000 4040
FIGHTING BREAKS FIGHTING BREAKS OUTOUT
20002000 4141
Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord• 1775• British looking for supplies stored
by Americans• On their way to Concord, British
met American minutemen near Lexington
• Night of “Paul Revere’s Ride” as well as Samuel Prescott and William Dawes, alerting minutemen
• “Shot heard ‘round the World”; who shot first?
• 8 minutemen dead and 1 British soldier
20002000 4242
British moved on to ConcordBritish moved on to Concord
• One group of redcoats met minutemen
• 3 redcoats and 2 minutemen were killed.
• The British then turned back to Boston
• Along the way, patriots fired at them from behind trees and stone fences.
• British dead and wounded for the day numbered about 250, and American losses came to about 90
Old North Bridge near Concord, MA
20002000 4343
Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord
20002000 4545
Second Continental Second Continental Congress MeetsCongress Meets
• Drafted Appeal to Reason, also known as the Olive Branch Petition, and sent it to the king; Hoped to avoid
further conflict• Started an army and navy• Named George Washington
C in C
20002000 4747
King Proclaims the King Proclaims the colonies in rebellioncolonies in rebellion
• August 1775• Denies Olive
Branch Petition• No more
negotiations King George III
20002000 4848
Common SenseCommon Sense Published Published
• January 1776• Author was Thomas Paine• Called for American
independence and a strong, federal union
• Attacked inherited rule• Became the most widely
circulated pamphlet in American history to that time.
• Supported by Washington, Jefferson, and others
20002000 4949
THE FINAL BREAKTHE FINAL BREAK
20002000 5050
Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
• June 1776 first formal debate on independence• Richard Henry Lee of Virginia
introduced the resolution inCongress
• "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be,
free and independent States. ...”• Congress appointed a committee to draft a declaration of independence
20002000 5151
• Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the document
{Other committee members were John Adams, Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston}
• Borrowed ideas from famous Enlightenment thinkers, such as John Locke
• Lee’s Resolution passed on July 2
• The Declaration of Independence was made public on July 4th
20002000 5252
What does it say?What does it say?
20002000 5353
PurposePurpose
• United the colonies
• Put blame of conflict on the British
• Invited foreign countries to help Americans• Stiffened resistance to
the British
20002000 5454
Statement of Basic Statement of Basic Human RightsHuman Rights
Life, Liberty, Happiness…
20002000 5555
Purpose of Government…Purpose of Government…
…To protect these basic human rights
20002000 5656
King did not safeguard King did not safeguard our rightsour rights
• Most of the document lists the things the king did wrong
• Puts blame for the war on the British
20002000 5757
We asked the king to We asked the king to changechange
20002000 5858
Withdrawal of our Withdrawal of our “consent to be “consent to be
governed”governed”
20002000 5959
IN SUMMARY - IN SUMMARY - REASONS FOR THE REASONS FOR THE
REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
20002000 6060
The English government did The English government did not really care about the not really care about the
colonies and didn’t listen to colonies and didn’t listen to the grievances of the the grievances of the
AmericansAmericans
20002000 6161
We felt that the English only We felt that the English only cared about the wealth we cared about the wealth we added to the British Empire added to the British Empire
(mercantilism)(mercantilism)
20002000 6262
Taxation without Taxation without RepresentationRepresentation
20002000 6363
• Admiralty Courts
• Control of taxes• Removal of our right to a representative government
Rights of Americans as British Rights of Americans as British Subjects were taken awaySubjects were taken away
20002000 6464
The EndThe End